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      2. 定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

        時(shí)間:2022-05-12 12:49:23 教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì) 我要投稿

        定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)(通用5篇)

          作為一名老師,就難以避免地要準(zhǔn)備教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),借助教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)可以更大幅度地提高學(xué)生各方面的能力,從而使學(xué)生獲得良好的發(fā)展。優(yōu)秀的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)都具備一些什么特點(diǎn)呢?以下是小編收集整理的定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)(通用5篇),希望能夠幫助到大家。

        定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)(通用5篇)

          定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)1

          教學(xué)目標(biāo)

          1. 知識目標(biāo):掌握下列重點(diǎn)單詞和詞組的意思及用法ache, evercise, weight, give up, interest及其詞匯轉(zhuǎn)化

          2. 能力目標(biāo):能夠詢問有關(guān)健康的信息,表達(dá)態(tài)度,提供建議。學(xué)習(xí)使用由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

          3.情感目標(biāo):通過了解tony 的經(jīng)歷,培養(yǎng)體諒、關(guān)愛他人的情感態(tài)度。

          教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)

          1.重點(diǎn):對話中的句型應(yīng)用,由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句

          2.難點(diǎn):由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句的運(yùn)用。

          教學(xué)工具

          課件

          教學(xué)過程

          [課前朗讀]: 朗讀生詞ache, exercise, weight, give up, interest, tasty----taste, menu, persuade.根據(jù)音標(biāo)讀出單詞并了解漢語意思,養(yǎng)成學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的習(xí)慣,促使學(xué)生迅速進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。

          [檢查詞匯預(yù)習(xí)]:

          a.采取學(xué)生結(jié)對、小組互查等形式來檢查學(xué)生對詞匯的預(yù)習(xí)情況。

          b.朗讀單詞,注意發(fā)音。

          一、情境導(dǎo)入

          教師可問學(xué)生:(1)What’s your favourite sport?(2) How do you think we can keep fit?(3) Have you ever remembered what happened to Tony in Module9?這樣會調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生用英語思維的積極性, 引出本單元話題。

          二、小聽力(自主完成,合作釋疑)

          聽Activity 2,完成表格

          Betty

          Lingling

          Taijiquan

          Weight

          training

          Running

          針對表格進(jìn)行說的練習(xí)。如:How does Lingling think of Taijiquan and running?

          三、大聽力 多層聽

          1.聽Activity 3,完成下列各題。

          1).Who has Betty bumped into?

          A. The head teacher B. The English teacher C.Lingling and Betty

          2).Does Daming think that the boy in his team can go to a sports school ?

          A. Yes, he does B. No, he doesn’t C. We don’t know

          3).What does Daming want the head teacher to write ?

          A. Something about staying healthy

          B. Something about training for the Olympics

          C. something about buying a camera

          2. 再聽Activity 3,完成下列表格。

          1. How did Tony feel

          the basketball training? 1. He feels very

          2. What will the boy in Daming’s team need to do? 2. He needs to do a lot of___ _____

          3. Why isn’t allowed to use his father’s camera any more? 3. Because he almost __ ______ it last time.

          四、默讀對話,自主完成Activity 4.

          完成后小組展示并糾正。小組間合作解決activity 3中不懂的地方,教師適時(shí)點(diǎn)撥。

          五、突破重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)

          對重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容和疑難問題進(jìn)行合作探究學(xué)習(xí)。

          1.My legs ache a bit. ___________________(翻譯)

          (1) a bit 譯為_____________. 其同義短語是___________.

          自主造句:_______________________________.

          2. Don’t give up if you want to stay fit.__________________________.

          give up, 放棄。其中up是代詞,后跟名詞作賓語時(shí)可放在短語 ,也可放在 ,而跟代詞賓語時(shí)只能放 。例如:give it/them up放棄做某事----give up doing sth.

          自主造句: _______________________.

          我們學(xué)過的可加動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞或短語有

          3.He is not fit or strong enough.____________________________

          總結(jié)enough 的用法并舉例

          自主造句:

          4. I’ve got a friend whose brother is training for the Olympics.此句含有一個(gè)whose 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,whose在從句中作定語,又如:

          He is the only student in our class whose father is a policeman.

