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      2. 總結(jié)中考英語(yǔ)作文的技巧

        時(shí)間:2022-02-02 16:16:57 中考英語(yǔ)作文 我要投稿

        總結(jié)中考英語(yǔ)作文的技巧

          中考作文技巧:如何寫(xiě)出有深度的作文

        總結(jié)中考英語(yǔ)作文的技巧

          一、從人生的體會(huì)方面去思考,關(guān)注生活,寫(xiě)出個(gè)人生命體驗(yàn)。像我們所說(shuō)的“責(zé)任”這個(gè)話題,不同的人在不同的年齡階段的責(zé)任感是不同的。而這種話題 更多地體現(xiàn)在針對(duì)學(xué)生這一個(gè)年齡層次來(lái)進(jìn)行命題的,更多是關(guān)于學(xué)生的責(zé)任、學(xué)生的生活,不是空洞地喊口號(hào)式責(zé)任,而是注入了很多的人文精神的一種責(zé)任。

          二、從哲理的思辨性方面去思考。比方說(shuō)“優(yōu)勢(shì)與成敗”這個(gè)話題,體現(xiàn)出成敗和優(yōu)勢(shì)之間關(guān)系的辯證思考。具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的人并不一定就能成功,而在劣勢(shì) 下面他也并不一定就失敗。這是一種辯證哲理思維,我們平時(shí)要多去仔細(xì)思索、思考,從理性的角度,從哲學(xué)的角度去理解它,特別要時(shí)刻提醒自己,作文內(nèi)容要盡 量貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,注意用辯證眼光看問(wèn)題。

          三、結(jié)合我們時(shí)代的一些特點(diǎn)去思考。平時(shí)要多關(guān)注時(shí)事,看一些報(bào)刊評(píng)論等,有利于從時(shí)代的眼光去把握問(wèn)題。

          四、注意寫(xiě)作素材的積累。我們平時(shí)可以多準(zhǔn)備一些素材,而且要按不同的類(lèi)別分門(mén)別類(lèi)。比如從自信心的角度去總結(jié)一些素材,從責(zé)任的角度又總結(jié)一些素材?梢园催@樣的類(lèi)別整理情感、道德、科技、環(huán)境、自然、人生感悟、社會(huì)生活、文化問(wèn)題等等。

          寫(xiě)作技巧:英文寫(xiě)作中詞語(yǔ)的選擇

          說(shuō)話或?qū)懳恼聲r(shí)用詞適當(dāng)比穿著適當(dāng)難度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我國(guó),古人寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常為一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的選用具思苦想,因而有“語(yǔ)不驚人死不休”的說(shuō)法。

          寫(xiě)作技巧:英文寫(xiě)作中詞語(yǔ)的選擇

          1.詞語(yǔ)選擇的重要性

          在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中,編者對(duì)詞語(yǔ)選用的重要性作了一個(gè)很好的比喻:“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:

          it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

          顯然,說(shuō)話或?qū)懳恼聲r(shí)用詞適當(dāng)比穿著適當(dāng)難度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我國(guó),古人寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常為一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的選用具思苦想,因而有“語(yǔ)不驚人死不休”的說(shuō)法。

          成語(yǔ)“一字值千金”也說(shuō)明了選擇詞語(yǔ)的極端重要性。有時(shí)“一字之差”造成令人遺憾的敗筆,或招致成千上萬(wàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。這些反面的教訓(xùn)也告訴我們必須重視詞語(yǔ)選用的問(wèn)題。

          2.詞語(yǔ)選擇的可能性

          實(shí)際上,我們每個(gè)人的腦子里都有了一個(gè)或大或小的詞庫(kù),只要我們肯去發(fā)掘,往往可以得到更好的表達(dá)方式。這是我們做好詞語(yǔ)選用的主觀條件。

          從客觀條件廣看,我們有各種類(lèi)型的詞典和參考書(shū),只要我們平時(shí)多翻譯、多閱讀,寫(xiě)作時(shí)勤查考,就會(huì)在詞語(yǔ)選用上不斷進(jìn)步。當(dāng)然,一部好詞典也不會(huì)毫無(wú)缺點(diǎn),更難以面面俱到,因此在這里我們應(yīng)牢牢記住著名英國(guó)作家、評(píng)論家和辭書(shū)編纂家Johson的話:

          Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.

