初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)15篇(經(jīng)典)
總結(jié)是指社會(huì)團(tuán)體、企業(yè)單位和個(gè)人對(duì)某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析,得出教訓(xùn)和一些規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)的一種書面材料,它可以使我們更有效率,讓我們來為自己寫一份總結(jié)吧。你所見過的總結(jié)應(yīng)該是什么樣的?下面是小編為大家收集的初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié),希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1
知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一、 形容詞是用來描寫或修飾名詞或代詞,說明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)的, 形容詞往往被譯成“···的”。用法如下:
1.做定語。e.g. This is an old house.
2.做表語。e.g.I am sorry to hear that.
3.做賓語不足語。e.g.She made her mother angry.
4.形容詞在句中的位置。 形容詞做定語修飾名詞時(shí),放在名詞前面。修飾不定代詞時(shí)要放在不定代詞之后。
e.g.She is a clever girl.
I saw something white in the water.
5.某些形容詞前加上定冠詞the,可以代表一類人或東西,可以用作主語,賓語等。做主語時(shí)當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待。
e.g.The old are well looked after.
We all love the beautiful.
二、 形容詞的等級(jí)變化
在英語中形容詞有原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)之分。原級(jí)就是它們的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。
。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化
1.規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞
(1)一般在詞尾加er,est. hard---harder---hardest great---greater---greatest
(2)以字母e結(jié)尾的加r,st. nice---nicer----nicest able---abler----ablest
(3)重讀閉音節(jié)中末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),雙寫輔音字母,再加er,est.
big---bigger---biggest (另外還有fat, red,hot,wet,sad,mad ,thin )
(4) 以 -y 結(jié)尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是把 -y 去掉,加 上 -ier 和-est 構(gòu)成. happy (原形) happier (比較級(jí)) happiest (最高級(jí))
(5)雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的`比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來構(gòu)成。
例如: beautiful (原級(jí)) difficult (原級(jí))
more beautiful (比較級(jí)) more difficult (比較級(jí))
most beautiful (最高級(jí)) most difficult (最高級(jí))
2、 常用的不規(guī)則變化的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí):
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
三、形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法:
1、形容詞的比較級(jí)用于兩個(gè)人或事物的比較,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式如下:
主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+ 形容詞比較級(jí)+than+ 對(duì)比成分。例如:Our teacher is taller than we are. 我們老師的個(gè)子比我們的高。
比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet , any, much, rather, a little, a lot, by far等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣或表示比較程度。
2、形容詞最高級(jí)的用法: 形容詞最高級(jí)用于兩個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較,形容詞最高級(jí) 前必須加the,后面多用of……, in……短語表示范圍:其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:
主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+表示范圍的短語或從句。
She is the best student in her class. 她是班上最好的學(xué)生。
He is the tallest of the three boys.他是三個(gè)男孩中最高的一個(gè)。
四、 有關(guān)比較等級(jí)的特殊句型及應(yīng)注意的問題
1. “比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)”或“more and more / less and less + 原級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越……”的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get, become等。
She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.她覺得自己越來越緊張。
it's getting colder and colder.天氣越來越冷。
2. the + 比較級(jí) + of the two + 名詞。表示“兩個(gè)中較···的一個(gè)'
Jane is the taller of the two children in our family. Jane是我家兩個(gè)孩子中較高的。
3. “the + 比較級(jí)……,the + 比較級(jí)……”,表示“越……,越……”。
The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.你賣的雜志越多,你掙的錢就越多。
4.“...a(chǎn)s + 形容詞 + as...”或“...a(chǎn)s + 形容詞 + 名詞 + as...”構(gòu)成,表示同等比較。
常見考法
對(duì)于形容詞的考查,多以單選或詞語運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語境中靈活運(yùn)用形容詞的能力,尤其是在各種比較句型中靈活運(yùn)用形容詞。
例如: Which month is____, June, July or August?
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
解析:三者及以上比較用最高級(jí)形式,形容詞最高級(jí)前必須加the,所以應(yīng)用the hottest
誤區(qū)提醒
在分辨比較等級(jí)時(shí),對(duì)于易混淆形容詞、副詞,要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待。
典型例題:Don't just believe the ad.That kind of camera is it says.
A.as good as B.not so good as C.as well as D.not as well as
解析:根據(jù)第二句的謂語動(dòng)詞be可以確定空白處缺少表語。此處的表語應(yīng)由形容詞充當(dāng),而 well表示“好”是副詞,因此排除 C和D;根據(jù)第一句的意思我們可以知道說話者的觀點(diǎn),故此排除A.
答案:B
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)2
一、陳述句:
陳述句是用來陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或表達(dá)說話人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降調(diào),句末用句號(hào)“.”。
Tom has a new car.湯姆有輛新車。
The flower isn’t beautiful.這花不美。
二、陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成
1.如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞be,則只需在這些動(dòng)詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在彈吉他。(肯定)
He is not playing the guitar.他不在彈吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我們能夠到達(dá)那里。(肯定)
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我們不能到達(dá)那里。(否定)
2.如果陳述句的謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,而其中又沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí),則需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)在該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加don’t,doesn’t或didn’t。同時(shí)把該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵巍?/p>
He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)
She won the game.她贏得了比賽。588.es(肯定)
She didn’t win the game.她沒贏比賽。(否定)
三、祈使句:
祈使句是用來表示命令、請(qǐng)求、建議、號(hào)召等的句子,謂語動(dòng)詞用原形,句末用感嘆號(hào)“!”或句號(hào)“.”。朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)。
1.肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主語是you時(shí),you常省略,但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時(shí)可以有主語或稱呼語。
Be quiet.請(qǐng)安靜。
You be quiet!你給我安靜點(diǎn)!
。2)“Do+祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請(qǐng)求,do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。
Do come back at once!務(wù)必立即返回!
Do be careful.務(wù)必小心。
。3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣,但please用在句末時(shí),必須用逗號(hào)與其余部分分開。
Open the window,please.請(qǐng)打開窗戶。
。4)Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時(shí),后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語,人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。
Let Jack wait a minute.讓杰克等一會(huì)。
Let’s go to school.我們上學(xué)去吧。
。5)在祈使句中,Let’s和Let us是有區(qū)別的。Let’s包括說話者,而Let us不包括說話者在內(nèi)。這點(diǎn)從反意疑問句時(shí)可明顯看出。
Let’s go skating,shall we?咱們?nèi)チ锉,好嗎?(表示?nèi)部的建議)
Let us try again,will you?讓我們?cè)僭囈淮,好嗎?(表示向別人發(fā)出請(qǐng)求)
一、一般疑問句:
(1)一般疑問句的肯定形式
一般疑問句一般是指以助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞或have(有)開始,通常要求以yes,或no來回答的疑問句,一般疑問句讀時(shí)通常用升調(diào)。
Do you know Mr.Smith?你認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生嗎?
Can you swim?你會(huì)游泳嗎?
。2)一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
、僭谝话阋蓡柧涞姆穸ńY(jié)構(gòu)中,把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n’t,則須將-n’t與一般疑問句句首的be,have,助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞寫在一起。在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,一般都采用簡略式。
、谂c漢語不同的是,英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定,全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的,則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu);若答語是否定的,則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
Aren’t you a football fan?你不是足球迷嗎?
Yes,I am.是的,我是。
No,I am not.不,我不是。
Won’t she like it?她會(huì)不喜歡嗎?
Yes,she will.是的,她會(huì)(喜歡)的。
No,she won’t.不,她不會(huì)(喜歡)的。
二、特殊疑問句
用疑問代詞疑問形容詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句叫特殊疑問句。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答,讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。588.es
常見的疑問代詞有what,which,who,whom,whose
常見的疑問形容詞有what,which,whose
常見的疑問副詞有when,where,why,how
三,選擇疑問句:
選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況,讓對(duì)方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接,or前面的部分讀升調(diào),or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。
選擇疑問句不能用yes或no回答,而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。
Is your bag yellow or black?It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee?Either will do.。
Which do you like better,singing or dancing?I like dancing better.
四,反意疑問句:
反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后附加一個(gè)意思與之相反的簡短問句,問對(duì)方是否贊同的疑問句。附加問句的否定式必須縮寫。
。1)肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句,否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。
I am your teacher,aren’t I?我是你的老師,對(duì)嗎?
He didn’t study hard,did he?他學(xué)習(xí)不努力,對(duì)嗎?
。2)如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never(從不,決不),hardly(幾乎不)或其他表示否定代詞或形容詞,如nothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,little等,則附加問句只能用肯定式。如:
They hardly write to each other,do they?他們幾乎不給對(duì)方寫信,是嗎?
He has found nothing,has he?他什么也沒有找到,是嗎?
Few people knew the secret,did they?很少有人知道這個(gè)秘密,是嗎?
。3)當(dāng)反意疑問句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時(shí),英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語回答時(shí)只看實(shí)際情況,若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”,答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”,而譯成漢語時(shí),則必須把yes譯“不是”,把no譯成“是的”。
You won’t be away for long,will you?你不會(huì)離開太久,是嗎?
Yes,I will.不,我會(huì)離開很久。No,I won’t.是的,我不會(huì)離開很久。
I don’t think she’ll come by bike,will she?我認(rèn)為她不會(huì)騎自行車,會(huì)嗎?
Yes,she will.不,她會(huì)騎自行車來。No,she won’t.是的,她不會(huì)騎自行車來。
五,掌握由what,how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別
感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號(hào)“!”,讀時(shí)用降調(diào),感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞,副詞或動(dòng)詞。
1.what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)what+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What a beautiful city it is!多么美麗的一個(gè)城市。
What an interesting story she told!她講了一個(gè)多么有趣的故事!
。2)what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What expensive watches they are!多貴的手表!
What terrible weather it is!多么惡劣的天氣。
2.How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How cold it is!多冷!
How hard he works!他工作多么努力!
。2)How+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How he loves his son!他多么愛他的兒子。
How I miss you!我多想你。
。3)How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How tall a tree it is!多么高的一棵樹!
How they cried!他們哭得多傷心啊!
(一)掌握時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的搭配
(1)時(shí)間狀語從句:
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的'從屬連詞有when(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),while(當(dāng),在……過程中),since(自從……以來),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……時(shí)),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句為一般將來時(shí),則時(shí)間狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的意義。
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時(shí),他正在讀報(bào)紙。
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在時(shí),請(qǐng)照看一下我的貓。
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.別人學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)不要大聲說話。
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出國已有五年了。
He died before his son came back.他在他兒子回來之前就去世了。
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到達(dá)我就領(lǐng)他參觀我們的工廠。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him.我一見到他就告訴他。
(2)條件狀語從句:引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞是if(如果)。如果主句是一般將來時(shí),條件狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
If you stay at home,I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。
If we don’t get up early,we won’t catch the train.如果我們不早起,我們就趕不上火車。
(二)掌握賓語從句的語序及其時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
。1)賓語從句的語序:
賓語從句的語序一律使用陳述語序。尤其是在把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子連成一個(gè)含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)必須特別注意:
當(dāng)賓語從句原為陳述句時(shí),用that引導(dǎo),語序不變。(注意時(shí)態(tài)的一致)
Tom isn’t a good student.The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老師告訴我們湯姆不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。
He has given up smoking.She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她說他已經(jīng)戒煙了。
當(dāng)賓語從句原為一般疑問句時(shí),用whether或if連接,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
Is Jim a doctor?I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是個(gè)醫(yī)生。
Does she dance well?Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告訴我她舞跳的是否好嗎?
當(dāng)賓語從句原為特殊疑問句時(shí),特殊疑問詞即為連接詞,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
She asked me where you were going.她問我你去哪里。
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。
(2)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài):
賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)原則上應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。
如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)),賓語從句可以是實(shí)際需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已經(jīng)來了。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.請(qǐng)告訴我什么時(shí)候開會(huì)。(一般將來時(shí))
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他們正在談?wù)撜l。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已經(jīng)聽說窗戶是被約翰打破的。
如果主句是過去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)),賓語從句必須選用過去的某一時(shí)態(tài)(即一般過去時(shí),過去將來時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)等)
He said he would kill her.他說他會(huì)殺了她。(過去將來時(shí))
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告訴我們露茜已經(jīng)回家去了。(過去完成時(shí))
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
瑪麗想知道誰能回答這一問題。(一般過去時(shí))
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我沒有告訴他們你們正在哪兒開會(huì)。(過去進(jìn)行時(shí))
如果賓語從句表示的是科學(xué)其理、客觀事實(shí)或格言警句等,則不管這句是何種時(shí)態(tài),從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告訴我地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她說患難朋友才是真正的朋友。
(三)了解定語從句的構(gòu)成基本形式及基本用法
。1)定語在句中是用來修飾名詞或代詞的,一般由形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類來充當(dāng)。如果起修飾作用的是一個(gè)句子的時(shí)候,就叫作定語從句。但定語從句不是象形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞。588.es
。2)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how。
1.that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。
A plane is a machine that can fly.飛機(jī)是一種會(huì)飛的機(jī)器。
I like the book(that)you lent me yesterday.我喜歡你昨天借給我的那本書。
2.which的先行詞只能是物。
The book shop is a shop which sells book.書店是銷售書的商店。
The book(which)I read last night was wonderful.我昨晚看的那本書很精彩。
3.who在定語從句中作主語;whom是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語;而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在從句中作定語。
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。
Who's that woman(whom)you just talked to?
你剛才與之談話的那個(gè)女人是誰?
This is our classmate,Mary,whose home is not far from our school.
這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗,她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。
4.關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.那是我們?cè)?jīng)住了十年的房子。
=That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
。3)除關(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等也能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
1.when用來指時(shí)間,在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我第一次到達(dá)長城的那天。
2.where則指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
This is the house where the old man lives.這就是那位老人住的房子。
3.why用來指原因,作原因狀語。
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday.那就是他昨天為什么沒有來的原因。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)3
1. …as soon as…一…就…
Mary一見到她弟弟就會(huì)告訴他這個(gè)消息。
Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as he sees him.
我們一到那兒就去爬山了。
We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.
2. as + adj./adv.+ as… …和…一樣(的/地)…
not as(so)…as… …不如/不比… ….
李雷和吉母跑得一樣快。
Li Lei runs as fast as Jim.
約翰和你的年齡不一樣大。
John is not as (so) old as you.
這部電視劇不如那部有趣。(TV series)
This TV series is not as (so) interesting as that one.
3. as +adj./adv.+ as possible盡可能…的/地…
我們?cè)谟⒄Z課上應(yīng)該盡可能地多講英語。
We should speak English as much as possible in English class.
你能不能盡可能慢一些讀這個(gè)句子?
Can you read the sentence as slowly as possible?
4. ask sb for sth向某人要求某物
當(dāng)你迷路時(shí),你可以向警察需求幫助。
When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.
一些學(xué)生經(jīng)常向父母要錢去玩電子游戲。(video games)
Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.
他向父母要一輛自行車作為生日禮物。
He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.
5. ask/ tell sb. (how) to do sth詢問/告訴某人如何做某事
許多學(xué)生經(jīng)常問老師如何才能學(xué)好英語。
Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.
讓我來告訴你如何發(fā)郵件。
Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.
6. ask / tell /want sb (not) to do sth.要求(讓)/告訴/想要某人做(不做)某事
護(hù)士告訴我服用此藥需一日三次,飯后服用。
The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.
老師經(jīng)常告訴我要更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。
The teacher often tells me to study harder.
他讓我不要再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
He asked me not to make the same mistake again.
7. make/ let /have sb. (not) do sth使/讓某人做(不做)某事
他使得孩子哭得很厲害。
He made the child cry loudly.
昨天他使我在影院門口等了很長時(shí)間。
He made me wait for long (for a long time) at the gate of the cinema yesterday.
直到我們做完了作業(yè),媽媽才讓我們?nèi)ネ媲颉?/p>
Mother didn’t let us play football until we finished our homework.
那個(gè)老板迫使工人們每天工作10小時(shí)。
That boss made the workers work (for) ten hours a day.
8. be afraid of doing / to do/that害怕/不敢做某事
這個(gè)小女孩不敢晚上出去。
The little girl is afraid to go out in the evening / at night.
他害怕獨(dú)自呆在家里。
He is afraid of staying at home alone.
許多人擔(dān)心他們會(huì)失去工作。(be afraid that)
Many people are afraid that they will lose their jobs.
9. be busy with sth. / doing sth.忙于某事/做某事
現(xiàn)在學(xué)生們忙于準(zhǔn)備考試。
Now students are busy preparing for the exams.
昨天下午媽媽都在忙著做家務(wù)。(兩種)
Mother was busy with housework yesterday afternoon.
Mother was busy doing housework yesterday afternoon.
10. be famous / late /ready / sorry for sth.
因…而著名/ (做)…遲到了/晚了/為…準(zhǔn)備/為…而抱歉
如果你不快點(diǎn),你就會(huì)上班遲到。
If you don’t hurry, you will be late for work.
杭州以絲綢而出名。
Hangzhou is famous for silk.
我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好迎接奧運(yùn)會(huì)了。
We have been ready for the Olympic Games.
我為我的錯(cuò)誤而抱歉。
I am sorry for my mistake.
11. be glad that很高興…
我很高興你能來參加晚會(huì)。
I am very glad that you can come to the evening party.
老師很高興我們班得了第一名。
The teacher was very glad that our class was the first / won the first prize.
12. give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/ tell / offer sth to sb
buy/give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/ tell sb. sth
給某人某物;給某人看某物;給某人帶來某物;借給某人某物;送給某人某物;遞給某人某物;把某事告訴給某人;主動(dòng)給某人某物
請(qǐng)遞給我一張紙。
Please pass me a piece of paper.
=Please pass a piece of paper to me.
請(qǐng)把你的畫給我看看。
Please show me your picture.
=Please show your picture to me
他借給我一輛自行車。
He lent me a bike.
=He lent a bike to me.
別忘了下次來給我?guī)c(diǎn)兒錢。
Don’t forget to bring me some money when you come here next time.
= Don’t forget to bring some money to me when you come here next time.
13. either…or…或…或…,不是…就是…,要么…要么…
不是你,就是他是對(duì)的。
Either you or he is right. V.就近原則
每個(gè)周末,我們要么去公園,要么呆在家里。
We either go to a park or stay at home every weekend. (at/on weekends.)
要了解世界,人們既可以讀報(bào)紙,也可以看電視。
People can either read newspapers or watch TV to get to know the world.
14. neither…nor…既不…也不…,兩者都不…
我和他都沒有讀過這本書。
Neither he nor I have ever read this book. V.就近原則
這個(gè)女孩已經(jīng)十歲了,但她既不會(huì)讀書,也不會(huì)寫字。
The girl is already ten, but she can neither read nor write.
15. enjoy/ finish/mind/ keep/ practise/go on doing sth.
享受做…之樂;做完某事;介意做某事;一直做某事;練習(xí)做某事;繼續(xù)做…
我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常練習(xí)講英語。
We should often practice speaking English.
我奶奶一直堅(jiān)持早晨鍛煉身體已經(jīng)有十年了。
My grandma has kept doing exercise in the morning for ten years.
16. find /think / feel + it + adj. (for sb.)to do sth.發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/覺得做某事如何
越來越多的人發(fā)現(xiàn)吃太多漢堡包不利于健康。
More and more people have found it unhealthy to eat too many hamburgers.
很多大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)在大學(xué)中交友很難。
A lot of students have found it very hard to make friends at college.
17. get + adj.的`比較級(jí)+ and + adj.的比較級(jí)變得越來越…
地球變得越來越暖和了。
It gets warmer and warmer on the earth.
春天到了,天氣變得越來越熱了。
Spring is coming and it’s getting warmer and warmer.
北京變得越來越美麗了。
Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful.
18. The + adj./adv.的比較級(jí),the + adj./adv.的比較級(jí)。越...,就越…。
天氣越冷,人們穿得就越多。
The colder it is, the more people wear.
我們種的樹越多,空氣就會(huì)越干凈。
The more trees we plant, the cleaner the air will be.
英語,我們練習(xí)得越多,說得就越好。
The more we practice speaking English, the better we can speak.
你越強(qiáng)健,患感冒的機(jī)會(huì)就越少。
The stronger you are, the less chance you will catch a cold.
19. It is +序數(shù)詞+ adj./adv.的最高級(jí)+ n.
黃河是中國第二長的河流。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
他是我們班跑得第二快的。
He runs the second fastest in our class.
20. one of the +最高級(jí)+ n. (pl.)是最…之一者
姚明是世界上最好的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一。
Yao Ming is one of the best basketball players in the world.
三亞是中國最美麗的城市之一。
Sanya is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)4
知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
在英語中,句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上必須和主語保持一致,這就是我們通常說的“主謂一致”。這一點(diǎn)看似簡單,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中卻常常遇到麻煩。一般情況下,主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè)原則的支配: 語法一致原則、 意義一致原則和就近原則。
一、語法一致
主謂一致的原則是指主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致:主語是單數(shù)形式,謂語也采取單數(shù)形式;主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式.例如:
He often helps me learn English. (主語是單數(shù)形式,謂語也采取單數(shù)形式) .
My friends often help me learn English. (主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式)
但主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致的問題遠(yuǎn)不只上述的那么簡單,有許多方面的情況需要去具體地對(duì)待:
1、不定式,動(dòng)名詞,以及從句作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大聲朗讀對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語是有幫助的。
What he said has been recorded .他說的話已被錄音了.
2、不定代詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主語或是修飾主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).但none 作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù),這要取決于說話人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng).
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每個(gè)男孩和女孩對(duì)這本書都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣.
3、表示國家,機(jī)構(gòu),事件,作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多有趣的故事。
4、 a kind of, the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: The number of workers in the factory is 400. 這個(gè)工廠里工人的數(shù)量是400.
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人.
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等詞修飾主語,或是由它們自身作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).另外,由and連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海邊,有些人在打排球。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽.
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國西部工作.
6、有些表示數(shù)量的百分?jǐn)?shù),分?jǐn)?shù)等后面加名詞或代詞作主語時(shí),要根據(jù)這個(gè)名詞或代詞來決定其謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式.如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞,或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丟失了許多錢.
A lot of students are from England in the school.那個(gè)學(xué)校里很多學(xué)生來自英國。
二、意義一致
這一原則是指,從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題.有時(shí)主語形式上為單數(shù),但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式;而有時(shí)主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但意義上卻是單數(shù),那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式.
1) 當(dāng)主語后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常由前面的詞來決定。在這樣的句子里,這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單,復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語.
例如: The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老師打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊.
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊.
我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去,因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z: The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2) 表示時(shí)間,金錢,距離,體積,重量,面積,數(shù)字等詞語作主語時(shí),,謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如:
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小時(shí)的睡眠足夠了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長的時(shí)期.
3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即"the + 形容詞"作主語時(shí),其意義若是指個(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);指一類人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: The sick here are very well cared for. 這里的病人都被照顧得很好。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真實(shí)與虛假應(yīng)加以區(qū)別。
4)由and 連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般根據(jù)語法一致的原則用復(fù)數(shù)。
但如果在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一件事或同一個(gè)概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
如:The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教師來了。(作家和教師指同一個(gè)人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老師來了。(作家和老師是兩個(gè)人)
5)集體名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的`數(shù)取決于主語的意義:主語表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);主語表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).這類集體名詞常見的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等.
例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞.
6)一些形式為復(fù)數(shù),意思為單數(shù)的名詞,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, 等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).
如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼鏡是新的
但當(dāng)這類名詞前有a pair of 修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù).
如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.
三、就近原則
這一原則是指,謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致.常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等.
例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
常見考法
對(duì)于主謂一致的考查,通常會(huì)以單選的形式出現(xiàn),多是讓我們選擇合適的謂語動(dòng)詞。
典型例題:The factory, including its machines and buildings, __________ burnt last night.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
解析:but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等詞連接主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞和前面的主語保持一致,本題中就是和The factory保持一致。而這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單,復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語.
答案:D
誤區(qū)提醒
主謂一致這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)比較瑣碎,在運(yùn)用中常會(huì)因?yàn)榭紤]不全面而出錯(cuò),所以我們必須把每一種用法記住,靈活運(yùn)用。尤其要注意就近原則、集體名詞和百分?jǐn)?shù),分?jǐn)?shù)短語作主語的情況。
典型例題:Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.
