現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)講解課件
同學(xué)們我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了英語的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)這4種時(shí)態(tài)的用法,但這4種時(shí)態(tài)還不能滿足我們表達(dá)的需要。這時(shí),我們可以用一種新的時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。小編整理了關(guān)于英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的課件,希望對大家有幫助!
英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
(一)肯定式
主語+助動(dòng)詞have /has +過去分詞+其它
說明:這里的have /has是助動(dòng)詞,沒有什么具體意義。當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞用has,其余人稱一律用have。 has,have的縮略式分別為's或've。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去式的構(gòu)成方式一樣,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞可參看不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表。實(shí)例:
1)I've just copied all the new words .我剛抄寫了所有的生詞。 (表示不要再抄了)
2)She has lost her books .她丟失了她的書。 (表示到目前為止還沒有找到)
(如果用過去時(shí):She lost her books . 則強(qiáng)調(diào)書是過去丟的這一動(dòng)作,而不知現(xiàn)在有沒有找到)
3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我們剛好打掃了教室。(表明現(xiàn)在教室是干凈的)
(二)否定式
主語+助動(dòng)詞have /has+not+過去分詞+其它
說明:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成否定句時(shí),只需在助動(dòng)詞have /has后面加not就行。have not,has not的縮略式分別為haven't ,hasn't。另外,肯定句中有some,already時(shí),改為否定時(shí)要分別改成any,yet。實(shí)例:
1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我還沒有完成我的作業(yè)。
2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她沒有坐火車旅行過。
3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我們從來沒有和外國人說過話。
注:有時(shí)not可以用never代替,表示“從來沒有”的意思。又如:
4)I have never seen him before.以前我從來沒有見過他。
(三)一般疑問式
助動(dòng)詞Have /Has +主語+過去分詞+其它 ?
說明:把陳述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打問號,同時(shí)把句中的some ,already改為any ,ye t就構(gòu)成了一般疑問句。肯定回答用“Yes ,主語+have/has.?否定回答用“No,主語+haven't/hasn't.”有時(shí)也可以用“No,not yet./No ,never./No,not even once.”等。實(shí)例:
1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾經(jīng)做過餃子嗎?
—Yes ,I have .是的,我做過。
2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾經(jīng)出過國嗎?
—No,never.不,從來沒有。
3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他們已經(jīng)找到了丟失的書嗎?
—Yes ,they have.是的,他們找到了。
注意:當(dāng)句中有否定詞not ,hardly(幾乎不),never的時(shí)候,在改為反意疑問句時(shí),附加部分用肯定形式。例如:You have never come to our school ,have you ?你以前從來沒有來過我們學(xué)校,是嗎?
英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
(一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1:表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。此時(shí),常與時(shí)間副詞already(已經(jīng)) ,yet(還、已經(jīng)) ,just(剛剛、僅僅) ,ever(曾經(jīng)) ,never(從不) ,before(以前)等連用。這幾個(gè)副詞的用法如下:
1.already意為“已經(jīng)”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助動(dòng)詞之后,過去分詞之前,也可以放在句末。實(shí)例:
1)I've already read this book. 我已經(jīng)讀過這本書了。
(“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的.影響是“知道書中的內(nèi)容”。)
2)I've washed my clothes already.我已經(jīng)洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的動(dòng)作已完成,其結(jié)果是“衣服冼干凈了”。)
注意:在表示吃驚或明知故問等感情色彩時(shí),already也可用于(口語)疑問句中。實(shí)例:
3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已經(jīng)見過他了?
2.yet用在疑問句中意為“已經(jīng)”,用在否定句中意為“還”,常放在句末。實(shí)例:
1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已經(jīng)找到他的手表了嗎?
—No,not yet.不,還沒有。
2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .
那位婦女還沒有找到她的狗。(沒找到狗,心里著急,這就是對現(xiàn)在的影響)
3.just意為“剛剛”,表示行為剛剛過去,常放在助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間。實(shí)例:
He has just come back from school .他剛從學(xué)校回來。
4.ever意為“曾經(jīng)”,用于疑問句或否定句中,放在助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間。實(shí)例:
1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去過香港嗎?
2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她說過話。
5.never意為“從來沒有”常與before連用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間。實(shí)例:
I have never travelled by plane before.我以前從來沒有乘飛機(jī)旅行過。
6.before意為“以前”,指過去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間,總是放在句末,不受句型的限制。實(shí)例:
1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去過海南嗎?
2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前沒吃過廣東菜。
(二)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法二2——持續(xù)性用法(肯定句,疑問句中謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞):表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。此時(shí)常與“for +一段時(shí)間?或“since+過去的點(diǎn)時(shí)間或從句(從句用一般過去時(shí))以及so far(到目前為止)等時(shí)間狀語連用。
for + 段時(shí)間
since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間
實(shí)例:
1)I've lived here since 1990.自從1990年以來我就住在這里。
= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2)I haven't seen him for three years .我三年沒有看見他了。
= I haven't seen him since three years ago
= I haven't seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city .
自從到這個(gè)城市以來,王先生一直在這家工廠工作。
4)She's been at this school since five years ago.
自從五年前以來她就在這個(gè)學(xué)校。
注意:①在這類句子的肯定句和疑問句中謂語動(dòng)詞必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。短暫性動(dòng)詞由于動(dòng)作不能持續(xù),故不能與for(達(dá)到;累計(jì))或since(自從。。。到現(xiàn)在)引出的時(shí)間狀語連用。
、趯or和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語提問要用How long
1) 他入團(tuán)兩年了。
誤:He has joined the League for two years.
正:He has been a League member for two years.
2)我買這輛自行車三年了。
誤:I have bought this bike for three years.
正:I have had this bike for three years.
2) ▲部分短暫性動(dòng)詞與之對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:
短暫性動(dòng)詞 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
die → be dead
borrow → keep
buy/catch → have
get up → be up
come → be in
finish → be over
leaver → be away
open → be open
close → be closed
begin → be on
become interested in → be interested in
有人可能會(huì)問:一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去,那么這兩種時(shí)態(tài)有什么區(qū)別呢?
☆答:①一般過去時(shí)與具體的表示過去時(shí)間狀語如:yesterday連用;強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。
②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與自已的特征詞連用,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在的影響或過去開始發(fā)生一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。
例: He saw the film last night. (過去時(shí),表示他昨晚看過那部電影了,現(xiàn)在不知還要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表時(shí)他已看過那部電影,現(xiàn)在不想再看了)
英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)
I.按要求轉(zhuǎn)換下列各句,每空一詞。
1、He has already finished his homework.(改為否定句)
He _______ finished his homework ________.
2.They have found the lost books already.(改為一般疑問句,并作否定回答)
______ they _______ the lost books _______?No,they________.
3.Julia has not got home from school yet.(改為肯定句)
Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school .
4.You have never been to Shanghai before,_________ _________ ?(改為反意疑問句)
5. He’s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?(改為反意疑問句)
6.Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999.(改為同義句)
Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999.
7. He hasn’t left home for 3 days.(同義句)
He _____ ______ ______ home for 3 days.
8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (對劃線提問)
II.選擇正確答案。
( )1.—Who is Mary ?
—____?I saw you talking with her at the meeting .
A.Don't you meet her yet
B.Didn't you met her yet
C.Haven't you met her yet
D.Hadn't you met her yet
( )2.—How do you like Beijing ,Mr Black?
—Oh ,I ____ such a beautiful city .
A.don't visit
B.didn't visit
C.haven't visited
D.hadn't visited
( )3.The old people ____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week.
A.don't feel
B.hasn't felt
C.haven't felt
D.didn't feel
( ) 4.We have lived here ____ five years ago.
A.when
B.since
C.before
D.after
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