          There is a boy whose parents want him to go to a sports school.

          先行詞為無生命的物體時(shí)也可以用whose 引導(dǎo)定語從句.如:

          The book whose cover is green is mine.

          No one now lives in the room whose windows are broken.

          5.找出含有whose 的定語從句并翻譯句子。分析定語從句的先行詞。

          5. 自主補(bǔ)充完善

          六、歸納短語

          通過對對話的學(xué)習(xí),讓學(xué)生歸納本課的短語,可以小組合作,然后通過展示呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)小組的成果,然后其他小組補(bǔ)充完善。

          七、誦讀積累

          (一)跟錄音機(jī)朗讀對話,模仿語音語調(diào)。

          (二)讀熟對話

          (三)讀爛短語

          (四)讀爛下列重點(diǎn)句子

          1.Don’t give up if you want to stay fit.

          2. He isn’t fit or strong enough.

          3.I’m not allowed to use it any more.

          4.It’s my father who gives me my pocket money.

          5. Don’t talk to me about that.

          6. What’s up?

          7.Guess what?

          8. (含有whose的定語從句)

          八、說的訓(xùn)練:

          Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions in Activity 5.

          九、當(dāng)堂檢測

          翻譯下列短語及句子:

          1.放棄___________________

          2.一點(diǎn)_____________________________

          3.保持健康 _______________

          4.足夠強(qiáng)壯_________________

          5.碰巧遇到_________________

          6.發(fā)生什么事了?_________________

          7.看起來像 ________________

          8.祝你好運(yùn) ________________

          定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)2

          一、非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

          限制性定語從句,顧名思義,是對先行詞從本質(zhì)或特征上進(jìn)行限制的一種定語從句,它所修飾的詞代表一個(gè)(些)或一類特定的人或事、物。

          例如: A man who doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much. 一個(gè)不向別人學(xué)習(xí)的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 A man被限定后,指一類特定的人。

          限制性定語從句是不能去掉的,否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立。非限制性定語從句則不然,它只對所修飾的詞作進(jìn)一步的說明,去掉之后并不影響整個(gè)句子的含義。在形式上,非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常必須有逗號隔開。

          例如: Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.

          最后我們參觀了長江三峽大壩,它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。

          本句若去掉定語從句,主句部分的含義仍然完整。歷年的高考題中,非限制性定語從句是出現(xiàn)頻率最高的考點(diǎn)之一,因此值得我們注意。

          二、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整個(gè)句子。

          例如: That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.

          彼特要娶愛麗斯這件事還沒宣布,卻已被傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。

          句子中的which指代“彼特要娶愛麗斯”這件事。

          三、除which外,還可用when, where, who,whom等關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

          例如: After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. 畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我度過了我的童年和四年大學(xué)生活。 Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II, when Jews were badly treated in Germany. 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,愛因斯坦離開德國去了美國,那時(shí)猶太人在德國受到極大的歧視。 注意:that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

          四、在限制性定語從句中,如果先行詞作賓語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略;

          但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不能省,同時(shí)關(guān)系代詞whom不能用who替換。試比較: The American journalist (whom / who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. 播音員在新聞廣播中提到的那位美國記者據(jù)說已經(jīng)被匪徒殺害了。 He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother. 他急于想去醫(yī)院看望他的繼母,他像對親生母親一樣愛戴和尊敬她。

          鞏固性練習(xí):

          從A、B、C、D中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

          1. She heard the terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.

          A. it B. which C. this D. that

          2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what

          3. The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it

          4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,____ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose

          5. The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS hospital, ____ she spent her 19th birthday. A. that B. which C. where D. and

          (答案bbbc)

          定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)3

          定語從句在句中做定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。

          關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。

          關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。

          一.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

          關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

          1)who, whom, that

          這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。例如:

          Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

          他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

          He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

          他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

          2)whose用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。例如:

          They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

          那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

          Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

          3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如:

          A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

          農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)

          The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

          你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)

          二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

          關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

          1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如:

          There are occasions when(on which)one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

          Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

          Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

          這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

          2)that代替關(guān)系副詞,可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如:

          His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.

          他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

          He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.

          他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

          三.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

          方法一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:

          This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.這是我去年呆過的山村。

          Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記與你共事的日子。

          判斷改錯(cuò):

         。ㄥe(cuò))This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

          (錯(cuò))I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

         。▽Γ㏕his is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.

         。▽Γ㊣ll never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.

          習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

          方法二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

          例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

          A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

          例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

          A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

          答案:例1 D,例2 A。

          例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

          例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

          在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。

          而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。

          關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom,that, which, whose);先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點(diǎn)狀語,when時(shí)間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。

          四.限制性和非限制性定語從句

          定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如:

          This is the house which we bought last month.

          這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)

          定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)4

          一、設(shè)計(jì)背景

          1. 初步掌握及運(yùn)用定語從句,如讓學(xué)生用定語從句來完成對人物喜歡的人物進(jìn)行描述,如I like music that I can dance to. She is the only one who’s studying French.等。

          2.本課的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)就是能初步掌握及運(yùn)用定語從句,為了使學(xué)生順利地完成教學(xué)任務(wù),教師以學(xué)生為主體,為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)以他們的認(rèn)知水平出發(fā)的符合生活實(shí)際的他們感興趣的一環(huán)扣一環(huán)的子任務(wù),每個(gè)子任務(wù)緊緊圍繞總?cè)蝿?wù)展開,再深入,在一個(gè)一個(gè)完成任務(wù)的活動(dòng)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的能力。

          二.教學(xué)目標(biāo)

         。1)語言目標(biāo):能用定語從句較自如地描述及談?wù)撊撕臀铩T诨顒?dòng)中訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的聽力,口頭表達(dá)能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察,想象和創(chuàng)造力。

          (2)情感目標(biāo):促進(jìn)同學(xué)間積極合作交流,發(fā)展同學(xué)間的友誼 。

          2.教學(xué)方法:多媒體的運(yùn)用能創(chuàng)設(shè)真實(shí)的語言情景,學(xué)生也很感興趣,極大地鼓動(dòng)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性,而且呈現(xiàn)在課堂上能使教學(xué)更生活化,也更直觀和具體。

          三、教學(xué)方法

          以學(xué)生為主體,用多媒體輔助教學(xué),通過幫助學(xué)生理解、歸納、總結(jié)、討論等方式學(xué)習(xí)定語從句,由于本節(jié)課是學(xué)生第一次系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)定語從句,要達(dá)到讓學(xué)生初步掌握定語從句這一目的。

          四、學(xué)法指導(dǎo)、自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)

          五、教學(xué)過程

          第一環(huán)節(jié): 觀察以下例句:

          1.The red pen is broken.

          2.The pen on the desk is broken.

          3.The pen that I bought yesterday is broken.

          導(dǎo)入:通過對定語的理解,導(dǎo)入定語、定語從句的概念,定語:用來修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或句子,當(dāng)修飾詞是一個(gè)句子時(shí)被稱為定語從句。通常置于它所修飾的詞之后,這種被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等,關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。

          例句分析:

          I like to have friends who are like me.

          I like to have friends who are different from me.

          He is the only one who is studying French.

          Be careful of the person who doesn’t speak and the dog that doesn’t bark.

          You can’t wake up a person who pretends to sleep.

          He who can’t get to the Great Wall is not a true man.

          I like musicians who play different kinds of music.

          Another that he found very difficult is grammar.

          The other day, my friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school.

          Being a professional athlete is the only thing that I have ever wanted to do.

          I like music that I can sing along with.

          I like music that has great lyrics.

          I like music that I can dance to.

          得出結(jié)論1)當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí)

          a. 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),用which/that引導(dǎo),且不能省略.b. 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí),用which/that引導(dǎo),且可以省略.

          2)當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)

          a. 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),用who/that引導(dǎo),且不能省略.b. 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),用who/that/whom引導(dǎo),且可以省略.

          第二環(huán)節(jié):在學(xué)生對定語從句有了初步的了解后,創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,學(xué)以致用,讓學(xué)生分組活動(dòng),根據(jù)多媒體呈現(xiàn)的情境,有創(chuàng)造性地造句:

          This is a singer who/that …

          who is a boy.

          who is very shy.

          who writes his own songs.

          who has a song called Qinghuaci.