A. were B. is C. was D. are
解析:本題考查的是就近原則。either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致。本題中就是和Steven保持一致。有now.可知是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),排除A和C.
答案:B
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)5
十種:名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.):表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.
2、代詞(pron.):主要用來代替名詞。如:who,she,you,it.
3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good,right,white,orange.
4、數(shù)詞(num.):表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.):表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:am,is,are,have,see.
6、副詞(adv.):修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.
7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a,an,the.
8、介詞(prep.):表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in,on,from,above,behind.
9、連詞(conj.):用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and,but,before.
10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.
1.英語有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的'承受者
如:Cats eat fish.(主動(dòng)語態(tài))貓吃魚。
Fish is eaten by cats.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))魚被貓吃。
2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
由“助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成
助動(dòng)詞be 有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be 作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。
如:English is spoken in in many countries.
英語被很多國家使用。
This bridge was built in _.
這座橋是_年建造的。
3.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
倒裝句
由so+助動(dòng)詞(be/do/will/have)/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語意為:…也是一樣
She is a student. So am I.
她是一個(gè)學(xué)生,我也是。
She went to school just now. So did I .
她剛才去學(xué)校了,我也是
She has finished the work. So have I .
她已經(jīng)完成了工作,我也完成了。
She will go to school. So will he.
她將去學(xué)校,他也是。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)6
賓語從句
1.賓語從句的含義
在主句中做賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道這位老師看過這部電影。
“that the teacher had seen the
film”做knew的賓語,同時(shí)又是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的從句,所以它叫做賓語從句。
2.賓語從句的分類
(1)動(dòng)詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句。
如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問我們班上誰的書法最好。
(2)介詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于介詞后面的賓語從句。
如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你剛才說的話。
(3)形容詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于形容詞后面的.賓語從句。
如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要遲到了。
3.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
(1)that:沒有含義,在賓語從句中不做成分
(2)whether/if:表示是否,在賓語從句中不做成分。
I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many
years.我不知道這么多年后,他是否還住在這里。
(3)連接代詞:what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語從句中做主、賓、表和定語)
連接副詞:where, when, how, why(在賓語從句中做狀語)
The small children don t know what is in their
stockings.(what在賓語從句中做主語)這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長筒襪里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this
morning?(why在賓語從句中做原因狀語)你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開會(huì)遲到嗎?
4.在做賓語從句的題目時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)
(1)時(shí)態(tài):
、佼(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了。
、诋(dāng)主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句必須是一種過去的時(shí)態(tài)。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
③當(dāng)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理的句子做賓語從句時(shí),任何時(shí)候都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說過地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)語序:任何從句都使用陳述句語序,賓語從句當(dāng)然也不例外。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)7
簡單句的五種基本句型
1.“主語+謂語”(即“主謂”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語)“arrived”(謂語)。
2.“主語+謂語+賓語”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語)“study”(謂語動(dòng)作)“English”(賓語即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)。
3.“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主語)“教”(謂語動(dòng)作)“us”(間接賓語)“English”(直接賓語)。
4.“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語)“asked”(謂語動(dòng)作)“her”(賓語即動(dòng)作涉及的`對(duì)象)“to go there”(補(bǔ)語—補(bǔ)充說明賓語做什么)。
5.“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系動(dòng)詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語)“am”(系動(dòng)詞)“a teacher”(表語—即表明主語的身份)。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)8
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),從字面上理解,就是“現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“現(xiàn)在”,動(dòng)作目前的狀態(tài)是“正在進(jìn)行中”。所謂“正在進(jìn)行中”,是指在談到這件事的時(shí)候,這個(gè)動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行中。至于它是什么時(shí)候開始的,什么時(shí)候會(huì)停下來,不是我們關(guān)心的。所以“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的事件,可能發(fā)生幾年了,也可能只有幾分鐘。仍在進(jìn)行中這是“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的.關(guān)鍵所在。它是一件持續(xù)進(jìn)行的事情。
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由"be+現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)"構(gòu)成。be應(yīng)為助動(dòng)詞,一定不要漏掉喲!它應(yīng)與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致,即:I am/he/she/it 包括單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞用is,you/we/they 包括復(fù)數(shù)名詞用are. 。現(xiàn)在分詞變化規(guī)則如下:
1.動(dòng)詞后直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping)
2.去掉不發(fā)音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)
3.重讀閉音節(jié),且末尾只有1個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫輔音字母+ing(例: sitting
sitting, beginning,getting,putting,running,stopping,cutting )
4.特殊變化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying
句式構(gòu)成如下:
肯定句式:主語+be( am, is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.
否定句式:主語+be(am, is, are) +not +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.
一般疑問句:Be(am, is, are) +主語+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它? ,,
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+be(am, is, are)+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它?
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
A表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 例:We are waiting for you.
B. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 例:Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) 例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
C.已經(jīng)確定或安排好的將來活動(dòng)。
I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(已經(jīng)安排了) we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已經(jīng)拿到了)
在實(shí)際運(yùn)用時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用以下幾種情況:
(1)當(dāng)句子中有now時(shí),常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
They are playing basketball now.現(xiàn)在他們正在打籃球。
(2)以look, listen開頭的句子,提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
Listen!She is singing an English song.聽,她正在唱英語歌。
(3)表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,且此時(shí)有this week, these days等時(shí)間狀語,這時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
We are making model planes these days.這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。
(4)描述圖片中的人物的動(dòng)作,也為了表達(dá)更生動(dòng)。此時(shí)也常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看這幅圖,那些孩子正在公園放風(fēng)箏。
常見考法
對(duì)于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的考查,多以單選或詞語運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語境中靈活運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)的能力。在考試中,會(huì)讓大家判斷是否該用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),或填寫現(xiàn)在分詞,或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
典型例題1: Listen, who________(sing) in the music room?
解析:以 listen開頭,提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。所以應(yīng)用is singing
典型例題2:The boys are visiting the history museum。(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
解析:對(duì)動(dòng)作提問用What,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),把a(bǔ)re 提到主語前,加doing。
答案:What are the boys doing?
