Participles 分詞
1. 分詞的構(gòu)成
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞�，F(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成為V+ing, 過去分詞構(gòu)成為V+ed。分詞也有一般式、過去式、完成式及主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)等各種形式。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別
1) 在時(shí)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。
Developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家
The developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
Boiling water 沸騰的水
Boiled water 開水
2) 在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，而過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。
The oppressing class 壓迫階級(jí)
The oppressed class 被壓迫階級(jí)
Burning fire 燃燒的火焰
Burned skin 燒傷的皮膚
3. 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)
1) 一般式（主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)）
分詞的一般式的主動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。其被動(dòng)式表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，主要充當(dāng)定語、狀語或賓補(bǔ)。
E.g. I found him reading when I entered the room.
當(dāng)我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在讀書。
I found the flowers watered. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)花已澆過了。
He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)到處都在談?wù)撨@件事。
The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家醫(yī)院。
Being surrounded, the enemies were forced to put down their guns. 敵人被包圍，不得不繳械投降。
2) 完成式（主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)）
分詞的完成式表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。完成時(shí)態(tài)的分詞在句中常作狀語，一般不作定語。
E.g. Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.
由于沒做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，我們推遲了運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。
Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?
給了這樣好的機(jī)會(huì)，他怎能放棄呢？
3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與過去分詞的區(qū)別
過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完成，不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念，而現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。
E.g. The building repaired is library. 修建過的那個(gè)建筑物是我們的圖書館。
The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那個(gè)建筑物是我們的圖書館。
4) 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞在時(shí)間含義上的區(qū)別
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)的句子，
而終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)一般過去時(shí)的從句。
E.g. Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在馬路上走時(shí)，突然碰到了我的一個(gè)老朋友。
Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off. 到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的班機(jī)已經(jīng)起飛了。
4. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞（短語）作狀語時(shí)，盡管在形式上它沒有主語，但其邏輯上的主語必須和謂語動(dòng)詞的主語保持一致。
E.g. Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，我從老師那里學(xué)到了很多東西。
但是，分詞有時(shí)也有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。它可以表示時(shí)間，原因，條件，伴隨的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)還可用介詞with, without 來引導(dǎo)。
E.g. His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母親病了，他今天沒來。（原因）
Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果時(shí)間允許，他們會(huì)開始做一項(xiàng)新工作。（條件）
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他滿臉是汗地沖進(jìn)了房間。（伴隨）
They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他們餓著肚子旅行了一整天。（伴隨）
注意：分詞用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果分詞是沒有實(shí)際意義的being或 having been done形式時(shí)， being或having been可以省略。
E.g. The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人處于不好的狀況，他的體溫超過40℃，脈搏既弱又快。
The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 讀完報(bào)告，開始討論。
The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后，我們離開了實(shí)驗(yàn)室回家了。
Practice 檢測(cè)一下吧!
I. Fill in the blanks:
1.She caught the student___________(cheat) in exams.
2.When I got there, I found him______________(repair) farm tools.
3.When I got there, I found the farm tools_________________. (repair)
4.Just then he heard someone___________________(call) for help.
5.He worked so hard that he got his pay___________________. (raise)
6.The missing boys were last seen____________(play) near the river.
7.___________(compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
8.The workers had the machines ___________(run) all night long to finish the work on time.
9.People in the south have their houses _______________(make of ) bamboo.
10.____________(lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
II. Multiple choices:
1. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
2. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A. being B. been C. to be D. having been
3. ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. To look B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at
4. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
5. ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars.
A. To be judged the best B. having judged the best
C. Judged the best D. Judging the best
6. From the date____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A. marking B. having been marked C. marked D. to be marked
7. She stood by the window, _____________.
A. thinking B. think C. thought D. thinks
8. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.
A. being lost B. losing C. having lost D. lost
9. ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A. Not wishing B. Wishing C. Not wished D. No wishing
10. _________ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing
11. _________ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A. having defeated B. To have defeated
C. having been defeated D. To have been defeated
12. ____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.
A. having lived B. Lived C. Living D. To live
13. ____ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.
A. He is remembered B. While being remembered
C. To be remembered D. Though remembered
14. ____ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A. If walking B. While walking
C. Walking D. When one is walking
15. Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.
A. not to be wrapped B. not being wrapped
C. not wrapped D. not having been wrapped
16. It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A. is B. being C. turned D. got
17. All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.
A. having been handed in B. having handed in
C. handing in D. being handed in
18. There _________ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.
A. be B. was C. were D. being
19. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A. held B. holding C. being holding D. was holding
20. Peter is a good student, ____ his best subject.
A. as English B. English as
C. being English D. English being
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD