Reading
1 damage n.損失；損害，損壞
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.暴風(fēng)雨使莊稼受到了很大損失。
（前面與the連用）價(jià)錢
What are the damage for the wash job of my car?清洗我的車要多少錢？
(pl) 賠償費(fèi)to claim damages索賠
The court awarded ￡500 in damages to the injured.法庭判給受傷者500英鎊的賠償費(fèi)。
vt. -aged, -aging損害，損壞；使受損失
The earthquake damaged several buildings.地震使一些建筑受到了破壞。
常用短語：Do\ cause damage to損害, 破壞
What's the damage?[口]要付多少錢?
damage destroy ruin都含“破壞”、“毀壞”的意思。
damage 指“價(jià)值、用途降低或外表損壞等, 不一定全部破壞, 損壞了還可以修復(fù)”, 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.大雨毀壞了許多房子。
destroy 指“徹底毀壞以至不能或很難修復(fù)”, 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.那個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)在一場大火中被毀了。
ruin現(xiàn)在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的“弄壞了”, 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄臟了。
2 nature cn. 性格；本性；性質(zhì)；特性
Peter has a happy nature. He is a good-natured boy.彼得生性快樂，他是個(gè)性情善良的小伙子。
種類 That is a book of the same nature.那是本同一種類的書。
Un 自然界；世界；宇宙萬物
the beauties of nature自然界的美 a struggle against nature與自然界的斗爭
by nature 天生地 She is by nature a happy person. 她天生樂觀。
3 debate vt., vi debated, debating
討論，爭論The government is debating the education laws.政府正在就教育法進(jìn)行辯論。
考慮；思考
He was debating whether to go for a walk or to visit a friend.他在考慮去散步或者去訪友。
n.討論，辯論； 討論會，辯論會
a debate about the punishment for criminals關(guān)于如何懲治罪犯的爭論
常用短語：beyond debate無疑義, 無可爭辯 debate upon討論(問題)
4 floor發(fā)言權(quán)議會程序中所授予的在會議上發(fā)言的力權(quán)
ask for the floor要求發(fā)言 give the floor to給予發(fā)言權(quán)
be on the floor正在發(fā)言中; (影片)正在拍攝中 have the floor有[獲得]發(fā)言權(quán)
open舉行，推動：open a campaign.舉行一場運(yùn)動
5 voice vt. voiced, voicing發(fā)表；講出
Yet ever since then, people at home and abroad have voiced different opinions about it.
然而,從那時(shí)起,國內(nèi)外的人對這個(gè)政策一直發(fā)表不同的看法。
常用短語：at the top of one's voice高聲地 give voice to說出, 表達(dá), 吐露
raise one's voice提高嗓門；（對某人）大聲叫嚷 with one voice異口同聲；一致地
Our group rejected the proposal with one voice.我們小組一致反對提議
5 comment n.評語；批評；評注；注釋
add comments or explanations加注釋或說明
He made a comment about the bad road.他對這條糟糕的路發(fā)表評論。
No comment!無可奉告!
vi.（常與on, that連用） 評論；注釋；批評
Everyone commented on her new hat.大家都在評論她的新帽子。
He commented on the bad road.他評論這條糟糕的路。
常用短語：ask for comment征求意見 make comments on sth.評論某事
offer comments提意見 No comment .無可奉告。
without comment不必多說
6 in addiction（常與to連用）此外
In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a decent home environment.除了遺傳基因外,智力的高低還取決于良好的營養(yǎng),良好的教育和良好的家庭環(huán)境。
in addition=Also; as well as.也；另外，加之
in addition to=Over and above; besides.加于…之上；除…之外又
7 approach vt., vi.
