學(xué)案目標(biāo) 1.系統(tǒng)整理、掌握15個虛詞的意義和用法,重點掌握高頻虛詞“之”“其”“而”“以”等。2.學(xué)會推斷文言常用虛詞的用法與意義的方法。
(2006江蘇卷)閱讀下面的文言文,完成后面的題。
董槐,字庭植,濠州定遠(yuǎn)人。少喜言兵,陰讀孫武、曹操之書;泵采鮽,廣顙而豐頤,又美髯,論事慷慨,自方諸葛亮、周瑜。父永,遇槐嚴(yán),聞其自方,怒而嘻曰:“不力學(xué),又自喜大言,此狂生耳,吾弗愿也!被毙睦,乃學(xué)于永嘉葉師雍。
嘉定十四年,起為廣德軍錄事參軍,民有誣富人李桷私鑄兵結(jié)豪杰以應(yīng)李全①者,郡捕系之獄,槐察其枉,以白守。守曰:“為反者解說,族矣!被痹唬骸袄裘髦z有枉,而擠諸死地以傅于法,顧法豈謂諸被告者無論枉不枉,皆可殺乎?”不聽。頃之,守以憂去,槐攝通判州事,嘆曰:“桷誠枉,今不為出之,生無由矣!蹦藶榉滢o,明其不反,書上,卒脫桷獄。紹定三年秋,權(quán)通判鎮(zhèn)江府。至州,會全叛,涉淮臨大江,大府急發(fā)州兵;奔慈諏⒈鴿(jì)江而西,全遁去,乃還。嘉熙元年,出知常州。后三日,提點湖北刑獄。常德軍亂,夜縱火而噪;彬T從數(shù)人于火所,且問亂故。亂者曰:“將軍馬彥直奪吾歲請,吾屬將責(zé)之償,不為亂也。”槐坐馬上,召彥直斬馬前,亂者還入伍中。三年,知江州。秋,流民渡江而來歸者十余萬,議者皆謂:“方軍興,郡國急儲粟,不暇食民也!被痹唬骸懊瘢崦褚。發(fā)吾粟振之,胡不可?”至者如歸焉。淳祐二年,主管江西安撫司公事,視其賦,則吏侵甚,下教曰:“吾蒞州,而吏猶為盜不自悔,吾且誅之!”吏乃震恐,愿自新;币虺窕己Γ詫⒈R淵兇猾不受命,斬以徇師,軍中肅然。帝日鄉(xiāng)用②槐,槐言事無所隱,意在于格君心之非而不為容悅。帝問修太乙祠,則對曰:“土工洊③起,民罷于征發(fā),非所以事天也。”帝問邊事,對曰:“外有敵國,則其計先自強(qiáng)。自強(qiáng)者人畏我,我不畏人!被泵孔,帝輒稱善。
景定三年五月二十八既夕,天大雨,烈風(fēng)雷電,槐起衣冠而坐。麾婦人出,為諸生說《兌》《謙》二卦。問夜如何?諸生以夜中對,遂薨。(選自《宋史董槐傳》,有刪改)
注、倮钊耗纤闻殉。②鄉(xiāng)用:重用。③洊(jiàn):再度。
文中“諸生以夜中對”的“以”字,與下列句子中加點的“以”字意義和用法相同的一項是( )
A.焉用亡鄭以陪鄰
B.王好戰(zhàn),請以戰(zhàn)喻
C.不然,籍何以至此
D.一旦抵罪,或脫身以逃
考點探討
江蘇2011年《考試說明》規(guī)定考查下列15個虛詞:而、何、乃、其、且、若、所、為、焉、以、因、于、與、則、之。在15個虛詞中,“以、而、為、其、之”屬高頻考點。
從江蘇命題實踐看,文言虛詞屬輪考點,不大單獨設(shè)題考查,只是在語句翻譯中出現(xiàn)。
如若單獨設(shè)題,則為單選客觀題。形式有“單一考”(只考一個虛詞,關(guān)聯(lián)課本例子)和綜合考(考四個虛詞,且用課本例句配對編組)。無論哪種形式,與課本的關(guān)聯(lián)度都較高。
1.說出下列句中加點“而”的意義和用法。
①侶魚蝦而友麋鹿(《赤壁賦》)
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②置之地,拔劍撞而破之(《鴻門宴》)
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③軻自知事不就,倚柱而笑(《荊軻刺秦王》)
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④君子博學(xué)而日參省乎己(《勸學(xué)》)
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⑤未有封侯之賞,而聽細(xì)說(《鴻門宴》)
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⑥籍吏民,封府庫,而待將軍(《鴻門宴》)
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⑦人而無信,不知其可(《論語》)
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⑧某所,而母立于茲(《項脊軒志》)
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2.說出下列句中加點“何”的意義和用法。
①信臣精卒陳利兵而誰何(《過秦論》)
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②大王來何操?(《鴻門宴》)
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③豫州今欲何至?(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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④齊人未嘗賂秦,終繼五國遷滅,何哉?(《六國論》)
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①何不按兵束甲,北面而事之!(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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⑥至于誓天斷發(fā),泣下沾襟,何其衰也!(《伶官傳序》)
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3.說出下列句中加點“乃”的意義和用法。
①度我至軍中,公乃入(《鴻門宴》)
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②而陋者乃以斧斤考擊而求之(《石鐘山記》)
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③尋其方面,乃知震之所在(《張衡傳》)
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④若事之不濟(jì),此乃天也(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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⑤蒙沖斗艦?zāi)艘郧?shù)(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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⑥王師北定中原日,家祭無忘告乃翁(《示兒》)
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4.說出下列句中加點“其”的意義和用法。
①攻之不克,圍之不繼,吾其還也(《殽之戰(zhàn)》)
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②雖九死其猶未悔(《離騷》)
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③其皆出于此乎?(《師說》)
