1、by+地點(diǎn)名詞，表方位，意為：“在……旁邊”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
例句：She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.她到了山頂，然后停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。
2、by+時(shí)間名詞，意為：“到……時(shí)，在……之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of等。
例句：By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.到去年年底，又有一座新體育館峻工了。
3、by+名詞，可用來表方法、方式、手段等。
�。�1）by+the+可數(shù)的時(shí)間、長度、重量等名詞，意為：“按……計(jì)算”。如：by the pound/yard/meter/day/month等。
例句：Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.城市里的女清潔工通常按小時(shí)獲得報(bào)酬。
�。�2）by+交通工具、交通方式名詞，意為：“通過……，乘……”。如by train/taxi/bus/truck/plane/water/air等。
例句：It takes a long time to go there by train，it`s quicker by bus.乘火車去那兒要花很長時(shí)間，公路比較快。
4、by+數(shù)量詞。
（1）表升降、增減的`程度。如：by one-fifth/two feet等。
例句：With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.產(chǎn)量上升了百分之六十，這家公司今年的業(yè)績極好。
�。�2）表示距離和面積、體積中的尺寸及乘除法中的運(yùn)算。如：by 6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
例句：The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.那張床三米寬，兩米長，一次至少可以睡四個(gè)人。
5、by+身體部位名詞或衣服名詞，表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns/sleeve等。
例句：The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。