誤區(qū)提醒
在口語中表示主語計(jì)劃將要作的動(dòng)作,用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí),這類情況常與come來,go去, leave離開,depart離開,arrive到達(dá),stay逗留,start開始等動(dòng)詞連用。所用的動(dòng)詞必須是動(dòng)作而不是狀態(tài),主語必須是人。
典型例題:They are (leave)for New York tomorrow.
解析:題意為“明天他們將要?jiǎng)由砬巴~約”。雖然tomorrow 表示“明天”,表達(dá)未來,但leave要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí),所以應(yīng)用leaving 。
答案:leaving
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)9
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞:
即行為動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與系動(dòng)詞是相對(duì)的,能獨(dú)立用作謂語。
它分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩種:
及物動(dòng)詞是指后面要求有直接賓語的動(dòng)詞;
不及物動(dòng)詞指后面不需要跟賓語的動(dòng)詞。
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用方法:
及物動(dòng)詞
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,叫做及物動(dòng)詞(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our
suggestion.我相信委員會(huì)將會(huì)考慮我們的建議。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里問:“這本書我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example.白求恩大夫給我們樹立了好榜樣。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有許多有用的物質(zhì)。
不及物動(dòng)詞
本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的'實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,叫做不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鳥會(huì)飛。
It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.她在昨天晚上的會(huì)上發(fā)了言。
兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
英語里有不少實(shí)義動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。這樣的動(dòng)詞又有兩種不同的情況
a)兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),意義不變。試比較:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動(dòng)詞)
She began working as a librarian after she left
school.她畢業(yè)后當(dāng)圖書館管理員。(began作及物動(dòng)詞)
When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時(shí)候離開芝加哥的?(leave作及物動(dòng)詞)
They left last week.他們是上周離開的。(left作不及物動(dòng)詞)
b)兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),有時(shí)意義不盡相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well?這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎?
英漢實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法比較:
與漢語的比較,有時(shí)英語動(dòng)詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請(qǐng)注意下列兩種情況:
a)有的動(dòng)詞在英語里只能用作不及物動(dòng)詞,而漢語則可用作及物動(dòng)詞,如arrive到達(dá),agree同意,listen聽。英語里這些動(dòng)詞后面常接介詞。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我們于中午到達(dá)火車站。(at不能省去)
(比較:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每個(gè)人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)
(比較:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃嗎?(to不可省去)
b)有的動(dòng)詞在英語里能用作及物動(dòng)詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動(dòng)詞,如serve為…服務(wù)。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務(wù)
用于be動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的用法:
肯定句:
主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其它
否定句:
主語+助動(dòng)詞didn‘t+動(dòng)詞原型+其他
一般過去式:
Did+主語+動(dòng)詞原型+其他
相關(guān)初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的肯定句中,當(dāng)主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用原形;
當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)10
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說的話不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
1、虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成
如:與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German.)
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.) If they didn’t take physical eXercises every day, they
wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical eXercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過去事實(shí)相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s eXamination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s eXam, so I didn’t check my paper again) You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness ) 與將來事實(shí)相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.) If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.) If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our eXpectation.) If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒想到以后的事”)
注:
((1)如果條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could
有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had)invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時(shí)間條件句的用法:
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的'形式,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來決定用什么形式。
。1)If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。) (fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
。2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced )reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語從句中的。用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句,從句中謂語動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過去式(be變were )或had +過去分詞!比纾 She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒有病,在這里用虛擬語氣補(bǔ)語比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語氣表現(xiàn)他的英語說得好)
2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
((1)在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語形式是"should(可省)+動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。 句型一、It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc)that…
句型二、It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc)that… 句型三、It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc)that…
如:It is strange that he (should)have done that. It is a pity that he (should)be so careless. It is requested that we (should)be so careless.
(2)在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should)go swimming.
(3)在表語從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如: His suggestion is that we (should)leave at once. (4)在同位語從句中,謂語形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如: We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如: Its time (that)we went ( should go)to school.
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)11
一.英語語法重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu):你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換:前者為簡單句,主語只有一個(gè),而后者為復(fù)合句,主語有兩個(gè),試比較:
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換:
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義:
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí):約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點(diǎn)—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過去為起點(diǎn),表示過去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)的.句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長時(shí)間,主要用來對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對(duì)表示將來的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)12
一、need和dare的用法
need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),可用于各種句式。
1、用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要來嗎? --需要。 You neednt telephone him now.你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。
I dont think you need worry.我想你不必發(fā)愁。
She dare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去。
How dare you say Im unfair?你竟敢說我不公平?
Not one of them dared mention this.他們誰也不敢提這件事。
2、用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
You dont need to do it yourself.你不必親自做這件事。
We need to tell them the news.我們需要把這消息告訴他們。
The table needs painting (to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。
We should dare to give our own opinion.我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
He did not dare (to) look up.他不敢抬頭看。
I dare day hell come again.我想他會(huì)再來的'。(I dare say…為固定習(xí)語)
二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完完成這項(xiàng)工作的。
He isnt here. He must have missed the train.他還未到,一定是沒趕上火車。 Where can (could) he gone?他能到那里去了呢?
You may (might) have read about it.你可能在報(bào)上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。 You could (might) have been more careful.你本來可以更細(xì)心的。
He neednt have worried it.他本不必為此事?lián)摹?/p>
There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚會(huì)非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該來,為何不來呢?
三、動(dòng)詞be(is,am,are)的用法
我(I)用am,你(you)用are,is跟著他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。單數(shù)名詞用is,復(fù)數(shù)名詞全用are。變否定,更容易,be后not加上去。變疑問,往前提,句末問號(hào)莫丟棄。還有一條須注意,句首大寫莫忘記。
四、 this,that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代詞,it是人稱代詞。
(2)距離說話人近的人或物用this,距離說話人遠(yuǎn)的人或物用that。如:
This is a flower.這是一朵花。(近處)
That is a tree.那是一棵樹。(遠(yuǎn)處)
(3)放在一起的兩樣?xùn)|西,先說this,后說that。如:
This is a pen. That is a pencil.這是一支鋼筆。那是一支鉛筆。
(4)向別人介紹某人時(shí)說This is…,不說That is…。如:
This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom.這是海倫。海倫,這是湯姆。
(5)This is不能縮寫,而That is可以縮寫。如:
This is a bike. That’s a car.這是一輛自行車。那是一輛轎車。
(6)打電話時(shí),介紹自己用this,詢問對(duì)方用that。如:
—Hello! Is that Miss Green?喂,是格林小姐嗎?