          3.詞語(yǔ)選擇的三項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

          關(guān)于擇語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),人們說(shuō)法不一,但準(zhǔn)確、鮮明、生動(dòng)三項(xiàng)原則是公認(rèn)的。當(dāng)然,某詞語(yǔ)用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地從詞語(yǔ)本身的含義上著眼,還要看其具體使用場(chǎng)合,包括同其他詞語(yǔ)搭配等。

          1)擇語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性

          準(zhǔn)確性,就是要根據(jù)使用場(chǎng)合選用確切的語(yǔ)言形式,正如有句英語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)所言:

          Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.

          著名美國(guó)作家馬克·吐溫說(shuō):“用詞準(zhǔn)確與用詞幾乎準(zhǔn)確,這兩者之間的差異就如閃電與螢火蟲(chóng)之間的差異。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug.)

          為了擇語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確,必須熟悉詞語(yǔ)的多義性。例如depression對(duì)心理學(xué)家、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家或地質(zhì)學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō),含義各不相同:

          He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.

          The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.

          Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.

          反之,也常常有幾個(gè)詞語(yǔ)可以表示類(lèi)似的含義,如心理學(xué)上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal in the dumps,low等詞語(yǔ)表示。

          要做到準(zhǔn)確選擇,有必要注意詞語(yǔ)的兩種意義:“基本意義”(denotation)和"引申意義"(connotation)。前者指該詞語(yǔ)的本身,或客觀的固有含義,后者指該詞語(yǔ)在一定搭配或上下句中出現(xiàn)的其他意義,往往比較含蓄,帶有詞語(yǔ)使用者的主觀態(tài)度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顧客問(wèn)營(yíng)業(yè)員:“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要價(jià)錢(qián)便宜一點(diǎn)的,當(dāng)然并不是說(shuō)質(zhì)量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用場(chǎng)合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝嗇”、“卑鄙”等多種意思,這類(lèi)意思正是修辭上的“敏感地帶”。

          選用詞語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性還表現(xiàn)在區(qū)分表示大體/抽象含義的詞語(yǔ)和表示具體/特定含義的詞語(yǔ)上,需要根據(jù)不同的使用場(chǎng)合做出正確的選擇。抽象含義詞語(yǔ)和具體含義詞語(yǔ)不是兩個(gè)對(duì)立的家族,在一定的條件下可以轉(zhuǎn)化,如

          labor一詞通常帶抽象含義,但并非一成不變。試比較:

          A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.

          B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.

          上述A句中l(wèi)abor一詞為抽象含義,泛指各種社會(huì)勞動(dòng),B句中l(wèi)abor為具體含義,特指WAW,即美國(guó)汽車(chē)、飛機(jī)、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械工人聯(lián)合會(huì)。

          2)擇語(yǔ)的鮮明度

          準(zhǔn)確性是鮮明度的前提,也是提高鮮明度的基礎(chǔ)。然而,鮮明與簡(jiǎn)練相關(guān)。英國(guó)文豪莎士比亞的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“言貴簡(jiǎn)潔”。我們說(shuō)話、寫(xiě)文章都要以“言簡(jiǎn)意賅”四字為目標(biāo),為此,應(yīng)從兩個(gè)方面加以注意:

          A.在可以運(yùn)用較簡(jiǎn)短的常見(jiàn)詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)意思時(shí)不要用復(fù)雜而少的詞語(yǔ),如:do something for(不用perform,

          accomplish),用end/finish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。

          B.多余的或轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的詞語(yǔ)都不利于明白地表達(dá)思想,因而下列短語(yǔ)中加括號(hào)的部分都應(yīng)省去:

          mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other,(an entirely)complete confidence,repeat the

          question(again),return(back) from abroad,etc.