          Who I like best.

          It’s an animal that/which is very strong.

          It’s an animal that/which has long nose and big ears.

          It’s an animal that/which I like very much.

          第三環(huán)節(jié): 在學(xué)生對一般的規(guī)律都把握好以后,把學(xué)生的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)和定語從句的考點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)在屏幕上,讓學(xué)生仔細(xì)觀察并作出總結(jié),該環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)得很好,很好地訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的觀察能力和主動(dòng)探究的能力,效果較好。

          仔細(xì)觀察:你會發(fā)現(xiàn)什么?

          1) I prefer shoes that are cool.

          2) I like a pizza that is really delicious.

          3) I love singers who are beautiful.

          4) I have a friend who plays sports.

          學(xué)生觀察后得出的結(jié)論為:

          who/that在定語從句中做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。

          第四環(huán)節(jié):小節(jié)本堂課的內(nèi)容

          什么是定語 ?

          什么是定語從句?

          定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么?

          關(guān)系詞有幾重作用?

          此環(huán)節(jié)讓學(xué)生對所學(xué)的知識加以升華,并在大腦里形成知識框架,把知識系統(tǒng)化。

          第五五環(huán)節(jié):鞏固練習(xí)---以檢查學(xué)生是否真正掌握本堂課的知識,實(shí)踐證明,學(xué)生掌握得很好。

          第六環(huán)節(jié):合作探究

          留給學(xué)生的問題

          1.如果先行詞既有人又有物,用什么關(guān)系詞?

          2.如果先行詞是時(shí)間,用什么關(guān)系詞?

          3.如果先行詞是地點(diǎn),用什么關(guān)系詞?

          4.關(guān)系詞whose怎么用?

          通過此環(huán)節(jié)給學(xué)生留下思維拓展的空間,也為以后的學(xué)習(xí)做好鋪墊,體現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)的延續(xù)性。

          課堂小結(jié):通過例子讓學(xué)生總結(jié)定語從句的規(guī)律和特點(diǎn),同時(shí)總結(jié)不同關(guān)系詞的用法。在這節(jié)課中,學(xué)生對定語從句這一語法項(xiàng)目有了不同程度的鞏固和深化。

          六、課后反思:

          優(yōu)點(diǎn):本節(jié)課教學(xué)目標(biāo)明確,條理清楚,板書設(shè)計(jì)合理,教學(xué)內(nèi)容緊扣學(xué)生生活實(shí)際,學(xué)生在教師的引導(dǎo)下自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí),較好地歸納了定語從句的特殊用法,并能用定語從句寫文章,完成了學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。

          不足:

          1、在引入部分沒有充分引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把他們描述圖片的簡單句用關(guān)系詞合并為定語從句。

          2、最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)用定語從句翻譯文章時(shí)間安排不足,應(yīng)多用二至三分鐘的時(shí)間對學(xué)生的翻譯進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析總結(jié),讓學(xué)生提出更多的修改意見。教學(xué)機(jī)智:本節(jié)課學(xué)生在歸納特殊用法時(shí),提出了設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容之外的規(guī)律,教師能給予肯定,并提出在下一教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)一步討論。能夠放手讓學(xué)生發(fā)表不同的意見,并適時(shí)進(jìn)行點(diǎn)播。

          再教設(shè)計(jì):第一環(huán)節(jié)討論圖片,把學(xué)生說出的簡單句寫在黑板上讓學(xué)生改為復(fù)合句,使引入部分目標(biāo)更明確。最后翻譯文章留出十分鐘時(shí)間讓更多學(xué)生展示范文,師生共同提出修改意見。

          定語從句教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)5

          一、概說

          定語從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作定語的從句。定語從句通常修飾名詞或代詞,對它進(jìn)行限制、描繪和說明。受定語從句修飾的詞語叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞語叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞按其性質(zhì)又分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞不僅引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)還在定語從句充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。

          如:The girl who spoke is my best friend. 講話的姑娘是我最好的朋友。

          此句中,who spoke是由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾先行詞the girl,同時(shí)who 在定語從句中用作主語。