走近；靠近
We approached the museum.我們走近博物館。
（首次）接洽
Did he approach you about a loan?他與你談了借款的事了嗎？
開始考慮；開始著手
He approached the idea with caution.他開始認(rèn)真地考慮那個(gè)主意。
接近，近似
approaching 5 million接近500萬
It is not allowed to approach the forbidden area.這里是禁區(qū)不許接近。
The time is approaching when we must be on board.我們上船的時(shí)間快到了。
常用短語：be approaching (to)與...差不多, 大致相等
make an approach to對...進(jìn)行探討
make approaches to sb.設(shè)法接近某人, 想博得某人的好感
approach sb. on sth.向某人接洽[商量、交涉]
approach to接近, 近似, 約等于; (做某事)的方法[途徑]
The performance approaches perfection.性能近乎完美
an approach to the bridge.通向橋的路
8 cut back on減低
cut back剪枝；修剪;減少；縮��；削減
to cut back on industrial production縮減工業(yè)生產(chǎn)
cut down砍倒；砍傷；砍死;減少；減低
to cut down a tree with an axe用斧頭把樹砍倒
to cut down on smoking減少抽煙
cut in插嘴
Don't cut in while I'm talking.我說話時(shí)別插嘴。
to cut in on a queue加塞兒
cut out剪除；切掉；割掉
to cut out a dress裁剪衣服
cut up切碎
cut off截?cái)嘟財(cái)唷牡缆坊蛲ǖ?中斷，打斷中斷或打斷…的通訊線路：
The infielder cut off the throw to the plate.內(nèi)野手把球截?cái)嗖⑼断虮緣景?/p>
The telephone operator cut us off.電話接線員把我們的線路切斷了
9 turn away=To send away; dismiss:把…打發(fā)走；解雇：To repel驅(qū)逐: 擋開；使轉(zhuǎn)向
turned away the salesperson.解雇了推銷員：
The poor location of the condominium turned away many prospective buyers.
公寓房偏僻的位置趕跑了許多很有希望的買主
turned away all criticism.擋開了所有的批評
turn back折回；趕回去：使停止前進(jìn)，擋住
stopped on the road and had to turn back.在公路上停了下來，只好往回走
turned back the uninvited comers.把不速之客趕了回去
managed to turn back the advancing army.設(shè)法擋住了向前推進(jìn)的軍隊(duì)
turn down降低，減弱調(diào)低速度、音量、強(qiáng)度或流量：拒絕拒絕某人、建議或忠告：
Turn down the radio, please.請把收音機(jī)的音量調(diào)低
We politely turned down the invitation.我們有禮貌地拒絕了邀請
turn a collar down; a collar that turns down.翻下衣領(lǐng)；能翻下的衣領(lǐng)
turn in交還；上交：
turned in the final exam.上交期末考試試卷
turn off關(guān)閉，停止終止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、行為或流動；關(guān)掉：
turned off the television.關(guān)掉電視
turn on打開，開啟使開始運(yùn)作、活動或流動：開始展示，顯露出，流露出
Turn on the light bulb.打開電燈turn on the charm.顯露出魅力
turn out=To shut off:關(guān)上，關(guān)掉：生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)出，如通過制作過程；制造：證實(shí)發(fā)覺是：（常與to, that連用）結(jié)果
Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所預(yù)見的那樣。
The plan turned out a failure.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃結(jié)果歸于失敗。
turned out the lights.關(guān)掉了燈
an assembly line turning out cars.生產(chǎn)小汽車的流水線
The rookie turned out to be the best hitter on the team.新手證明是隊(duì)里最出色的擊球員
The cake turned out beautifully.蛋糕最后做出來很漂亮
turn over翻轉(zhuǎn)；考慮；思考：移交；交出：
The engine turned over but wouldn't start.發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)了一圈，但是沒有起動
She turned over the problem in her mind.她仔細(xì)考慮了這個(gè)問題
turned over the illegal funds.交出了非法資金
My stomach turned over.我的胃在翻動
turn up開大，調(diào)高增加速度、音量，強(qiáng)度或流量：發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到：出現(xiàn)；到達(dá)：
turn up the public-address system.調(diào)高播音系統(tǒng)的音量
She turned up the missing papers under her blotter.她在記事本下找到了丟失的文件
The papers will turn up sooner or later.文件遲早會找到的
Several old friends turned up at the reunion.好幾個(gè)老朋友出現(xiàn)在聚會上
by turns=One after another; alternately:輪流地，交替地：
“From the . . . testimony emerges a man by turns devious and honest, vulgar and gallant, scatterbrained and shrewd”(Life)
“從指證來看，一個(gè)人交替地表現(xiàn)為狡猾和誠實(shí)，粗鄙和豪俠，浮躁和精明”(生活)
in turn依次地，輪流地
out of turn未按照正當(dāng)?shù)拇涡蚧蝽樞虻兀徊缓蠒r(shí)宜地，輕率地：
I may be speaking out of turn, but you might like to know that your attire does not conform to the dress code here.或許我說話有些不合時(shí)宜，但是你可能愿意知道你的衣著與這里的服裝規(guī)則不相符
turn to向…求助；求教；翻到, 查閱, 轉(zhuǎn)到指向, 轉(zhuǎn)向；變成;著手; 開始工作
We often turn to this handbook for information on transistors.