          3)擇語(yǔ)的生動(dòng)感

          生動(dòng)感也可以叫做優(yōu)美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在準(zhǔn)確性和鮮明度的基礎(chǔ)上的,否則,單純追求生動(dòng)或優(yōu)雅,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)辭藻華麗(flowery)而內(nèi)容空洞的文風(fēng),這是應(yīng)當(dāng)避免的。

          托福考試中寫(xiě)作部分有何答題技巧

          持一立場(chǎng)

          針對(duì)某一個(gè)論題,每一種觀點(diǎn)都有它的理由。同樣,在TOEFL作文中也不存在著唯一的觀點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容。這時(shí),你可以從兩個(gè)完全相反的觀點(diǎn)中選擇一個(gè)立場(chǎng)。關(guān)鍵在于你如何說(shuō)服讀者:盡管存在著相反的立場(chǎng),你的觀點(diǎn)從總體上來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是最具說(shuō)服力的。

          一般說(shuō)來(lái),應(yīng)該選擇那個(gè)政治上正確的或者大多數(shù)考生會(huì)選擇的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然,如果你不擅長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)這種文章,你可以適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整一下內(nèi)容以適應(yīng)你較習(xí)慣的舒服的表達(dá)方式。但總的說(shuō)來(lái),文章要均衡,不要包含高度爭(zhēng)議性的論述。不要把這里當(dāng)成思想家的論壇。寫(xiě)一篇高度爭(zhēng)議性的文章只會(huì)讓讀者對(duì)你產(chǎn)生偏見(jiàn),同時(shí)也會(huì)使電腦評(píng)分器費(fèi)解,因?yàn)檫@種文章和其數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里所儲(chǔ)存的文章差別太大。所以,針對(duì)問(wèn)題時(shí)盡量使用較冷靜平和的語(yǔ)氣。盡管如此,你也不能不選擇一個(gè)立場(chǎng)。你必須選擇一個(gè)將要“出現(xiàn)”在開(kāi)頭段落和結(jié)論段落里的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然,考試時(shí),題目會(huì)讓你選擇一種觀點(diǎn),但你必須明確地表述出來(lái)。

          文章的深度

          每篇文章你只有30分鐘,這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)你不可能覆蓋每一個(gè)推理,反駁和例子。當(dāng)你開(kāi)始考試時(shí),抽出幾分鐘的時(shí)間確定要寫(xiě)的論點(diǎn)和例子。你不必包含每個(gè)論題和概念。大部分學(xué)生都沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間覆蓋他想覆蓋的內(nèi)容。所以,只要選擇其中最具說(shuō)服力的點(diǎn)和例子。其實(shí),判分者也不期望你對(duì)每個(gè)論題都作深入的探討。

          這里最重要的是你的作文不要離題。抓住要點(diǎn)。不要扯遠(yuǎn)了也不要過(guò)分集中在某個(gè)例子上。

          例子從何而來(lái)

          題目會(huì)告訴你可以利用自己的經(jīng)歷來(lái)展開(kāi)你的論點(diǎn),得出結(jié)論。這種方法是可以的,但不要過(guò)分。你的推理依據(jù)應(yīng)該更偏向于所學(xué)到的知識(shí)而非個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。你所舉的例子或者知識(shí)可能很吸引人,但不要試圖深入。因?yàn)門(mén)OEFL作文測(cè)試的是你基本寫(xiě)作能力,而非你的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)。留學(xué)生:盡量多讀一些美國(guó)雜志,以適應(yīng)美國(guó)人寫(xiě)作的習(xí)慣和跟上時(shí)代的潮流。

          保持簡(jiǎn)潔

          試著將自己放在評(píng)分者的位置上,他們整天在為作文判分。你希望看到一篇包含5段每段4句的簡(jiǎn)潔的有效的文章還是4段每段10句的散漫的文章呢?簡(jiǎn)而言之:確保你的作文干脆,簡(jiǎn)潔能取悅評(píng)分者。在Issue部分這尤其重要,因?yàn)樵谶@里你表達(dá)的是你自己的觀點(diǎn)。

          以上就是TOEFL寫(xiě)作考試的注意事項(xiàng),考生們要記牢這些,盡量避免問(wèn)題的發(fā)生,一些考生為了增加單詞量在句子中添加一些無(wú)用詞,是整段內(nèi)容顯得冗雜繁瑣,這類(lèi)情形要減少發(fā)生,只要在生活中多積累經(jīng)典語(yǔ)句,在TOEFL寫(xiě)作中自然不會(huì)發(fā)生湊詞湊句的情況發(fā)生,平時(shí)多積累些名人名言,優(yōu)美句子,用在都是簡(jiǎn)單句的作文中,會(huì)使得你的作文更有深度。

