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      2. 仁愛八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)Unit 1 Past and present課件

        時(shí)間:2021-04-13 08:12:50 課件 我要投稿

        仁愛八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)Unit 1 Past and present課件

          一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容:

        仁愛八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)Unit 1 Past and present課件

          Unit 1 Past and present Graar

          二. 教學(xué)目標(biāo):

          掌握Unit1的語(yǔ)法: Present perfect tense 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

         。ㄒ唬┗靖拍

          1、定義

          現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

          2、構(gòu)成: have (has) +過去分詞。規(guī)則變化的過去分詞與過去式的變化一樣,在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed; 不規(guī)則變化的過去分詞見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表,需要同學(xué)們記憶。

          3、句型:

          現(xiàn)以see the fil為例將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句,否定句和疑問句列表如下:

          肯定句:I/u/We/The have seen the fil. He/She /It has seen the fil.

          否定句:I/u/We/The have nt/ haven’t seen the fil.

          He/ She/It has nt/hasn’t seen the fil.

          疑問句:Have I/u/the seen the fil? es, u/ we/I/the have. N, u/ we/I/the haven’t.

          Has he/she/it seen the fil? es, he/ she/ it has. N, he/ she/ it hasn’t.

         。ǘ┯梅ǎ含F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既涉及過去,又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在。

          用法一:表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與ust(剛剛),alread(已經(jīng)),never(從來沒有),ever(曾經(jīng)),befre(以前),et(仍然),nce(一次),twice(兩次),an ties(很多次),hw an ties(多少次),s far(迄今為止),during the past(last)three ears(最近三年來)等連用。

          ※ 副詞的位置:①ust常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has ust ce .

          ②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.

         、踖ver用于疑問句中,句型為: Have / Has+主語(yǔ)+ever +過去分詞?“……曾經(jīng)……過嗎?”用于詢問某人過去的經(jīng)歷。Have u ever been t the far?

         、躡efre用于句末,The wan has never heard f that befre.

         、輊t 用于句末或nt 之后. Has the train arrived et? N, nt et.

         、轪lread用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have alread finished it.

         、遱 far用于句首或句末. S far, we have visited the n.

          用法二:表示過去已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:

         。ㄈ┈F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(fr,since,hw lng, all ne’s life)連用的動(dòng)詞必須是表示延續(xù)的情況或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,即延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:be,have,nw,live,wr,stud,learn,teach,eep,spea,tal,draw,wait,wear,wal,sleep,drive,write,d,clean等。

          I have been a teacher fr nearl 20 ears. Hw lng has he lived here?

         。ㄋ模┭永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的(到說話時(shí)仍未結(jié)束)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如this rning,tda,this wee,these das

          He has been t Beiing three ties this ear.

          He has written tw letters this rning.(說話時(shí)間在上午)

          He wrte tw letters this rning.(說話時(shí)間在下午或晚上)

         。ㄎ澹┯⒄Z(yǔ)中還有一些動(dòng)詞的意義決定它們所表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間

          就結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,這類動(dòng)詞叫做“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”,常見的有:ce,g,arrive,reach,see,hear,clse,pen,leave,begin,start,lse,bu,fall,in,die,get up,bece,brrw,lend,find,finish,receive等。這些動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在,但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(hw lng,fr,since)連用。

          He has ce bac.(√)

          He has ce bac fr tw hurs.(×)

          ※ 但在否定句中,非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來修飾,如

          I haven’t heard fr  father fr a lng tie.

          We haven’t seen hi since 1999.

          (六)當(dāng)終止性動(dòng)詞(非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(hw lng,since,fr,all ne’s life)相矛盾時(shí),改正錯(cuò)句的方法有如下幾種:

         。1)用副詞ag把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子改為一般過去時(shí).

          He has ce bac fr tw wees.(錯(cuò))

          改為: He cae bac tw wees ag.(正)

          I have lst  bie fr ten das. (錯(cuò))

          改為: I lst  bie ten das ag. (正)

         。2)用“It is / has been+時(shí)間+since+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)”句型來改寫。

          He has ined the League fr 3 ears. (錯(cuò))

          It is 3 ears since he ined the League.(正)

          I have bught the b fr 5 das. (錯(cuò))

          It is 5 das since I bught the b. (正)

          He has died fr 20 ears. (錯(cuò))

          It is 20 ears since he died. (正)

         。3)用“時(shí)間+has passed+since+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)”句型來改寫。

          He has left he fr 20 ears.