我們常從這本手冊查閱有關(guān)晶體管的資料。
Please turn to page twelve.請翻到十二頁。
The conversation inevitably turned to the changes that had taken place in the village.
話題不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)到談村子里發(fā)生的變化。
10 beneficial adj.有利[益]的(to);
beneficial birds [insects]益鳥[蟲]
be beneficial to有益于 Sunshine is beneficial to plants.陽光對植物有益。
Benefit n.利益；好處
It is said Yogo is of great benefit to human health.據(jù)說瑜咖功對人體健康有極大好處。
I did it for his benefit.我做這個(gè)是為了幫助他。
（常與from, by連用）獲益；得益于
The plants benefited from the rain.植物得益于這場雨。
We benefit from daily exercises.我們得益于每天做操。
11 concern vt.關(guān)于；對…有關(guān)系A(chǔ)ttend to what concerns you.注意與你有關(guān)的事物。
影響；關(guān)系This concerns us deeply.這事對我們關(guān)系極大。
This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.這事對孩子們的健康成長關(guān)系極大。
擔(dān)心；擔(dān)憂；掛念（常與with, about, in連用）
We're rather concerned about father's health.我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。
We're rather concerned about father's health.我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。
I am not concerned with the matter any longer. 我不再與此事有關(guān)了。
A good doctor should always concern himself with your health. 好醫(yī)生應(yīng)經(jīng)常關(guān)心他人的健康。
They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. 他們非常關(guān)心相關(guān)困難。
Everybody was deeply concerned at the news. 每個(gè)人都非常關(guān)心這條消息。
常用短語：have no concern with和...毫無關(guān)系
of much concern很重要， 很有關(guān)系 of no concern無關(guān)緊要， 沒有意義
concern oneself about\ in\ with sth.忙于； 從事； 關(guān)心， 關(guān)切
12 cause n.原因；導(dǎo)致某事發(fā)生的人、事等
The heavy rain was the cause of the flood.大雨是導(dǎo)致洪水產(chǎn)生的原因。
動機(jī)；理由；根據(jù)(有理由)
There is no cause for concern, for the windstorm was not too serious.
那場風(fēng)暴不太厲害,沒必要擔(dān)心。
vt.使發(fā)生, 引起;致使, 促使
What caused his failure?什么使得他失敗了?
His absence caused me much trouble.他的缺席給我?guī)砹嗽S多麻煩。
Necessity caused me to come.我不得不來。
13 preserve vt.-served, -serving保護(hù)；防護(hù)；維護(hù)
The Town Council spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest.市政委員會花了不少錢來維修那座古城堡和其它古跡。
保存；保藏You can preserve meat or fish in salt.你可以用鹽保存肉或魚。
保持；維持preserve peace維持和平
It is one of the duties of the police to preserve public order.警察的職責(zé)之一是維持公共秩序。
13 directly adv.正好；直接地directly opposite the church正好在教堂對面
立刻；即刻；馬上You must go to bed directly after tea.你喝完茶后必須立刻就上床。
The leaders will be there directly.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人馬上就到。
conj. 一…就；剛…就We came directly we got your telephone.我們一接到你的電話就趕來了。
14 wipe out 消滅，摧毀
The whole village was wiped out by the tsunami. 整個(gè)村子被海嘯吞噬了。
The earthquake wiped out the town. 小鎮(zhèn)毀于地震。
wipe out 擦掉，把……擦干凈
Don’t forget to wipe out the sink when you’ve finished the dishes.
洗完碗碟后，不要忘記把洗碗池擦干凈。
wipe off 擦掉，把……從……上面擦干凈
Wipe the drawing off the blackboard before the teacher sees it.
在老師看到之前，先把黑板上的圖畫擦干凈。
15 But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.
但有一點(diǎn)我非常贊同：循環(huán)利用或許是對兩者都有利的解決辦法。
⑴ key“答案，解決辦法”,to (prep.) + n. / prop. / doing
In my opinion, the key to solving the problem is to cooperate rather than argue.
依我的觀點(diǎn)，解決這個(gè)問題的辦法就是合作，而不是爭吵。
Her very unhappy childhood is the key to the way she behaves now.
她的不幸的童年是目前表現(xiàn)不端的癥結(jié)所在。
⑵ 下列詞組中to為介詞
listen to, refer to, pay attention to, look forward to, belong to, turn to, devote / give …to…\lead to\ get down to\get used to \the answer to
16 keep / carry … in mind 記住
I have tried to keep this advice in mind when writing this book.