          托福寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾技巧:如何給文章錦上添花

          如何寫(xiě)好托福寫(xiě)作的開(kāi)頭是不少考生重視的,但是結(jié)尾段也同樣重要,一個(gè)好的作文結(jié)尾也會(huì)給文章增色不少,給人留下深刻的印象。今天我們就來(lái)看看托福寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段如何寫(xiě)的簡(jiǎn)潔精彩,讓你的文章脫穎而出。

          重申立場(chǎng)

          重申立場(chǎng)+總結(jié)理由

          讓步+重申立場(chǎng)

          重申立場(chǎng)+引申擴(kuò)展

          引申擴(kuò)展包括:

          強(qiáng)調(diào)反對(duì)派立場(chǎng)會(huì)帶來(lái)的后果

          展望未來(lái)問(wèn)題的前景

          強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性

          一、重申立場(chǎng)

          “It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”

          In conclusion, given the growing demands of career on today’s professionals, a fulfilling personal life remains possible by working smarter, by setting priorities, and by making suitable career choices.

          二、重申立場(chǎng)+總結(jié)理由

          “Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”

          In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and humanities. These areas of study augment and enhance learning in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness of our entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality of our technology and for determining its proper direction.

          三、讓步+重申立場(chǎng)

          “Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”

          In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the statement goes too far, it ignores the fact that a cost-of-living salary increase for tenured employees not only enhances loyalty and, in the end, productivity, but also is required by fairness.

          四、重申立場(chǎng)+引申擴(kuò)展

          How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations? If not, what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory?

          In conclusion, supervisors should avoid using verbal abuse and threats. These methods degrade subordinates, and they are unlikely to produce the best results in the long run. It is more respectful, and probably more effective overall, to handle cases of substandard work performance with clear, honest and supportive feedback.

          以上是托福寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)作重點(diǎn),考生只要把握好以上四個(gè)基本點(diǎn),用好用活,那文章的結(jié)尾就能給文章錦上添花。最后新東方網(wǎng)祝大家考試順利。

          如何掌握2011年中考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧

          英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是一種創(chuàng)作性的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。啟動(dòng)知識(shí)信息儲(chǔ)存,構(gòu)思立意,謀篇布局,遣詞造句,對(duì)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性、思維的邏輯性和文章的條理性都比口語(yǔ)要求更高。通常英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):緊扣教學(xué)大綱對(duì)考生書(shū)面表達(dá)的要求;以有指導(dǎo)的寫(xiě)作為主(guidedwriting),便于考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)構(gòu)思成文;突出試題的交際性,考查考生在特定的情景中運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力;增強(qiáng)試題的實(shí)用性,所選話題貼近學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)生活,為學(xué)生所熟悉;看圖作文主要考查考生運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。

          英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作注意兩點(diǎn)

          一、先審題,弄清寫(xiě)作要求審題是寫(xiě)好作文的前提,也是書(shū)面表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)。如果寫(xiě)偏了題,語(yǔ)言表達(dá)再好也很難得高分。審題時(shí)要注意兩個(gè)方面:

          1.認(rèn)真地看兩遍題目,包括提示,全面了解寫(xiě)作要求。

          2.理清思路,確定體裁、框架結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。

          二、用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作時(shí)必須排除漢語(yǔ)思維的干擾。

          從現(xiàn)在起應(yīng)逐漸加大閱讀量和聽(tīng)的輸入量,將閱讀、聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練與書(shū)面表達(dá)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。經(jīng)常體會(huì)和領(lǐng)悟作者傳遞信息和表達(dá)思想的方式。在話題討論和寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用所學(xué)到的表達(dá)方式就會(huì)有所創(chuàng)造。還要盡量做到“五多”:多看、多聽(tīng)、多思考、多用心體驗(yàn)和感悟身邊的人和事、多用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)和寫(xiě)自己的體驗(yàn)和感受。

          最后一個(gè)月如何訓(xùn)練英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作

          1.重視增加閱讀量是提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的途徑之一。

          目前,考生在進(jìn)行大量閱讀的同時(shí),應(yīng)注重所讀材料的文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及連接詞的運(yùn)用(ontheotherhand,however,furthermore)、作者的表達(dá)方式(詞匯、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何進(jìn)行敘述和議論的。

