現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)課件
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)課件
由“have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，主要有兩個(gè)含義： ①表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系，有時(shí)無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)和一些表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：many times，just，yet，ever，never，already，before，so far, by now等連用。 ②表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，且句中常帶有表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：for two months, so far等。
時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，主要有兩個(gè)含義：
①表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，有時(shí)無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)和一些表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：many times，just，yet，ever，never，already，before，so far, by now等連用。
�、诒硎緩倪^(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，且句中常帶有表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句，for two months, so far等。[1]
在“it is the first/second...time that...�！被蛟凇癷t/this/that is the +最高級(jí)+名詞+that...�！苯Y(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句中的動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。在“it + be...+since從句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，be可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since從句一般用過(guò)去時(shí)。have/has/had +been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都能表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，并且表示這一動(dòng)作已完成或還可能繼續(xù)下去；
2）而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在的情況沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，僅表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，且這一動(dòng)作到說(shuō)話時(shí)已終止。因此現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表示明確的'過(guò)去時(shí)間如：in1949，yesterday，last week等的狀語(yǔ)連用，并且用when或where對(duì)這些時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)，一般只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是result (結(jié)果）。
2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）
I have seen this film.
�。◤�(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來(lái)了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
�。ㄥe(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
�。▽�(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。
典型例題
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。
注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
�。ㄥe(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.
�。▽�(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。
(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.