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④其孰能譏之乎?(《游褒禪山記》)
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⑤則或咎其欲出者(《游褒禪山記》)
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②其聞道也固先乎吾(《師說》)
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③其若是,孰能御之?(《齊桓晉文之事》)
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④臣從其計,大王亦幸赦臣(《廉頗藺相如列傳》)
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⑨而余亦悔其隨之而不得極夫游之樂也(《游褒禪山記》)
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⑩于亂石間擇其一二扣之(《石鐘山記》)
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吾其還也(《燭之武退秦師》)
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爾其無忘乃父之志(《伶官傳序》)
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5.說出下列句中加點“且”的意義和用法。
①然后圖南,且適南冥也(《逍遙游》)
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②且從俗浮沉,與時俯仰(《報任安書》)
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③固不如也。且為之奈何?(《鴻門宴》)
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④又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者(《石鐘山記》)
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①且將軍大勢可以拒操者,長江也(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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②且何謂閣子也?(《項脊軒志》)
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③彼所將中國人不過十五六萬,且已久疲(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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④臣死且不避,卮酒安足辭!(《鴻門宴》)
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6.說出下列句中加點“若”的意義和用法。
①若潛師以來,國可得也(《殽之戰(zhàn)》)
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②若屬皆且為所虜!(《鴻門宴》)
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③又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者(《石鐘山記》)
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④以若所為,求若所欲,猶緣木而求魚也(《齊桓晉文之事》)
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⑤徐公不若君之美也(《鄒忌諷齊王納諫》)
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⑥桑之未落,其葉沃若(《詩經(jīng)衛(wèi)風(fēng)氓》)
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7.說出下列句中加點“所”的意義和用法。
①某所,而母立于茲(《項脊軒志》)
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②杳不知其所之也(《阿房宮賦》)
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③為國者無使為積威之所劫哉!(《六國論》)
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8.說出下列句中加點“為”的意義和用法。
①為吾子之將行也(《殽之戰(zhàn)》)
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②慎勿為婦死(《孔雀東南飛》)
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③誰為大王為此計者?(《鴻門宴》)
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④而為秦人積威之所劫(《六國論》)
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⑤天下熙熙,皆為利來;天下攘攘,皆為利往(《史記貨殖列傳序》)
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⑤然此可為智者道,難為俗人言也(《報任安書》)
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⑦何故懷瑾握瑜,而自令見放為?(《屈原列傳》)
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⑧草木為之含悲(《〈黃花崗烈士事略〉序》)
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9.說出下列句中加點“焉”的意義和用法。
①積土成山,風(fēng)雨興焉(《勸學(xué)》)
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②且焉置土石?(《愚公移山》)
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③于亂石間擇其一二扣之,硿硿焉(《石鐘山記》)
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④猶且從師而問焉(《師說》)
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10.說出下列句中加點“以”的意義和用法。
①且吾不以一眚掩大德(《殽之戰(zhàn)》)
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②還軍霸上,以待大王來(《鴻門宴》)