          2.在教師的指導(dǎo)下,平時(shí)應(yīng)勤寫(xiě)多練。

          練習(xí)寫(xiě)作應(yīng)從基本功抓起。在中譯英翻譯訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中,加強(qiáng)積累適量的詞匯、詞組和增加各種類(lèi)型句子的運(yùn)用。把握好各種句型和詞匯的搭配,并從各類(lèi)題材和體裁著手,多閱讀好的范文。然后模仿寫(xiě)作,作文寫(xiě)好之后,一般都要修改。第一遍收筆后,先看一看結(jié)構(gòu),然后從字詞上推敲,使文章“充實(shí)”起來(lái)。更重要的是經(jīng)老師修改過(guò)的作文一定要仔細(xì)地看一至兩遍,然后再認(rèn)真地抄寫(xiě)一遍,收獲將會(huì)很大。

          英文寫(xiě)作“四步走”

          由于時(shí)間限制,考試時(shí)必須在所限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成英語(yǔ)作文。英語(yǔ)作文步驟如下:

          1)作文動(dòng)筆之前一般都要先打腹稿。在確立中心上、運(yùn)用材料上、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上,充分醞釀。

          2)考慮好想寫(xiě)多少句子,該用哪些動(dòng)詞和詞組等。

          3)邊寫(xiě)邊思考內(nèi)容的連貫性,語(yǔ)言和句子的準(zhǔn)確性。

          4)寫(xiě)完后一定要再細(xì)看一遍。

          主要體裁作文寫(xiě)作技巧

          (一)寫(xiě)提示議論文應(yīng)考慮的幾點(diǎn):1.文章開(kāi)頭,能依據(jù)提示確立主題句(topic)闡明觀點(diǎn)或看法。

          2.會(huì)使用連接詞分層次說(shuō)明理由、緣由(supportingsentences)。

          3.歸納總結(jié),首尾呼應(yīng)。

          (二)看圖作文應(yīng)考慮的幾點(diǎn):1.看懂圖片,把圖片展示的人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、事件等有機(jī)地串聯(lián)起來(lái),使之成為內(nèi)容連貫的句子。

          2.確定短文須用的時(shí)態(tài)和該用的人稱(chēng)。

          3.確定體裁(說(shuō)明文還是記敘文),接著用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)句描述圖片或圖表大意。

          4.根據(jù)圖片或圖表大意議論。

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          中考英語(yǔ)作文:記敘文寫(xiě)作技巧

          記敘文是記人敘事的文章,它主要是用于說(shuō)明事件的時(shí)間、背景、起因、過(guò)程及結(jié)果,即我們通常所說(shuō)的五個(gè)“ W ”( what, who, when, where, why )和一個(gè)“ H ”( how )。記敘文的重點(diǎn)在于“述說(shuō)”和“描寫(xiě)”,因此一篇好的記敘文要敘述條理清楚,描寫(xiě)生動(dòng)形象。下面就談?wù)動(dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)記敘文的特點(diǎn)和寫(xiě)好記敘文的基本要領(lǐng)。

          一、記敘文的特點(diǎn)

          1. 敘述的人稱(chēng)

          英語(yǔ)的記敘文一般是以第一或第三人稱(chēng)的角度來(lái)敘述的。用第一稱(chēng)表示的是由敘述者親眼所見(jiàn)、親耳所聞的經(jīng)歷。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于能把故事的情節(jié)通過(guò)“我”來(lái)傳達(dá)給讀者,使人讀后感到真實(shí)可信,如身臨其境。如:

          The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.

          用第三人稱(chēng)敘述,優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于敘述者不受“我”活動(dòng)范圍以?xún)?nèi)的人和事物的限制,而是通過(guò)作者與讀者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情節(jié)展現(xiàn)在讀者面前,文章的客觀性很強(qiáng)。如:

          Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.