在寫這本書的時(shí)候，我盡量將這條建議記住。
There is one thing you must always carry in mind. 有一件事你必須一直記住。
與mind相關(guān)詞組
make up one’s mind下決心 keep one’s mind on / upon專心注意，聚精會神
speak one’s mind說真心話
17 ask around 四處打聽
I will ask around and see if anyone can help. 我要四處打聽一下，看有沒有人能夠幫忙。
18 as long as(= so long as)只要
You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答應(yīng)歸還，你就可以把這書借走。
As /So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你快樂，做什么并不重要。
19 run out（常與of連用）用光；耗盡
"Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon.""他們雖然已經(jīng)水盡糧絕,但情緒都很好,并且深信他們很快就會出來的。"
run across偶然遇到
run after追逐，追蹤
run away（常與from連用）逃走，逃脫;逃避，躲開
Word power
1 shame n.羞愧，羞恥； 慚愧
It's a shame. I should be at work instead of lying here in bed.
"真丟人,我應(yīng)當(dāng)在工作崗位上,而不是在這兒躺在床上。"
恥辱，不名譽(yù)He put her to shame.他使她感到羞恥。
惋惜的事；可恥的事
What a shame that it rained today.今天下雨了，真可惜。
vt. shamed, shaming使感到羞愧，可恥（常與into, out of連用）迫使某人因羞愧而做某事
常用短語：put sb./ sth. to shame使蒙恥 辱，使羞愧；使相形見絀
shame sb. into使某人感到羞愧而(不得不做某事)
shame sb. out of使某人感到羞愧而(不敢做某事
bring shame on [upon]給(某人或自己)帶來恥辱
2 arrest vt.逮捕, 拘留, 吸引 n.逮捕, 拘留
be under arrest 被拘留
arrest sb. for因某事而逮捕某人
3 closely adv.緊密地,嚴(yán)密地
The two things are closely interconnected.這兩個(gè)事物是相互緊密地聯(lián)系在一起的。
close； closely
close, closely這兩個(gè)詞都可以用作副詞，close表示“靠近”，closely則表示“緊密地”、“嚴(yán)密地”、“密切地”。如：
I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight．
Come close, I want to tell you something important．
The policeman followed the strange man closely．
The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts．
Task
1 suspect n.嫌疑犯
adj.令人懷疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的
v.懷疑, 猜想, 對...有所覺察 suspect sb. of sth.疑心某人干某事
He seems poor, but I suspect that he has quite a lot of money.
他看上去很窮，可是我懷疑他很有錢。
The police have taken the suspect to the police station.警察把這個(gè)嫌疑犯送到了警察局。
suspect him to be ill猜想他病了
suspect sb. of giving false information懷疑某人提供假情報(bào)
2 combat n.戰(zhàn)斗, 格斗
v.戰(zhàn)斗, 搏斗, 抗擊搏斗，斗爭（with， against）; 為...奮斗（for）
combat diseases與疾病作斗爭
combat with one's opponents與對手斗爭
3 step n.步；邁步
He took a step towards the door.他向門口邁了一步。
一步的距離； 短距離
The school is only a step away.學(xué)校就在附近。
臺階；踏級， 階梯的一級
There are two steps up onto the bus.上公共汽車有兩級踏板。
步驟；措施
The first step in changing a car tire is to loosen the wheel.換輪胎的第一步是卸下車輪。
in step步伐一致；和諧
take steps (to do sth.)采取行動
step by step一步步地, 逐步地, 循序漸進(jìn)地
step into進(jìn)入;輕易地得到;開始做; 從事
4 decrease vi., vt.decreased, decreasing減少；變少；降低
The number of children in the school has decreased this year.今年在校的兒童人數(shù)減少了。
常用短語：decrease… to…減少到
decrease in size by...(尺寸)減少...
5 stock adj.常備的（貨物）stock vt.儲存，儲備n.貯存，儲存；存貨
We have a large stock of tinned fruit.我們有大批水果罐頭的存貨。
They do not stock flowers, only fruit.他們不儲存鮮花，只儲存水果。
stock sizes常備的尺碼
stock up for the winter貯存起來以備冬季使用
His head is well stocked with ideas.他的頭腦里主意很多。
6 take measures采取措施
take [get] sb.'s measure (=take the measure of sb.)
量某人的尺寸, 估量某人的能力; 衡量某人; 判斷某人的為人
made to measure量尺寸定做的(衣服等)
Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have.
母親給我量尺寸，好知道我該穿多大號的衣服。
They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.
