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高一英語(yǔ)圖表作文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)
在平凡的學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中，大家對(duì)作文都不陌生吧，作文是人們以書(shū)面形式表情達(dá)意的言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)。一篇什么樣的作文才能稱之為優(yōu)秀作文呢？以下是小編收集整理的高一英語(yǔ)圖表作文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
第一節(jié)圖表作文的類型
圖表作文可分為兩大類：表作文和圖作文。
表作文
表格(Table)可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格常由標(biāo)題(Title)、表頭(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、側(cè)目(Stub)(表格左邊的第一列)和主體(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分組成。如下表：
用表格表達(dá)的信息具體準(zhǔn)確，而且表格中的各項(xiàng)均按一定規(guī)律排列。閱讀表格時(shí)要注意找出表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的相互關(guān)系，表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的變化規(guī)律。例如，上面的表格中的數(shù)字說(shuō)明，和1978年相比，1983年大學(xué)入學(xué)的人數(shù)在增加，而小學(xué)的入學(xué)人數(shù)在減少。搞清楚這些變化規(guī)律也就讀懂了表格的內(nèi)容。
圖作文
圖作文又可分為三種：圓形圖作文、曲線圖作文和條狀圖作文。
(1)圓形圖作文
圓形圖(Pie chart)也稱為餅狀圖或圓面分割圖。圓形圖因?yàn)楸容^形象和直觀，各部分空間大小差別容易分辨，所以常用來(lái)表示總量和各分量之間的百分比關(guān)系。整個(gè)圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時(shí)圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)確、清楚。例如：This is a pie chart of the average weekly expenditure of a family in Great Britain. As can be see from the chart, the main expenditure of an average British family is spent on food, which accounts for 25% of its total expenditure. The next two significant expending items are transport and housing, which are 15% and 12% respectively. If we take into account clothing and footwear, which makes up 10%, the four essentials of life, that is, food, transport, housing, and clothing and footwear, amount to 62% of the total expenditure.
(2)曲線圖作文
曲線圖(Line graph)也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。曲線圖最適合表示兩個(gè)變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過(guò)程和趨勢(shì)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時(shí)間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時(shí)必須找出線條所反映的最高或最低的變化。例如：
這個(gè)曲線圖的橫軸代表1990年的不同的月份，縱軸代表交通事故的數(shù)量。從交通事故曲線圖上可知，前八個(gè)月的交通事故的數(shù)量有升有降。曲線圖在八月份升到了最高點(diǎn)(39)，此后一直呈下降的趨勢(shì)，十二月份降到了最低點(diǎn)(16)�？梢�(jiàn)，1990年的交通事故的數(shù)量總體上呈下降的趨勢(shì)。
(3)條形圖作文
條形圖(Bar graph)也稱為立柱圖或圓柱圖。條形圖由寬度相同但長(zhǎng)度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目或量時(shí)，常用不同顏色來(lái)區(qū)分。條形圖主要用來(lái)表示：1)同一項(xiàng)目在不同時(shí)間的量;2)同一時(shí)間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時(shí)，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個(gè)刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長(zhǎng)條所表示的數(shù)據(jù)及各長(zhǎng)條間的相互關(guān)系。例如：
左邊的條形圖的橫軸代表時(shí)間，縱軸代表期望壽命(Life Expectancy)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的是同一項(xiàng)目(期望壽命)在不同時(shí)間的量。右邊的條形圖的橫軸也是代表時(shí)間，縱軸是代表嬰兒的死亡率(Infant Mortality)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的也是同一項(xiàng)目(嬰兒的死亡率)在不同時(shí)間的量。左邊的條形圖表明1990年的人均期望壽命比1960年的人均期望壽命長(zhǎng)20歲，而1990年的嬰兒死亡率比1960年的嬰兒死亡率下降了50%。
第二節(jié)圖表作文的出題形式
例1題目：Changes in People’s Diet
Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to :
1. state the changes in people’s diet (飲食) in the past five years;
2. give possible reasons for the changes;
3. draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
例2題目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton City
Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline;
1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;
2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;
3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.
Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible.