—Yes, this is. Who’s that?是的,我是,你是誰?
注意:雖然漢語中使用“我”和“你”,但英語中打電話時(shí)絕不可以說:I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?
(7)在回答this或that作主語的疑問句時(shí),要用it代替this或that。如:
、佟狪s this a notebook?這是筆記本嗎?
—Yes, it is.是的,它是。
②—What’s that?那是什么?
—It’s a kite.是只風(fēng)箏。
五、these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代詞,these是this的復(fù)數(shù)形式,指時(shí)間、距離較近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的復(fù)數(shù)形式,指時(shí)間、距離較遠(yuǎn)或前面已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。
①This is my bed. That is Lily’s bed.這是我的`床。那是莉莉的床。
、赥hese pictures are good.那些畫很好。
、 Are those apple trees?那些是蘋果樹嗎?
在回答主語是these或those的疑問句時(shí),通常用they代替these或those以避免重復(fù)。如:
Are these/those your apples?這些(那些)是你的蘋果嗎?
Yes, they are.是的,他們是。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)13
一,表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有:
and,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but also,as well as
1.a(chǎn)nd“和,并且”,連接對(duì)等的詞句。(在否定句中要用or連接。)
I like physics and chemistry.我喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
I don’t like physics or chemistry.我不喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
2.both…and“……和……都”
Both Jim and Mary went to the cinema yesterday.昨天吉姆和瑪麗都去看電影了。
Exercise is good both for body and for mind.運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于身心。
3.neither…nor兩者皆不
He neither smokes nor drinks.他既不抽煙又不喝酒。
I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜歡游泳,又不喜歡溜冰。
4.either…or不是…就是…,或者…或者….。
Either you come to the office now,or wait for me at home.
你要么現(xiàn)在到辦公室來,要么就在家等著。
Either he or I will leave.不是他就是我將要離開。
5.not only…but(also)不但……而且……(not only…but also中的also可以省略。)
Not only she but also I am wrong.不但她錯(cuò)了,我也錯(cuò)了。
He not only made a promise,but kept it.他不僅許諾,而且做到了。
6.a(chǎn)s well as也、又
We will rescue Henry as well as you.除了你,我們還要營救亨利。
He likes basketball as well as football.除了足球,他還喜歡籃球。
二、常用的從屬連詞:
。ㄒ唬┮龑(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有:when,while,since,until,after,before,as soon as
1.when當(dāng)……時(shí)
When we got there,the meeting had begun.我們到時(shí),會(huì)議已經(jīng)開始了。
It was raining when she arrived at the station.她到達(dá)車站時(shí),正在下雨。588.es
2.while正當(dāng)……時(shí),正在……時(shí)。(while引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,且常常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Don’t make any noise while others are reading.別人讀書時(shí)不要制造噪音。
She sang while she was walking.她邊走邊唱。
3.since自從
It’s just a month since we arrived here.我們到這兒剛好一月了。
My mother has been ill since I left home.自從我離開家我媽媽就一直生病。
4.until直到……為止
Until you told me,I knew nothing at all about it.在我告訴我之前,我對(duì)此之外無所知。
He didn’t appear until the meeting had begun.直到會(huì)議開始他才露面。
5.before在……之前
after在……之后
I’ll phone you after I arrive.我到達(dá)之后給你打電話。
Say goodbye before you go.你走之前要說再見。
6.a(chǎn)s soon as一……就
I’ll visit you as soon as I come back.我一回來就去拜訪你。
Please tell him as soon as you see him.你一看見他就請(qǐng)告訴他。
(二)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的'連詞:because,since,as,for,now that
1.because因?yàn)?because與so不能并用。)
I can’t believe in him because he isn’t honest.我不能信任他,因?yàn)樗徽\實(shí)。
She didn’t come because she didn’t know it.她沒有來,因?yàn)樗恢馈?/p>
2.since既然
Since he says so,it must be true.既然他這么說,那一定是真的。
Since you ask,I will tell you.你既然問,我就告訴你。
3.a(chǎn)s因?yàn)椋捎?/p>
As we are hungry,let’s have supper.由于大家餓了,我們就吃晚飯吧。
Mother began to worry about my brother as it was getting dark.
由于天越來越黑,媽媽開始為哥哥著急。
4.for因?yàn)?/p>
We can't go for it is raining.我們不能走,因?yàn)檎谙掠辍?/p>
I enjoyed myself at the party for I knew all the guests well.
我在晚會(huì)上玩得很盡興,因?yàn)樗械膫(gè)人我都很熟悉。
5.now that既然
Now that he is unhappy,let’s leave him alone.既然他不高興,我們就讓他自己呆著吧。
Now that she feels sorry,please forgive her.既然她很后悔,就請(qǐng)?jiān)徦伞?/p>
。ㄈ┮龑(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句:so…that,such…that
1.so…that如此……以致
She is so tired that he can’t go any further.她太累了,不能再走了。
She is so big a cat that she can’t get into the hole.這貓?zhí)罅算@不進(jìn)這洞。
2.such…that如此……以致
It’s such a beautiful place that I wouldn’t come back.這地方太美了,令我留戀返。
It’s such a fine day that many people go to the park for fun.
天氣這么好,許多人都到公園里來玩樂。
(四)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞:so that,in order that以便
They hurried so that they can get there on time.他們加快了速度,為的是能夠按時(shí)到達(dá)。
I hired a boat in order that I can go fishing.為了去釣魚,我租了條小船。
。ㄎ澹┮龑(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞:than,as…as
He is taller than his brother.他比他兄弟高。
She could draw as well as her teacher.她能畫得跟她的老師一樣好。
。┮龑(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞:though,although(though與although的用法基本一樣)
Although it rained hard,he still went out.盡管雨下得很大,他還是出去了。
Even though I have enough time,I don’t want to go there with him.