          改為: Twent ears has passed since he left he.

          He has lst his pen fr 2 das.

          改為: Tw das has passed since he lst his pen.

          (4)用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫.

          He has died fr 20 ears.

          改為: He has been dead fr 20 ears.

          The factr has pened since 1999.

          改為: The factr has been pen since 1999.

          Hw lng has he left?

          改為: Hw lng has he been awa?

         。5)用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替代非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

          He has bught the b fr tw wees.

          改為: He has had the b fr tw wees.

          常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:

          brrw / lend→eep, bu→have, finish / end→be ver, arrive /ce / g / ve / reach /get t→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be n , pen→be pen , clse→be clsed, die→be dead , leave→be awa(fr), g t schl→be in schl / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get t nw→nw, lse→be lst, bece→be, return / ce bac / get bac→be bac, in→be in / be a…eber, in the ar→be in the ar /be a sldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cld→have a cld, begin t stud→stud

          他參軍已有三年。

          He has ined the ar fr three ears.(錯(cuò))

          改為:

          He has been in the ar fr three ears / since three ears ag.

          He has been a sldier fr three ears / since three ears ag.

          He ined the ar three ears ag.

          It is three ears since he ined the ar.

          Three ears has passed since he ined the ar.

          (1)He cae t ur village tw ears ag.=He ur village since tw ears ag.

         。2)He left he three das ag. =He he fr 3 das.

         。3)I bught the watch 2 wees ag. =I the watch since 2 wees ag.

         。4)It is 5 das since I brrwed the b. =I the b fr 5 das.

         。5)The fil has begun. = The fil fr half an hur.

         。6)I gt t nw hi 10 ears ag. =I hi fr 10 ears.

         。7)There is a factr. =There a factr fr 20 ears.

         。8)Our schl pened in 1960. =Our schl since 1960.

         。ㄆ撸┈F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題

          1. have been t 和have gne t的區(qū)別

          have been t 強(qiáng)調(diào)“去過”,現(xiàn)已不在那里,如:

          He has been t the USA three ties.

          他到美國(guó)去過三次。(過去“到美國(guó)”,現(xiàn)在已“不在美國(guó)”)

          have gne t主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“去了”,現(xiàn)在人不在說話的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),如:

          —Where’s ur ther? —你媽媽在哪?

          —She has gne t the hspital. —她去醫(yī)院了。

          2. have been t 和have been in的區(qū)別

          have been t強(qiáng)調(diào)人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次數(shù)”的狀語(yǔ)。

          eg. ① She has been t Shanghai nl nce.

          ②—Hw an ties has he been there? —He’s been there an ties.

          have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間,現(xiàn)仍在那里”,其后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。

          eg. ①The have been at the bus stp fr half an hur.他們?cè)谲囌敬袅税胄r(shí)。(現(xiàn)在仍然在車站)

         、赪e have been in Xi’an fr tw wees.

          我們?cè)谖靼泊袅藘蓚(gè)多星期。(現(xiàn)仍在西安)

         、跦w lng have the been in China?

          他們?cè)谥袊?guó)呆了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?(仍在中國(guó))

         。ò耍┤绾瓮ㄟ^與一般過去時(shí)做比較,進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?

          一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的`動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去,但意義卻不同.

          如: I learned ten English sngs(說明過去學(xué)過,現(xiàn)在是否記得,不是本句的內(nèi)容)

          I have learnt ten English sngs.(learn發(fā)生在過去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語(yǔ)歌曲)

          I cleaned the blacbard half an hur ag.(只說明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時(shí)間)

          I have cleaned the blacbard.(說明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的)

          The teacher has written se new wrds n the blacbard(黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞)

          The teacher wrte se new wrds n the blacbard(黑板上現(xiàn)在沒有單詞)

          (2)一般過去時(shí)可以和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:esterda, last ear, three das ag, ust nw, 等,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以是since…, fr…, ust, ever, never, befre, alread, et , s far, all ne’s life等

