考研閱讀原文三讀法
長(zhǎng)期的閱讀研究和教學(xué)實(shí)踐使我了解到學(xué)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)的同學(xué)的眾多困惑，如何高速有效地閱讀原文是其中之一。在考試時(shí)，有的同學(xué)運(yùn)用"地毯式"閱讀法，讀到每個(gè)詞時(shí)都若有所思，戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢，惟恐意思稍有偏差，陶醉于個(gè)別句子的繁瑣分析，惟恐自己不了解句子的成分。這種緩慢謹(jǐn)慎的閱讀雖然在心理上能給閱讀者以一種虛假的踏實(shí)感，但是無論是從理解原文還是從做題的角度而言都表現(xiàn)為效率低下。針對(duì)這一普遍情況，筆者結(jié)合 2006 年的閱讀第一篇文章介紹閱讀原文的一種有效方法 --- 考研閱讀原文"三讀法"：詳讀重點(diǎn)，略讀細(xì)節(jié)，跳讀修飾。
一、 詳讀重點(diǎn)
所謂重點(diǎn)，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就是問題所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文的出題句。以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀的原文詞句就不會(huì)很多，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嬷挥形宓李}，它們對(duì)應(yīng)的.原文在五句以上。為了回答文章后面的問題，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀原文的下列內(nèi)容：
1． 宏觀方面
1） 文章結(jié)構(gòu)
2） 文章主題句
3） 各段首末句
4） 作者態(tài)度
2． 微觀方面
1） 有轉(zhuǎn)折處
2） 重要標(biāo)點(diǎn)
3） 句子主干
二、 略讀細(xì)節(jié)
相對(duì)于論點(diǎn)而言，論據(jù)是細(xì)節(jié)性的。如果明白論點(diǎn)，論據(jù)可以讀得較快。相對(duì)于段落主題而言，解釋段落主題的支持句是細(xì)節(jié)性的�？梢月宰x的細(xì)節(jié)包括：
1． 例子
2． 解釋
三、 跳讀修飾
細(xì)節(jié)性的修飾，只對(duì)論點(diǎn)起次要的補(bǔ)充說明作用，第一遍閱讀時(shí)可以跳過。此外，這些細(xì)節(jié)性的東西通常也不出題，即使涉及問題，到時(shí)候看也來得及�？梢蕴x的細(xì)節(jié)包括：
1． 兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的東西
2． 兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的東西
3． 人物的頭銜
4． 并列敘述
下面以 2006 年考研閱讀第一篇為例，說明如何運(yùn)用"三讀法"達(dá)到最佳效果。
In spite of "endless talk of difference, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption", launched by the 19th-entury department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act. " The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation-language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well' or ‘very well' after ten years of residence. " The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families. "Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks. " By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and GarthBrooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
21. The word "homogenizing" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying. [B] associating.
[C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing.
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
[A] are resistant to homogenization.
[B] exert a great influence on American culture.
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.
[D] constitute the majority of the population.
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and GarthBrooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25. In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding. [B] successful.
[C] fruitless. [D] harmful.
一、詳讀重點(diǎn)
根據(jù)上面要求詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容，作者以紅色標(biāo)出了重點(diǎn)。首先是宏觀方面。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)而言，本文主要闡述一個(gè)概念 homogenization （同化），屬于常見的"一枝獨(dú)秀型"結(jié)構(gòu)，即主要說明一個(gè)核心概念。文章首句 In spite of "endless talk of difference, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people 就是全文的中心。除了這一句之外，其他段落的首末句也值得關(guān)注。從態(tài)度而言，作者在首句用 amazing （令人驚嘆的）、第二段首句（ hardly poisonous ）與全文末句（ hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment ）使用雙重否定表明移民成功融入美國(guó)社會(huì)。
從微觀方面而言，第二段首句 (but) 、倒數(shù)第二段末句 (yet) 與末段末句 (but) 三處的轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)應(yīng)三道題，加上文章首句也對(duì)應(yīng)一道題，這樣四道題 ---1 、 3 、 4 、 5 題所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文就確定了。剩下的第二題也很容易根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞 19th-century 定位第一段。
由此可見，只要閱讀時(shí)抓住了重點(diǎn)，就能迅速地定位各個(gè)問題所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文。
二、略讀細(xì)節(jié)與跳讀修飾
一方面為了加快速度，另一方面為了提高準(zhǔn)確率，對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)與修飾部分可以較快地閱讀甚至跳過。在第一段中，第二句難以理解，但是由于放在文章的主題之后，應(yīng)該屬于對(duì)首句主題的細(xì)節(jié)性說明。所以，閱讀的時(shí)候如果看不懂不要較真兒，因?yàn)樗皇且粋�(gè)論據(jù)，而且通常不考。
在第二段中，段末包含數(shù)字年代的兩個(gè)句子屬于并列性的細(xì)節(jié)，應(yīng)該速讀甚至跳讀。第三段與第四段是對(duì)第二段末句所說的三個(gè)表明同化的指標(biāo) ---language, home ownership and intermarriage 的詳細(xì)說明，屬于明顯的細(xì)節(jié)，閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該速讀。如此閱讀不僅抓住了重點(diǎn)，而且節(jié)約了時(shí)間。
綜上所述，只要詳讀重點(diǎn)、略讀細(xì)節(jié)與跳讀修飾，就能做到正確率與速度雙豐收。所以，考研閱讀的最高境界是：精讀要考的，略讀次要的，不管無關(guān)的。
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