          This is the town where I was born. 這就是我出生的城市。

          此句中,where I was born是由關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾先行詞the town,同時(shí)where在定語從句中用作狀語。

          二、關(guān)系詞的用法與辨析

          1. 關(guān)系詞的用法

          關(guān)系詞分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要的有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它們在定語從句可用作主語、賓語、表語或定語;關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where 和why,其中when表示時(shí)間,where表地點(diǎn),why表原因,它們在定語從句中均用作狀語:

          A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機(jī)是一種能飛行的機(jī)器。(that指物,在從句中用作主語)

          I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把學(xué)校學(xué)的所有東西都給忘了。(that指物,在從句中句作賓語)

          The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在從句中作主語)

          The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗戶的那座房子是空的。(whose指物,在從句中作定語)

          There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些學(xué)生提出的問題我回答不了。(whose指人,在從句中作定語)

          He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起來那么傻。(as指人,在從句作表語)

          2. 關(guān)系詞的選擇

          選擇關(guān)系詞可考慮以下四點(diǎn):

          (1) 一看先行詞的意義,即分清先行詞是指人、指物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因(如指物時(shí)不能用who或whom,指人時(shí)通常不用which等)。

          (2) 二看關(guān)系詞的句功功能,即分清關(guān)系是擔(dān)任什么句子成分,是作主語還是賓語、是作定語還是狀語等(如作定語通常用whose,有時(shí)也用which;作狀語要用when, where, why)。

          (3) 三看定語從句的種類,即分清是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句(如that和why通常不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)。

          (4) 四看文體,即分清是正式文體還是非正式文體,是書面語體還是口語體。

          3. 關(guān)系詞的辨析

          (1) 關(guān)于關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別、that與who的區(qū)別、who與whom的區(qū)別、as與which的區(qū)別等。

          (2) 關(guān)系副詞when, where與why的區(qū)別是:when用于指時(shí)間,where用于指地點(diǎn),why用于指原因:

          1980 was the year when he was born. 1980是他的出生年。

          This is the room where he lived. 這就是他曾住過的房間。

          These are the reasons why we do it. 這些就是我們這樣做的理由。

          三、關(guān)系詞的省略

          關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略,但這只限于限制性定語從句中,在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞則不可省略。

          1. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)的省略

          當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞位于句末時(shí)的介詞賓語時(shí),可以省略:

          Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎?

          Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 剛才和你講話的人是誰?

          2. 關(guān)系代詞作表語時(shí)的省略

          當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作表語時(shí),可以省略:

          China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。(that作表語)

          3. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的省略

          當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足時(shí),可以省略:

          I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所認(rèn)為的那個(gè)瘋子。(that作賓語補(bǔ)語)

          4. 關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)的省略

          一般說來,關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)是不能省略的,但是在以下兩種特殊情況,也可省略:

          (1) 當(dāng)定語從句為there be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),作主語的that可以省略:

          I’ve told you all (that) there is to tell. 該告訴的我都告訴你了。

          (2) 當(dāng)主句為there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),在定語從句中作主語的that, which, who有時(shí)可省略:

          There’s a gentleman (who) wants to see you. 有一位先生要見您。

          (3) 當(dāng)主句為it is結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),在定語從句中作主語的that也可省略:

          Here’s a little book (that) will tell you how to raise roses. 這是一本關(guān)于玫瑰花栽培的.小冊子。

          5. 關(guān)系副詞when的省略

          用作時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況,即用于day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞后時(shí)可以省略(也可換成that):

          That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出國了。

          I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們見面的那一天。

          6. 關(guān)系副詞where的省略

          用作地點(diǎn)狀語的關(guān)系副詞where通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞后時(shí)可以省略(也可換成that):

          This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 這就是他們昨天碰頭的地方。

          Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有沒有一個(gè)什么地方可以讓我躺一個(gè)小時(shí)?