         。ň牛┮(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞和它的過去式相同,即在原形后加-ed(-d)。已學(xué)近80個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞約有半數(shù)也和它的過去式相同,現(xiàn)分類如下,以利于同學(xué)們記憶:

          1)原形中的元音字母有變化:

          get-gt-gt, sit –sat-sat win-wn-wn spit- spat- spat shine –shne- shne

          find- fund- fund hld-held-held eet- et-et stand- std-std

          understand-understd-understd feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung

          2)原形中的輔音字母有變化:

          ae-ade-ade spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built

          send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent

          3)在原形后加t或d:

          spil-spilt-spilt learn-learnt-learnt ean-eant-eant hear-heard-heard

          pa-paid-paid sa-said-said lse-lst-lst la-laid-laid

          4)原形中的元音字母和輔音字母都有變化:

          feel-felt-felt sell-selt-selt spell-spelt –spelt eep-ept-ept

          sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sld-sld

          tell-tld-tld catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught bu-bught-bught

          bring-brught-brught thin-thught-thught wear-wre-wrn

          5)與原形相同:

          hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read

          set-set-set shut-shut shut cst-cst-cst cut-cut-cut

          還有些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞與過去式不相同,為便于記憶,也分類如下:

          1)原形中的元音字母有變化:

          ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drin-dran-drun swi-swa-swu

          begin-began-begun sin-san-sun

          2)在原形上加-en:

          eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rde-ridden write-wrte- written

          be-was/were-been rise-rse-risen frget-frgt-frgtten

          3:在原形上加-n:

          see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drve-driven tae-t-taen

          istae-ist-istaen draw-drew-drawn blw-blew-blwn

          grw-grew-grwn nw-new-nwn shw-shwed-shwn thrw-threw-thrwn

          4)在過去式上加-n:

          steal-stle-stlen brea-bre–bren chse-chse-chsen spea-spe-spen wae-we-wen

          5)與原形相同:ce-cae-ce run-ran-run bece-becae-bece

          6)原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同的:

          d-did-dne g-went-gne fl-flew-flwn lie-la-lain

          7)個(gè)別動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)過去式和過去分詞,一個(gè)為規(guī)則變化,另一個(gè)為不規(guī)則變化:

          【典型例題】

          1. I have alread ______ the agazine fr 2 wees. I ust return it t the librar tda.

          A. lent B. bught C. brrwed D. ept

          解析:答案選D。

          這是一句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子,表示從過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的行為,fr 表示一段時(shí)間,后接時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度,本句的意思應(yīng)為:這本雜志我已經(jīng)借了兩個(gè)星期了。在這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“fr+時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度”的句子里,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要有可持續(xù)性,而不能為短暫性動(dòng)詞,因此,本題只能選D。因?yàn)椤發(fā)ent”,“bught”,“brrwed”均為短暫性動(dòng)詞,且“bught”,“l(fā)ent”與句義不符。故選D。

          下面列出一些短暫性動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)性表達(dá):

          arrive—be in brrw—eep bu—have fall ill—be ill

          in—be in leave—be awa fr begin—be n die—be dead等等

          2. —Where are the children? — The ________ t Beiing.

          A. have been B. have gne C. have left D. have arrived

          解析:答案選B。

          本題首先可排除C,D選項(xiàng)!半x開此地去北京”為“l(fā)eave fr Beiing”,“到達(dá)北京”為“arrive in Beiing”. 然后再看A,B 選項(xiàng),“have been t”意思是“去過某地”,表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來或到其他地方,目前人已不在那里!癶ave gne t”意思是“去了某地”,表示人正去那里或已在去那里的途中。本題中,孩子們不在說話人所在的地方,所以應(yīng)該選擇B,表示他們已經(jīng)去了北京或在去北京的途中。故選B。

          3. — _______ has he taught English in this schl? —Fr 2 ears.