他們對危害公眾的司機(jī)采取強(qiáng)硬的措施。
Project
1 raise抬高；舉起
He raised his arms above his head.他把手臂舉過頭頂。
提高；增加to raise salaries提高工資 to raise the rent提高租金
養(yǎng)育；栽培 to raise a family供養(yǎng)一家人
（常與up連用）提出
I wanted to raise a question to the chairman but in a moment I lost my nerve.
"我想向會議主席提一個(gè)問題,但立刻我又沒有了勇氣。"
引起；造成
His absence raised fears about his safety.他的不在引起人們對他安全的擔(dān)心。
The use of animals in scientific tests raises some difficult ethical questions.用動物做科學(xué)試驗(yàn)引起了一些棘手的道德問題。
2 rely vi.relied, relying（與on, upon連用）依靠；依賴
rely on one's own efforts依靠自己的努力
信任；信賴,指望
You may rely on me.你可以信賴我。
relied on them to tell him the truth.他指望他們來告訴他真相
rely upon it that…放心
3 result n.結(jié)果, 成效, 計(jì)算結(jié)果 vi.起因, 由于, 以...為結(jié)果, 導(dǎo)致
to obtain good results獲得良好效果
"As a result, there is often trouble in American families."
"因此,美國家庭中常常會出現(xiàn)麻煩事。"
The result of the game was five-nil / five-nothing.比賽結(jié)果是五比零。
vi.（常與from連用）由...而造成, 起于, 由于
（常與in連用）導(dǎo)致, 終于造成 ...結(jié)果
The accident resulted in three people being killed.這次事故造成三人死亡。
4 advise sb. of把...報(bào)告[通知]某人
advise with sb. on sth.同某人商量某事, 就某事請教某人
advise sb. against sth. 勸告
通知；告知
We are to advise you that the matter is under consideration.此事已在討論中,特此通知。
We wish to advise you that you now owe the bank $500.你現(xiàn)欠銀行五百美元,特此通知。
勸告；忠告
The doctor advised me to take more exercise.醫(yī)生囑咐我多加鍛煉。
5 endanger vt.危及，危害
The polluted air in the city is badly endangering the health of the residents.
城里被污染的空氣正嚴(yán)重地危及居民的健康。
Endangered adj.（生命等）有危險(xiǎn)的,有滅絕危險(xiǎn)的,將要絕種的
5 不滿；少于 under $5五美元以下
在…之中；在…期間
under discussion在討論中
There is a new music hall near here under construction.附近正在建造一座新的音樂大廳。
Your proposal is under consideration.你的提議正在考慮中。
under way進(jìn)行中, 在行進(jìn)
6 focusvt., vi.使集中于焦點(diǎn)；集中
to focus one's mind on work集中精力于工作
You must try to focus your mind on work and study.
(喻)你應(yīng)該努力把思想集中在工作的學(xué)習(xí)上。
All eyes were focused on the speaker. (喻)大家的目光都集中在發(fā)言人身上。
focus out散焦
7 work out算出（總數(shù)）;設(shè)計(jì)出, 制作出;,解決
to work out a sum算出總數(shù)
帶來好結(jié)果；有預(yù)期的結(jié)果
Things will work themselves out.事情會有好結(jié)果的。
運(yùn)動；鍛煉
to work out daily with sparring partner每天和拳擊陪練員練習(xí)
work on對...起作用, 對...有影響;從事于, 致力于
8 range
射程What is the range of your gun?你的槍的射程有多遠(yuǎn)？
變動范圍a wide rage of temperature氣溫變化很大
一套同類的不同物件
a range of gardening tools一套園藝工具
vt., vi.在…范圍內(nèi)變化
ranging between 5 and 15在5和15之間變化
排列；整理to range the goods neatly in the shop window把貨物整齊地排列在商店櫥窗里
in the range of在... 范圍內(nèi); 在射程內(nèi)
out of [beyond] range在射程外
9 prohibit vt.常與from連用）
prohibit sb. from doing sth. (=prohibit sb.'s doing sth.)禁止某人做某事
禁止；不準(zhǔn)
Smoking is strictly prohibited in the process of handling explosive materials.
"在處理易爆物時(shí),嚴(yán)格禁止吸煙。"
妨礙；阻止；使不可能
His small size prohibits his becoming a policeman.他的個(gè)子太小使他無法當(dāng)警察。
10 appreciate感激；感謝
We appreciate your efforts for the development of the company.
我們感激你對公司發(fā)展所作的努力。
We greatly appreciate your timely help.我們非常感謝你們的及時(shí)幫助。
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我們恭候佳音。