盡管我有時(shí)間,可我并不想跟他去那。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)14
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜,她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國處在如此巨大的危險(xiǎn)中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信,我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案該是對(duì)的.吧。(婉轉(zhuǎn))
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的請(qǐng)求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來參加我的生日聚會(huì)嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務(wù)嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆,沒必要這么擔(dān)心。
這里借用一下網(wǎng)友總結(jié)的記憶口訣:
動(dòng)詞原形接后面,說話語氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可,must責(zé)任或義務(wù)。
否定回答needn’t換,需要need, dare敢。
should應(yīng)該,would愿,have to被迫表客觀。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖然數(shù)量有限,但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的表示意義,對(duì)英語遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)15
用一個(gè)句子作狀語,這個(gè)句子就是狀語從句。狀語從句通常用來修飾句子、動(dòng)詞或形容詞,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較等。引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。
16-1 時(shí)間狀語從句
在句中相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語的從句叫時(shí)間狀語從句。時(shí)間狀語從句常由從屬連詞when,while,as,before,after,as soon as,since,till,until等引導(dǎo)。如:
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你長大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那兒就給你打電話。
1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞及用法
(1)when,while,as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。如:
When the clock struck twelve ,all the lights went out.當(dāng)時(shí)鐘敲了十二下,燈全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ,his wife was cooking.彼得看書的時(shí)候,他妻子在做飯。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起來時(shí),把杯子摔碎了。
注意:
、賥hen表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,多用來表示時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可表示時(shí)間段;從句中既可以用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;when 從句多用一般過去時(shí),主句時(shí)態(tài)沒有限制,根據(jù)具體情況而定;在將來時(shí)態(tài)中,常用when引導(dǎo)從句,且從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí);when表示時(shí)間段時(shí)可與while通用,但從句中必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走進(jìn)我房間時(shí),我正在看書。
When I got to the airport,the guests had left.當(dāng)我趕到飛機(jī)場時(shí),客人們已經(jīng)離開了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week,I'll talk with him about this.下周經(jīng)理來這參觀時(shí),我會(huì)和他談?wù)劥耸隆?/p>
、趙hile表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候;在……之時(shí);在……期間”,所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,且通常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.當(dāng)妻子在看報(bào)紙的時(shí)候,我在看電視。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業(yè)。
、踑s引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是非延續(xù)性的。當(dāng)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”時(shí),往往可以與when或while通用,但as更側(cè)重主句與從句的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生,常譯作“隨著……;一邊……,一邊……”。如:
Kate read the book as she went along.凱特邊走邊讀書。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我們邊聽課邊記筆記。
(2)before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“在……之前”。如:
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火車停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.過馬路之前左右兩邊都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我來這兒之前,一點(diǎn)英語都不懂。
(3)after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“在……之后”。如:
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door,he left.他鎖上門之后就走了。
注意:
為了表明動(dòng)作的先后,從句中動(dòng)詞可用過去完成時(shí),主句用一般過去時(shí)。如:
After he had finished his work,he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后,和朋友下了一會(huì)兒棋。
(4)until,till引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“直到……為止”。如:
They waited till/until I returned.他們一直等到我回來。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反復(fù)地解釋直到學(xué)生聽懂了為止。
注意:
、賣ntil在肯定句中只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,在否定句中通常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間,意為“直到……才”。如:
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回來他才離開。
、趖ill用作連詞,與until同義,兩者經(jīng)?蓳Q用,只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文體中,一般用 until,而在口語或非正式文體中則兩者都可。till多與名詞或較短的從句連用,而較長較復(fù)雜的成分多用 until;在句子開頭時(shí),用 until而不用till。如:
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在東京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回來之前,什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回來之前,什么也不能做。
(5)since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“自……以來”
Since I left school,I have written to him twice.自從我離開學(xué)校以來,我已經(jīng)給他寫過兩封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自從他離開上海以來,我就沒有收到過他的來信。
注意:
since引起的時(shí)間狀語從句通常用一般過去時(shí)態(tài),主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I've worked here since I left school.自我離開學(xué)校以來我一直在這里工作。
(6)as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到這里就告訴你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想見他。
2.時(shí)間狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí),由when,before,after,as soon as,until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一見到他,就告訴他這個(gè)好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.這個(gè)男孩長大后將成為一名作家。
(2)當(dāng)主句的`謂語含有can,may,must等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作業(yè)后就可以回家。
When the lights are red,the traffic must stop .紅燈亮?xí)r,車輛必須停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父親到來之前你可以在這兒等著。
(3)當(dāng)主句的謂語是want,hope,wish等動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他長大后想當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大學(xué)畢業(yè)后想在美國工作。
(4)當(dāng)主句是祈使句時(shí),由when,before,after,until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽車停下來再下車。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作業(yè)之前,請(qǐng)不要睡覺。
(5)當(dāng)主句謂語用一般過去時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句也要用一般過去時(shí)。如:
They talked about the party after people left .人們離開后,他們談?wù)撨@次晚會(huì)情況。
(6)當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句是過去時(shí)態(tài),主句一般用過去完成時(shí),有時(shí)也用一般過去時(shí)。如:
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前學(xué)了三年日語。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到這里來之前不認(rèn)識(shí)我。
(7)since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句要用一般過去時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),要用否定式。如:
He has waited here since you left .自從你走之后他一直在這等著。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他畢業(yè)后再?zèng)]去過學(xué)校。
注意:
在It is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。如:
It is three years since I began to study English.我開始學(xué)英語已經(jīng)有三年了。
3.時(shí)間狀語從句的位置
(1)when,before,after,as,while,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的位置可位于句首,也可位于句末。放在句首時(shí),從句后通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,放在句末時(shí),從句與主句之間一般不用逗號(hào),只在句末用句號(hào)或問號(hào)。如:
When you came to see me,I was ready to leave.你來看我時(shí),我正準(zhǔn)備離開。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看電視時(shí),你給我打了電話。
After she cleaned the classroom,she went home.她打掃完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的時(shí)間狀語從句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自從來到這個(gè)學(xué)校以來就一直在學(xué)英語。
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