          7. 關(guān)系副詞why的省略

          關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句,且通?蓳Q成that或for which,均可省略:

          That’s the reason (why, for whih, that) he reads on Qisu English APP. 這就是他在奇速英語APP上讀時(shí)文的原因。

          四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句

          1. 形式不同

          限定性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開,口語中使用時(shí)也不停頓;而非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號隔開,口語中使用時(shí)有停頓。

          2. 功能不同

          限定性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識別,如果去掉,就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定語從句用于對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:

          People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)

          His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓,下星期回來。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整)

          3. 翻譯不同

          在翻譯定語從句時(shí),一般把限定性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前,而把非限定性定語從句與主句分開:

          He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。

          I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。

          4. 含義不同

          比較:

          I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè))

          I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐,她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐)

          5.先行詞不同

          限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞,而非限定性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是短語或句子;另外,當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無二性的普通名詞時(shí),通常要用非限制性定語從句,而不用限制性定語從句:

          Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快,這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast)

          He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)

          Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)

          Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢,希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無二意義的普通名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)

          6. 關(guān)系詞不同

          關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中,通常不用于非限制性定語從句;另外,在限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不省略。

          五、緊縮的定語從句

          1. 關(guān)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”

          該結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于正式文體中,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被緊縮的定語從句:

          She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必須有冷靜下來時(shí)的時(shí)間。

          Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes. 給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間換衣服。

          He was miseralbe unless he had neighbours with whom to quarrel. 他要是沒有鄰居吵架就難受。

          注意,該結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒有,也不能位于不定式后面:

          在那兒孩子們有個(gè)玩耍的花園。

          正:There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)

          正:There the children had a garden in which they could play. (較正式)

          正:There the children had a garden to play in. (較口語化)

          誤:There the children had a garden which to play in.

          2. 將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞短語

          有時(shí)為了簡潔起見可將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞短語作定語:

          Who’s the girl who is sitting beisde Jim? / Who’s the girl sitting beside Jim? 坐在吉姆旁邊的女孩是誰?

          Most of the people who were invited to the party were teachers. / Most of the people invited to the party were teachers. 奇速英語在線學(xué)習(xí)的平臺(www.qisuen.cn)應(yīng)邀參加晚會大多數(shù)是教師。

          Anyone who touches that wire will get a shock. / Anyone touching that wire will get a shock.任何人觸到那根電線都會遭到電擊。

          注意,并非所有的定語從句都能轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語,比如那些不能后置定語的分詞短語就不能與定語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換:

          誤:This is the boy being from the country. (being引出的分詞短語通常不用定語,除非它是構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞)

          正:This is the boy who is from the country. 這是來自鄉(xiāng)下的那個(gè)男孩。

          誤:We caught the thief having stolen the car. (現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不用作定語,即使換成一般式也不對,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí)它不能先于謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生)

          正:We caught the thief having stolen the car. 我們抓住了偷汽車的小偷。

          六、應(yīng)考定語從句的幾個(gè)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn):

          1. 混淆定語從句與并列句

          請看下面兩題:

          (1) He has two children, and both of _____ are abroad.

          A. them B. which C. whom D. who

          (2) He has two children, both of _____ are abroad.

          A. them B. which C. whom D. who

          第(1)題選A,第(2)題選C。由于第(1)題中用了并列連詞and,從而使整個(gè)句子為并列句,and后應(yīng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡單句,所以選A不選C;第(2)題沒有并列連詞and,both of whom are abroad為非限制性定語從句。

          2. 混淆定語從句與表語(從句)

          請看下面的試題:

          (1) Your coat is still _____ you left it.

          A. where B. there C. there where D. the place where

          答案選A,where引導(dǎo)的是表語從句(=在…的地方),而不是定語從句。

          (2) Is this school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?

          A. where B. what C. that D. the one

          答案選D,this school為句子主語,the one 為表語,your father worked in…為定語從句。不要誤認(rèn)為this是句子主語,否則school前應(yīng)加冠詞the。

          比較:

          Is this the school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?

          A. where B. what C. that D. the one (選C)

          Is this the school _____ your father worked ten years ago?

          A. where B. what C. that D. the one (選A)

          3. 混淆定語從句與狀語從句

          請看下面的試題:

          (1) I went upstairs ______I heard some crying.