          2. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

          在記敘文中,記和敘都離不開(kāi)動(dòng)詞。所以動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)率最高,且富于變化。記敘文中用得最多的是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去的,這是英語(yǔ)記敘文區(qū)別于漢語(yǔ)記敘文的關(guān)鍵之處。英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的優(yōu)美之處就在于這些動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化,正是這一點(diǎn)才使得所記、所敘有鮮活的動(dòng)態(tài)感、鮮明的層次感和立體感。

          3. 敘述的順序

          記敘一件事要有一定的順序。無(wú)論是順敘、倒敘、插敘還是補(bǔ)敘,都要讓讀者能弄清事情的來(lái)龍去脈。順敘最容易操作,較容易給讀者提供有關(guān)事情的空間和時(shí)間線索。但這種方法也容易使文章顯得平鋪直敘,讀起來(lái)平淡乏味。倒敘、插敘、補(bǔ)敘等敘述方法能有效地提高文章的結(jié)構(gòu)效果,讓所敘之事跌宕起伏,使讀者在閱讀時(shí)思維產(chǎn)生較大的跳躍,從而為文章所吸引,深入其中。但這些方法如果使用不當(dāng),則容易弄巧成拙,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)散亂,頭緒不清,讓讀者不知所云。

          4. 敘述的過(guò)渡

          過(guò)渡在上下文中起著承上啟下、融會(huì)貫通的作用。過(guò)渡往往用在地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移或時(shí)間、事件轉(zhuǎn)換以及由概括說(shuō)明到具體敘述時(shí)。如:

          In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.

          The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.

          What a moving and unforgettable scene!

          5. 敘述與對(duì)話

          引用故事情節(jié)中主要人物的對(duì)話是記敘文提高表現(xiàn)力的一種好方法。適當(dāng)?shù)赜弥苯右Z(yǔ)代替間接的主觀敘述,可以客觀生動(dòng)地反映人物的性格、品質(zhì)和心理狀態(tài),使記敘生動(dòng)、有趣,使文章內(nèi)容更加充實(shí)、具體。試比較下面兩段的敘述效果:

          I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.

          這本來(lái)應(yīng)是一段故事性很強(qiáng)的文字,但經(jīng)作者這么一寫(xiě),就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是敘述模式,沒(méi)有人物語(yǔ)言,把“懸念”給沖淡了?勺魅缦抡{(diào)整:

          I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "It's you." I said, quite released.

          二、寫(xiě)好記敘文的基本要領(lǐng)

          1. 頭緒分明,脈絡(luò)清楚

          寫(xiě)好記敘文,首先要頭緒分明,脈絡(luò)清楚,明確文章要求寫(xiě)什么。要對(duì)所寫(xiě)的事件或人物進(jìn)行分析,弄清事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展一直到結(jié)束的整個(gè)過(guò)程,然后再收集選取素材。這些素材都應(yīng)該跟上述五個(gè)“ W ”和一個(gè)“ H ”有關(guān)。盡管不是每篇記敘文里都必須包括這些“ W ”和“ H ”,但動(dòng)筆之前,圍繞五個(gè)“ W ”和“ H ”進(jìn)行構(gòu)思是必不可少的。

          2. 突出中心,詳略得當(dāng)

          在文章的框架確定后,對(duì)支持故事的素材的選取是很關(guān)鍵的。選材要注意取舍,應(yīng)該從表現(xiàn)文章主題的需要出發(fā),分清主次,定好詳略。要突出重點(diǎn),詳寫(xiě)細(xì)述那些能表現(xiàn)文章主題的重要情節(jié),略寫(xiě)粗述那么非關(guān)鍵的次要情節(jié)。面面俱到反而使情節(jié)羅列化,使人不得要領(lǐng)。這一點(diǎn)是寫(xiě)好記敘文要解決的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題,也需要一定的技巧。如:

          One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.

          When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破壞外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.

          I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"

          3. 用活語(yǔ)言,準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)

          記敘文要用具體的事件和生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言對(duì)人、事、物加以敘述。一篇好的記敘文的語(yǔ)言既要準(zhǔn)確、生動(dòng),又要表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng),這樣才能把人、事描寫(xiě)得具體生動(dòng),其可讀性才強(qiáng)。試比較下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。

          原文:

          One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it. She served them with tea but they left.

          修改后:

          The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.

          "Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.

          "I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.

          "Don't worry, we'll send you home."

          And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.

          When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.

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