例3 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Health Gain in Developing Countries. Your composition must be no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):
1.以下圖為依據(jù)描述發(fā)展中國(guó)家的期望壽命(life expectancy)和嬰兒死亡率(infant mortality)的變化情況
2.說(shuō)明引起變化的各種原因
從以上例子可見(jiàn)，圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時(shí)還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：
1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì);
2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢(shì)或問(wèn)題分析其原因或后果。
第三節(jié)圖表作文的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)
圖表作文著重說(shuō)明事實(shí)，常常是通過(guò)對(duì)圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說(shuō)明、分析、比較，對(duì)某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實(shí)或變化情況等加以說(shuō)明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議論文體的寫(xiě)作方法。
寫(xiě)好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的語(yǔ)言把這一信息表達(dá)出來(lái)，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。
寫(xiě)圖表作文時(shí)，要注意遵循以下步驟：
1)認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;
2)確定文章的主題思想，構(gòu)思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說(shuō)明圖表主題思想的典型數(shù)據(jù);
3)編列文章的提綱;
4)根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成段落，然后將各個(gè)段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過(guò)渡;
5)檢查與修改。
圖表作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
寫(xiě)圖表作文時(shí)，常采用三段式的謀篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什么問(wèn)題或趨勢(shì)，概述圖表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問(wèn)題或趨勢(shì)的原因。第三段則展望未來(lái)的情況或提出解決問(wèn)題的辦法或建議。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)單地表述為：
第一段：概述圖表反映的主題思想
第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因
第三段：展望未來(lái)或提出方法或建議
圖表作文常用的句型
(1)常用的開(kāi)篇句型(即概述圖表內(nèi)容時(shí)常用的表達(dá)法)
�、� According to the table/pie chart/line graph/bar graph, we can see/conclude that …根據(jù)該表/圖，我們可知……
�、� The table/graph reveals (shows/indicates/illustrates/ represents/points out) that …該表/圖表明……
�、� As we can see from the table …
As can be seen from the line/bar graph …
As is shown (illustrated/indicated) in the pie chart …
如表/圖所示，……
(2)描述增減變化常用的句型
�、� Compared with … is still increased by …
② The number of … grew/rose from … to …
�、� An increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of …
�、� In … the number remains the same/drops to …
⑤ There was a very slight (small/slow/gradual) rise/increase in 1990.
�、轙here was a very steady (marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/ dramatic) drop (decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction) in 1998/ compared with that of last year).
下面是根據(jù)例2的題目要求寫(xiě)的范文。
�、臚rom the graph, we can see that the number of car accidents in Walton city fluctuated during the year of 1990. ⑵The first two months of 1990 showed an increasing trend. ⑶The rate rose to 32 in March but fell to 26 in June. ⑷From June on, the rate was rising again and reached the peak point 39 in August. ⑸After August the rate began to decline remarkably, and eventually dropped to the lowest point 16 at the end of the year. ⑹Therefore, it’s obvious that car accident in Walton city declined in 1990.⑴主題句/概述表格反映的內(nèi)容⑵—(5)反映交通事故的變化情況
(6)小結(jié)：總結(jié)表格數(shù)據(jù)反映的總趨勢(shì)
⑺There are several reasons for the decline. ⑻First, a new traffic law was made and came into force. ⑼It provided that in summer every car must be air-conditioned. ⑽As a result, the highest rate in August, when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents, dropped steadily. ⑾Second, new roads were built and some narrow streets were widened, which quickened the flow of traffic. ⑿Finally, the city administration made great efforts to heighten people’s awareness of observing traffic rules.⑺主題句⑻原因/措施一⑼解釋措施一/次要輔助⑽采取措施一后的結(jié)果⑾原因/措施二⑿原因/措施三
�、裌ith all these new measures, I’m sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go on falling this year.⒀總結(jié)：展望未來(lái)的情況
第四節(jié)、圖表作文練習(xí)及其參考范文
下面是寫(xiě)作練習(xí)，在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭的結(jié)尾的方法以及文章中的過(guò)渡等。
練習(xí)1：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
1. state the changes in people’s diet (飲食) in the past five years;
2. give possible reasons for the changes;
3. draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
⑴As is shown in the table, there have been great changes in people's diet between 1986 and 1990. ⑵From the table, we can find that grain, formerly the main food of most Chinese people, is now playing a less important role in people's diet. ⑶And the same goes for fruit and vegetables. ⑷On the other hand, the consumption of high-nutrition food such milk and meat has increased rapidly.
�、蒞hat has caused these changesThere are mainly three reasons (主題句). (6) First, people are much wealthier than before. (7) With higher income, they can afford to buy nutritious foods.
(8) Second, people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. (9) Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. (10) Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities.
(11) Although milk and meat are important to one's health, eating too much rich food may result in obesity and may other diseases. (12)Therefore, people should not only eat a lot of milk and meat, but also enough grain, fruit and vegetable for the sake of their health.
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