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      2. 冠詞和數(shù)詞語(yǔ)法

        時(shí)間:2021-08-26 13:19:30 詞語(yǔ) 我要投稿

        冠詞和數(shù)詞語(yǔ)法

           冠詞和數(shù)詞

        冠詞和數(shù)詞語(yǔ)法

          2.1 不定冠詞的用法

          冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨(dú)使用,也沒(méi)有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。

          不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是"一個(gè)"的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。

          1) 表示"一個(gè)",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。

          A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

          2) 代表一類(lèi)人或物。

          A knife is a tool for cutting with.

          Mr. Smith is an engineer.

          3) 詞組或成語(yǔ)。

          a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

          三十五個(gè)經(jīng)典句型 幫你過(guò)寫(xiě)作關(guān)(英語(yǔ)四級(jí))

          一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

          ~~~ the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

          例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

          海倫是我所看過(guò)最美麗的女孩。

          Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

          張老師是我曾經(jīng)遇到最仁慈的教師。

          二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

          Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V

          例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

          沒(méi)有比接受教育更重要的事。

          三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

         。ㄔ僭趺磸(qiáng)調(diào)...的重要性也不為過(guò)。)

          例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

          我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的重要性也不為過(guò)。

          四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否認(rèn)的...)

          例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

          不可否認(rèn)的,我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。

          五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

          例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

          全世界都知道樹(shù)木對(duì)我們是不可或缺的。

          六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的...)

          例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

          毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的我們的教育制度令人不滿意。

          七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是...)

          例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.

          使用太陽(yáng)能的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它不會(huì)制造任何污染。

          八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

          例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

          The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

          我們必須種樹(shù)的原因是它們能供應(yīng)我們新鮮的空氣。

          九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

          例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.

          時(shí)間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。

          十、Adj + as + Subject(主詞)+ be, S + V~~~ (雖然...)

          例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

          {by no means = in no way = on no account 一點(diǎn)也不}

          雖然我們的國(guó)家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對(duì)令人不滿意。

          十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

          The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

          例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.

          你愈努力,你愈進(jìn)步。

          The more books we read, the more learned we become.

          我們書(shū)讀愈多,我們愈有學(xué)問(wèn)。

          十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借著...,..能夠..)

          例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

          借著做運(yùn)動(dòng),我們能夠始終保持健康。

          十三、~~~ enable + Object(受詞)+ to + V (..使..能夠..)

          例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

          聽(tīng)音樂(lè)使我們能夠感覺(jué)輕松。

          十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我們絕對(duì)不能...)

          例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

          我們絕對(duì)不能忽略知識(shí)的價(jià)值。

          十五、It is time + S + 過(guò)去式 (該是...的時(shí)候了)

          例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

          該是有關(guān)當(dāng)局采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣?lái)解決交通問(wèn)題的時(shí)候了。

          十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

          例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

          違反交通規(guī)定的人應(yīng)該受處罰。

          十七、There is no one but ~~~ (沒(méi)有人不...)

          例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.

          沒(méi)有人不渴望上大學(xué)。

          十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

          例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

          既然考試迫在眉睫,我不得不放棄做運(yùn)動(dòng)。

          十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

          It is obvious that + 句子 (明顯的)

          It is apparent that + 句子 (顯然的)

          例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

          可想而知,知識(shí)在我們的一生中扮演一個(gè)重要的角色。

          二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

          例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

          夏天很燠熱。那就是我不喜歡它的原因。

          二十一、For the past + 時(shí)間,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...(過(guò)去...年來(lái),...一直...)

          例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

          過(guò)去兩年來(lái),我一直忙著準(zhǔn)備考試。

          二十二、Since + S + 過(guò)去式,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。

          例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

          自從他上高中,他一直很用功。

          二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

          例句:It pays to help others.

          幫助別人是值得的。

          二十四、be based on (以...為基礎(chǔ))

          例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

          社會(huì)的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。

          二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遺余力的)

          We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

          我們應(yīng)該不遺余力的美化我們的環(huán)境。

          二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (讓...明白...事)

          例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

          我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白努力的價(jià)值。

          二十七、be closely related to ~~ (與...息息相關(guān))

          例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.

          做運(yùn)動(dòng)與健康息息相關(guān)。

          二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving

          = make it a rule to + V (養(yǎng)成...的習(xí)慣)

          We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

          我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成早睡早起的習(xí)慣。

          二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因?yàn)?..)

          例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

          因?yàn)樗墓膭?lì),我終于實(shí)現(xiàn)我的夢(mèng)想。

          三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...。

          例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

          How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

          遵守諾言是多么重要的事!

          三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不滿意)

          例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

          我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。

          三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (對(duì)...有很大的影響)

          例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.