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③余船以次俱進(jìn)(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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④以故法為其國與此同(《察今》)
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⑤是時以大中丞撫吳者為魏之私人(《五人墓碑記》)
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⑥予分當(dāng)引決,然而隱忍以行(《指南錄后序》)
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⑥秦亦不以城予趙,趙亦終不予秦璧(《廉頗藺相如列傳》)
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⑦余以乾隆三十九年十二月(《登泰山記》)
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⑧欲以客往赴秦軍(《信陵君竊符救趙》)
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⑨樊噲側(cè)其盾以撞(《鴻門宴》)
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⑩日削月割,以趨于亡(《六國論》)
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11即除逆閹廢祠之址以葬之(《五人墓碑記》)
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晉侯、秦伯圍鄭,以其無禮于晉,且貳于楚也(《燭之武退秦師》)
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11.說出下列句中加點“因”的意義和用法。
①因擊沛公于坐,殺之(《鴻門宴》)
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②或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外(《蘭亭集序》)
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③因賓客至藺相如門謝罪(《廉頗藺相如列傳》)
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④恩所加,則思無因喜以謬賞(《諫太宗十思疏》)
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⑤侯生因謂公子曰(《魏公子列傳》)
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⑥罔不因勢象形,各具情態(tài)(《核舟記》)
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⑦項王即日因留沛公與飲(《鴻門宴》)
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12.說出下列句中加點“于”的意義和用法。
①青,取之于藍(lán),而青于藍(lán)(《勸學(xué)》)
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②衡善機(jī)巧,尤致思于天文陰陽歷算(《張衡傳》)
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③州司臨門,急于星火(《陳情表》)
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④而恥學(xué)于師(《師說》)
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⑤于其身也,則恥師焉(《師說》)
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⑥權(quán)起更衣,肅追于宇下(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
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①故燕王欲結(jié)于君(《廉頗藺相如列傳》)
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⑧至激于義理者不然(《報任安書》)
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13.說出下列句中加點“與”的意義和用法。
①豎子不足與謀(《鴻門宴》)
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②備他盜之出入與非常也(《鴻門宴》)
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③去時里正與裹頭(《兵車行》)
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④吾王庶幾無疾病與(《莊暴見孟子》)
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⑤與嬴而不助五國也(《六國論》)
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⑥玉斗一雙,欲與亞父(《鴻門宴》)
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14.說出下列句中加點“則”的意義和用法。
①則知明而行無過矣(《勸學(xué)》)
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②及諸河,則在舟中矣(《殽之戰(zhàn)》)
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③此則岳陽樓之大觀也(《岳陽樓記》)
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④于其身也,則恥師焉(《師說》)
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15.說出下列句中加點“之”的意義和用法。
①作《師說》以貽之(《師說》)
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②道之所存,師之所存也(《師說》)
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③以其求思之深而無不在也(《游褒禪山記》)
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④石之鏗然有聲者(《石鐘山記》)
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⑤頃之,煙炎張?zhí)?《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)
許愿