          A. where B. when C. that D. which

          答案是B而不是A,when的意思是“當(dāng)…的時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。(upstairs為副詞,不宜用作先行詞)

          (2) He is _____ a clever boy _____ we all like.

          A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

          答案應(yīng)選B,而不是A。such … that …(如此…以致…)用于引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,其中的that不充當(dāng)句子成分,而such…as…中的as為關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句充當(dāng)句子成分。上句中第二空之所以選as,是因?yàn)樗米鲃?dòng)詞like賓語。

          4. 誤加與關(guān)系代詞同義的人稱代詞

          誤:He is a man everyone respects him.

          正:He is a man everyone respects. 他是一個(gè)人人都敬重的人。

          5. 混淆關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

          有的同學(xué)一看到先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞,就認(rèn)為一定要用關(guān)系副詞,其實(shí)也一定。在此情況下,還要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中是用作什么成分,若是用作狀語,則用關(guān)系副詞,若不是用作狀語(如用作主語、賓語等)則不能用關(guān)系副詞,而用關(guān)系代詞。

          比較:

          This is the factory where I want to work. 這就是我想工作的工廠。(work為不及物動(dòng)詞where在從句中用作狀語)

          This is the factory that I want to visit. 這就是我想?yún)⒂^的工廠。(visit為及物動(dòng)詞,that用作visit的賓語)

          The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他沒來的是因?yàn)樗×恕?come為不及物動(dòng)詞,why在定語從句中用作狀語)

          The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth為及物動(dòng)詞,that在定語從句中用作其賓語)

          6. 因逗號誤判which

          有的同學(xué)一看見逗號,就以為一定要選which而不選that,但問題是有時(shí)根本就不是定語從句:

          (1) If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.

          A. as B. which C. what D. that

          (2) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.

          A. as B. which C. what D. that

          以上兩題均應(yīng)選that,而不能選which,因?yàn)樗鼈兏静皇嵌ㄕZ從句。之所以選that,是因?yàn)榫渲幸延衖f和when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,逗號后為主句,that為主句主語。

          7. 混淆which與whose

          兩者在定語從句中都可用作定語,區(qū)別是:whose 的意思相當(dāng)于 one’s,而 which 的意思則相當(dāng)于 that 或 this。

          比較:

          (1) This is Mary, whose [= and her] father we met last week.

          (2) Call again at 11, by which time [= and by that time] the meeting should be over.

          七、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練

          1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign languages.

          A. it B. them C. which D. that

          2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.

          A. it B. them C. which D. that

          3. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.

          A. it B. them C. which D. that

          4. Mr Smith is _____ a good teacher _____ we all respect.

          A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

          5. She may have missed the train, in _______ case she won’t arrive for another hour.

          A. whose B. that C. which D. what

          6. If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.

          A. as B. which C. what D. that

          7. It was in the small house _____ was built with stones by his father _____ he spent his childhood.

          A. which, that B. that, which

          C. which, which D. that, where

          8. I believe the time will soon come ______ there will be no weapons in the world.

          A. since B. that C. where D. when

          9. The meeting was put off, _____, of course, was exactly what we wanted.

          A. who B. which C. this D. what

          10. The train, _____ takes only two hours to get there, is quicker than the bus, _____ takes three.

          A. which, it B. it, which

          C. which, which D. it, it

          11. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees.

          A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are

          12. He is always really rude, ______ is why people tend to avoid him.

          A. that B. it C. this D. which

          13. The crisis has reached a point ______ the receiver will have to be called in.

          A. when B. where C. that D. who

          14. In 1980 he caught a serious illness from _____ efforts he still suffers.

          A. which B. that C. whose D. what

          15. I’m looking for a new job, one _____ I get a bit more job satisfaction.

          A. when B. where C. that D. which

          16. They found a strange book, parts of _____ were difficult to understand.

          A. that B. which C. what D. this

          17. What have you got _____ will help a cold?

          A. what B. that C. it D. who

          18. Is there a shop around ______ we can buy some toilet articles?

          A. that B. which C. where D. what

          19. Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!

          A. as B. which C. what D. that

          答案:

          1—5 BCBBC 6—10 DADBC 11—15 CDBCB 16—19 BBCD

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