          抽煙對(duì)我們的健康有很大的影響。

          三十三、do good to (對(duì)...有益),do harm to (對(duì)...有害)

          例句:Reading does good to our mind.讀書(shū)對(duì)心靈有益。

          Overwork does harm to health.工作過(guò)度對(duì)健康有害。

          三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (對(duì)...造成一大威脅)

          例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

          污染對(duì)我們的生存造成一大威脅。

          三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best (盡全力去...)

          例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

          我們應(yīng)盡全力去達(dá)成我們的人生目標(biāo)。

          常見(jiàn)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法

          句號(hào) Period [.]

          用以表示一個(gè)句子的結(jié)束

          Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.

          The federal government is based in Ottawa.

          用在縮寫(xiě)中

          B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.

          Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.

          The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.

          It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

          問(wèn)號(hào) Question Mark [?]

          在句子的結(jié)尾使用問(wèn)號(hào)表示是直接疑問(wèn)句:

          How many provinces are there in Canada?

          注意:在間接疑問(wèn)句結(jié)尾不要加問(wèn)號(hào):

          The teacher asked the class a question.

          Do not ask me why.

          嘆號(hào) Exclamation Mark [!]

          在句子的結(jié)尾使用嘆號(hào)表示驚訝、興奮等情緒:

          We won the Stanley Cup!

          The forest is on fire!

          逗號(hào) Comma [,]

          句子中的停頓

          Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.

          在疑問(wèn)句中引出說(shuō)話人:

          "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

          排列三個(gè)或以上的名詞:

          Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

          引出定語(yǔ)從句

          Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

          單引號(hào) Apostrophe [']

          表示所有

          This is David's computer.

          These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)

          Note: 對(duì)于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,只加'

          These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)

          縮寫(xiě)I don't know how to fix it.

          [NextPage]

          引號(hào)Quotation Marks ["]

          直接引出某人說(shuō)的話:

          The prime minister said, "We will win the election."

          "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

          冒號(hào)Colon [:]

          引出一系列名詞

          There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

          引出一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的引語(yǔ)

          The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

          分號(hào)Semicolon [;]

          將兩個(gè)相關(guān)的句子連接起來(lái)

          The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.

          和逗號(hào)一同使用引出一系列名詞

          The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

          破折號(hào)Dash [-]

          在一個(gè)句子前作總結(jié)

          Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

          在一個(gè)句子的前面或后面加入額外的注釋

          The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.

          表示某人在說(shuō)話過(guò)程中被打斷

          The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

          連字符Hyphen [-]

          連接兩個(gè)單詞

          sweet-smelling

          fire-resistant

          將前綴

          anti-Canadian

          non-contact

          在數(shù)字中使用

          one-quarter

          twenty-three

          英語(yǔ)六級(jí)詞匯與語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)命題趨勢(shì)

          詞匯命題趨勢(shì)

          《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱修訂稿》對(duì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)階段詞匯教學(xué)的較高要求(六級(jí))規(guī)定如下:

          領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握的單詞為5,500個(gè),其中復(fù)合式掌握的單詞為3,000個(gè),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組2000條(中學(xué)所掌握的'單詞和詞組包括在內(nèi)),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力,領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握是指看到英語(yǔ)單詞能理解其詞義,復(fù)合式掌握是指能正確拼寫(xiě)單詞并掌握其基本詞義和用法。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)測(cè)試就是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生是否達(dá)到了較高要求。

          在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試中,詞匯和語(yǔ)法同屬一個(gè)考試項(xiàng)目,考試時(shí)間為20分鐘,考試題數(shù)為30個(gè),計(jì)分為每小題0.5分,其計(jì)15分。題目分配:30道題中,約60%(18道題)為詞和短語(yǔ)的用法,約40%(12道題)為語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。可見(jiàn),與四級(jí)測(cè)試相比而言,六級(jí)更重視詞匯的測(cè)試?荚嚪秶鸀榻虒W(xué)大綱詞匯表一至六級(jí)全部?jī)?nèi)容。測(cè)試詞匯量大約5000~5300個(gè)單詞及一定量的習(xí)語(yǔ),涉及動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、形容詞和副詞等,目的是為了測(cè)試學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞、短語(yǔ)的能力。

          從歷年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試的試卷分析可以看出:詞匯測(cè)試主要集中在詞義的記憶與辨析、詞匯的搭配與用法等項(xiàng)目上,歸納起來(lái),可大致分為下列幾種:?