          A. Hw lng B. When C. Hw sn D. Hw ften

          解析:答案選A。

          “Hw lng”問的是“一段時(shí)間”,這句話的意思是,他在這所學(xué)校教英語(yǔ)多久了,回答為“兩年了!薄癏w lng”可與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一起用!癢hen”問的是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),可以和將來時(shí)、過去時(shí)連用,有時(shí)也可以和進(jìn)行時(shí)放在一起用,但“When”不能和完成時(shí)一起使用!癏w sn”意思是“多久以后”,用在將來時(shí)前面,而“Hw ften”問的是一個(gè)頻率,可解釋為“多久一次”,回答多為“Once a wee.”“Twice a nth”等等。故選A。

          4. —D u still write t ur friends these das?

          N. But I used ______ that when I was at schl.

          A. d B. did C. t ding D. t d

          解析:答案選D。

          本題涉及到“used”的幾個(gè)不同用法,“be used t ding sth.”表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”,“used t d sth.”表示“過去常常做某事”,而“be used t d sth.”則表示“被用來做某事”,主語(yǔ)多為“sth.”.本題“used”前面沒有be動(dòng)詞,再加上說的是過去我在學(xué)校里的事情,所以采用“used t d sth.”這個(gè)詞組,整句話的意思就是,當(dāng)我在學(xué)校里的時(shí)候,我常常那么做。故選D。

          5. She was ver _____________ at the _________ news.

          A. surprised; surprising B. surprised; surprised

          C. surprising; surprised D. surprising; surprising

          解析:答案選A。

          “be surprised at sth.”表示“對(duì)……感到驚奇”,主語(yǔ)是“sebd”,

          “surprising”表示“令人驚奇的”,主語(yǔ)多為 “sething”, 句子的意思是,她對(duì)“這個(gè)令人驚奇的消息感到很驚奇”。與此相類似的詞語(yǔ)還有一些,如“exciting令人激動(dòng)的”,“excited感到激動(dòng)”,又如“interesting 有趣的”,“interested 感興趣的”等等。故選A。

          6. He has never _______ a pen befre.

          A. lse B. t lse C. lst D. lsing

          解析:答案為C。 本題主要考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)是have (has)+ 過去分詞。本題空白處需要填過去分詞,這樣的話,那A、B、D就都不對(duì)了。

          7. 誤:The twins have nt gt he alread.

          正:The twins have nt gt he et.

          解析:本題主要考查et 與 alread的用法區(qū)別,兩個(gè)詞都是副詞,常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。et 用于否定句和疑問句,通常置于句尾;alread 常用于肯定句,當(dāng)用于疑問句時(shí),表示驚訝或希望得到肯定的答復(fù),不用于否定句中,它可以在主要?jiǎng)釉~之前,也可置于句末。

          8. Ti has been at the factr_________ tw ears ag.

          A. fr B. since C. befre D. after

          解析:答案為B。 本題主要考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。fr后跟時(shí)間段表示一段時(shí)間,since 后跟時(shí)間的起點(diǎn),表示一段時(shí)間,befre 表示在什么時(shí)間之前,after則表示在什么時(shí)間之后。本句是完成時(shí)態(tài),指自兩年前以來如何,且兩年前是個(gè)時(shí)間的(起)點(diǎn),因此,此處應(yīng)用since.

          9. 誤:I saw the fil twice alread.

          正:I’ve seen the fil twice alread.

          解析:本題主要是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的概念錯(cuò)誤。這電影我已看過兩遍,說明我現(xiàn)在對(duì)電影內(nèi)容很了解,故要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。

          10. —______u _____ ur watch?

          — N, ______.

          A. Did, find ut, I didn’t B. Have, fund, nt et

          C. Have, led fr, I haven’t D. Did, find, nt et

          答案:選“B”。全句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在為止的情況“是否找到了手表”,答語(yǔ):Nt et 相當(dāng)于說 I haven’t fund it et.

          11. I have never seen the fil ______.

          A. ag B. ust nw C. befre D. later

          答案:選“C”。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),與之搭配的詞必須是ever, never, alread, et, befre, recentl 等詞。而 ag, ust nw 等只能用于一般過去時(shí)的句子中,用later意思不通。

          12. Aunt Li _________ her he twn fr a lng tie.

          A. has left B. left C. has gne t D. has been awa fr

          答案:選“D”。與 fr a lng tie搭配的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該表示延續(xù)性,g, leave是短暫動(dòng)詞,故不能選。

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