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英語作文訓(xùn)練的幾個(gè)階段
訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)者方針的好壞是一個(gè)前提條件。合理地設(shè)置訓(xùn)練程序，使英語習(xí)作從初級(jí)到高級(jí)沿著一條循序漸進(jìn)，由簡到多的進(jìn)程發(fā)展是成功訓(xùn)練者必須具備的指導(dǎo)思想。本篇認(rèn)為，在習(xí)作訓(xùn)練的初期，應(yīng)采納一條從有材料可依的習(xí)作方式過渡到脫離本本進(jìn)行自由寫作方式的途徑。從有材可依到元材可依的訓(xùn)練過程應(yīng)包括三個(gè)階段：
一、短文縮寫(Summary)階段。
短文縮寫可以是就所學(xué)課文進(jìn)行縮寫，也可以采用其它閱讀材料，但要求被縮寫的材料難易程度不超過所學(xué)課本。被用于進(jìn)行縮寫的課文或其它材料必須觀點(diǎn)明確，層次分明，敘述有條理�？s寫時(shí)應(yīng)做到簡明扼要，抓住重點(diǎn)，不要拖泥帶水，沒有主次。初學(xué)階段的被縮寫材料不宜太長，以不超一千詞為佳，縮寫文以不超過2m詞為佳。以下就一篇短文進(jìn)行縮寫，限于篇幅，短文內(nèi)容有所節(jié)略。
Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.
Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.
將短文縮寫如下：
This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.
這是一篇不超過100詞的縮寫，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要內(nèi)容構(gòu)成。個(gè)別段落被完全刪除以保證縮寫重點(diǎn)突出，前后連貫�？s寫是一種“依材剪貼”的習(xí)作方式，基本上采用原材料中的詞語和句子，僅作了部分調(diào)整，是最初級(jí)的習(xí)作方式。
二、短文評(píng)論(Brief Comment)階段。
短評(píng)是就所學(xué)課文或閱讀材料進(jìn)行評(píng)論。通過分析原文中的內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)，提出一定的看法。短評(píng)可以是對原文觀點(diǎn)表示贊同，也可以提出異議或不同看法。如對前文便可作以下評(píng)論：
From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.
初學(xué)階段，短文評(píng)論的字?jǐn)?shù)一般也應(yīng)在150字左右，不宜寫大多。短評(píng)是一種“一半依材一半發(fā)揮”的習(xí)作方式。在內(nèi)容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用詞上，可以部分地依賴原文，也需使用一些其它詞匯。此外，短評(píng)的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半創(chuàng)造。短評(píng)的這種特點(diǎn)使它非常適合承接短文縮寫階段，而又為后期階段打下一定的基礎(chǔ)。
三、引導(dǎo)寫作(Guided Writing)階段。
引導(dǎo)寫作可分為重新編排句子順序。規(guī)定情景作文。看圖作文。提綱作文。關(guān)鍵詞作文等形式。這些形式均可以用于訓(xùn)練，但以提綱作文和關(guān)鍵詞作文多用為佳. 提綱作文是一種給出題目和段落提綱的習(xí)作方式，其段落寫作提綱可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短語。關(guān)鍵詞作文是一種給出作文題目和一些關(guān)鍵詞或詞組的命題作文形式。由于有段落寫作提綱或主旨句等，進(jìn)行習(xí)作時(shí)，減少了審題環(huán)節(jié)，且寫作思路受到引導(dǎo)。在訓(xùn)練初期，引導(dǎo)寫作的命題應(yīng)盡量與所學(xué)英語書本的內(nèi)容掛鉤，使學(xué)生能夠參照一部分課文所學(xué)的詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)，避免大多生詞。如針對上篇短文便可出一道相關(guān)命題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生習(xí)作：
題目：shops in China
提綱：(1)中國商店的作息時(shí)間 (2)中國商店的周未服務(wù)情況 (3)中國商店服務(wù)態(tài)度的好壞 以上是關(guān)于英語習(xí)作初級(jí)階段的訓(xùn)練步驟。三個(gè)步驟的三種形式，相承相繼，循序漸進(jìn)，為進(jìn)入自由命題寫作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。既適合教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生習(xí)作課使用，也適合學(xué)習(xí)者自我訓(xùn)練。事實(shí)證明，這三個(gè)步驟是英語習(xí)作人門的有效做法。
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