          1.同義、近義辨析題 詞匯區(qū)別是詞匯測(cè)試的一個(gè)重要方面,它主要是對(duì)同義詞或近義詞在含義與用法上進(jìn)行區(qū)別。這類(lèi)試題的選項(xiàng)是四個(gè)詞性相同、詞義相同或相近的詞。測(cè)試的目的在于檢測(cè)考生辨別詞義和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。詞匯區(qū)別一直是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中遇到的一大難題。這主要是由于他們沒(méi)有掌握漢英兩種語(yǔ)言在詞匯方面的差異,往往只注意英語(yǔ)的漢語(yǔ)釋義,而忽略了其本身的內(nèi)在涵義和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐車(chē)司機(jī)的腿和胳膊只受了一些輕傷。這道題測(cè)試考生對(duì)同義詞細(xì)微差別的辨別能力。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的名詞都含有“傷害”之意,但它們之間還有語(yǔ)義使用范圍上的細(xì)微差別。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的傷害。wound多指由槍炮等武器所造成的傷害。harm指危害、害傷。injury指在事故、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中所受的傷害。根據(jù)題意,答案應(yīng)選D。

          2.近形詞匯題 英語(yǔ)詞匯中,有一些拼寫(xiě)很相似,但它們的詞義或詞性卻不同。英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試的一條重要命題規(guī)律就是用形近詞來(lái)干擾考生作出正確選擇。其目的是要檢測(cè)考生辨別詞形和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。如果考生平時(shí)不善于對(duì)形近詞進(jìn)行自覺(jué)的對(duì)比,對(duì)它們的差異不甚了解,那就會(huì)在答題時(shí)緋徊不定,難以作出正確的選擇,甚至張冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。盡管工程的遠(yuǎn)期效果還無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè),委員會(huì)還是批準(zhǔn)了這項(xiàng)工程。這四個(gè)詞拼寫(xiě)相似,但它們的詞義或詞性卻不同。affect動(dòng)詞,意為“影響”;effect為名詞,意為“效果”;effort名詞,意為“努力”;afford動(dòng)詞,意為“負(fù)擔(dān)得起;提供”。掌握了它們之間的這些差異,你會(huì)毫不猶豫地選擇B。

          3.詞組與習(xí)慣用法辨析題 1)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)的難點(diǎn)之一,它是由動(dòng)詞+副詞、動(dòng)詞+介詞、動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞幾種方式構(gòu)成的慣用組合,具有自己獨(dú)特的意義。其意義、語(yǔ)法、用法等常使考生感到困難。首先,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的詞義不是動(dòng)詞和副詞、介詞等小品詞的簡(jiǎn)單組合,往往難以從字面上理解。其次,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的使用場(chǎng)合及范圍不易弄清楚。第三,同義、近義和反義的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)容易混淆。要學(xué)好英語(yǔ),必須學(xué)會(huì)使用動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。測(cè)試動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的題目在詞匯題中占有很大的比例,其目的是測(cè)試考生辨別和運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),尤其是同一動(dòng)詞所構(gòu)成的不同動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄電池電力減弱了,因此汽車(chē)無(wú)法發(fā)動(dòng)起來(lái)。這是一個(gè)因果關(guān)系的句子!捌(chē)為什么發(fā)動(dòng)不起來(lái)?”原因是“電池電力減弱”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有run down有“減弱”之意,其它三個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)與本句意思不合。run up表示“增長(zhǎng)”,run off“逃離”;run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了這四個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的含義,就會(huì)作出正確的選擇了。?

          2)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)題 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)(English idiom)具有特有的、約定俗成的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如“步行”,可說(shuō)on foot,不說(shuō)by foot,而“乘車(chē)”要說(shuō)by bus,不說(shuō)on bus。再如anything but與nothing but兩個(gè)詞組意義完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)語(yǔ)令人眼花繚亂,其構(gòu)成形式有的甚至無(wú)規(guī)律可循。它們通常由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞組成,不能任意拆開(kāi)。其意義常常不是單詞意義的簡(jiǎn)單結(jié)合,而是另外具有新的意義。因此,應(yīng)把詞組作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)記。測(cè)試的目的是檢驗(yàn)考生對(duì)常用詞組的理解和運(yùn)用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在廚房門(mén)口,你擋路了。這四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)都是固定詞組,都有自己的含義。in a way表示“在某種程度上或某點(diǎn)上”;by the way“順便說(shuō)一下”;in no way“決不”;in the way表示“擋路,妨礙”;“阻止”。根據(jù)題意答案應(yīng)為D。學(xué)生面對(duì)這些貌似雜亂無(wú)章,沒(méi)有規(guī)律可循的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,一方面要廣讀多看,博詞強(qiáng)記;另一方面還要會(huì)尋找規(guī)律,學(xué)會(huì)歸納,避免機(jī)械記憶而事倍功半。 總而言之,解答詞匯題的先決條件是對(duì)詞匯的理解和辨析。因此考生平時(shí)要注意弄清楚詞的內(nèi)涵和外部關(guān)系,尤其是要注意了解名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等實(shí)詞彼此之間以及它們與介詞或副詞之間的搭配關(guān)系。與此同時(shí),還要留心詞的慣用法,把習(xí)語(yǔ)作為一個(gè)整體儲(chǔ)存在腦海里。

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