Unit 2
Reading
1 witness n.目擊者;見證人[C][(+of/to)]
I was a witness to the argument.我是那場爭論的見證人。
證詞[U] She was punished for giving false witness.她因作偽證受到懲處。
證據(jù),證明[C][(+to)]
vt.目擊I witnessed the traffic accident.我目睹了那次交通事故。
作...的證人;連署
The two servants witnessed Mr. Smith's will.兩個(gè)仆人在史密斯先生的遺囑上簽名作證。
是...的發(fā)生地點(diǎn)
The year 1849 witnessed a great war in Hungary.一八四九年匈牙利發(fā)生了一場大戰(zhàn)。
vi.作證,證明Several people witnessed against the accused.幾個(gè)人作了不利于被告的證明。
2 star n.[C] (電影、體育等的)明星,杰出人物
His wish to become a football star has come true.他想當(dāng)足球明星的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
vt. 使成明星,由...主演
Yesterday we saw a film starring Charlie Chaplin.昨天我們看了一部查理卓別林主演的電影。
vi.當(dāng)明星,主演She has starred in some thirty films.她主演過大約三十部影片。
表現(xiàn)出色He didn't star at that job.那份工作他干得并不出色。
3 cast vt.投,擲,拋,扔,撒
He cast a stone into the river.他向河中投了一塊石子。
投射(光、影、視線等)[(+at/on)]
I just cast a glance at the headlines.我只是看了看標(biāo)題。
選派...扮演角色,為(戲劇、角色)選派演員[(+as/in)]
Ann was cast as the wife. 安妮被選派扮演妻子的角色。
4 take on呈現(xiàn)
The insect can take on the color of its surroundings.這種昆蟲能隨環(huán)境而變色。
承擔(dān)（任務(wù)、職責(zé)），He is unwilling to take on heavy responsibilities.他不愿承擔(dān)重任。
開始雇傭; [口]流行, 風(fēng)行; 受歡迎
take off 脫下;移去
He took off his raincoat and took out the key.他脫下雨衣,拿出鑰匙。
起飛The plane will take off soon.飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了。
休假He took two weeks off in August.他在八月份休假了兩個(gè)星期。
take up 開始從事;著手處理
When did he take up football?他是什么時(shí)候開始踢足球的?
占用;化去The work took up all his time.那工作花費(fèi)了他所有的時(shí)間。
對...發(fā)生興趣; 繼續(xù)
take down 拿下, 取下;記[錄]下來;拆掉
take ... for ...以為(某人或某物)是
take in 裝入, 收容, 接待;縮短; 改小; 收(帆);領(lǐng)會(huì), 理解; [口]欺騙
take over接收[管, 任]
take to愛, 喜歡;嗜好, 沉迷于, 養(yǎng)成...的習(xí)慣
5 desperate a.情急拼命的,鋌而走險(xiǎn)的
A desperate man will stop at nothing to get what he wants.
一個(gè)亡命之徒為了達(dá)到自己的目的什么事都做得出來。
危急的;絕望的
He was desperate when he lost all his money.當(dāng)他丟了所有的錢時(shí),他絕望了。
極度渴望的 [(+for)][+to-v]
He was desperate for work to provide for a large family.
他渴望有個(gè)工作,掙錢供養(yǎng)子女眾多的家。
6 torture n.拷打,酷刑;拷問[U]
Many of the POWs died under torture.許多戰(zhàn)俘被折磨致死。
折磨,痛苦[C][U][(+of)][+to-v]
suffer torture from因...受痛苦
She suffered tortures from a toothache.她受牙痛的折磨。
The sight of his sick brother was torture to him.
看到他生病的哥哥那副樣子令他非常痛苦。
vt.拷打;拷問[OThe police tortured him to confess his crime.警察拷打他,逼他招供。
折磨;使為難 [(+with/by)]
He was tortured with anxiety.他為焦慮所苦。
7 stage vt. 把...搬上舞臺(tái),上演
The city was staging Hamlet.該城市正在上演《哈姆雷特》。
籌劃;舉行,發(fā)動(dòng)They decided to stage a general strike.他們決定舉行總罷工。
vi.(劇本)適于上演The script staged pretty well.這劇本舞臺(tái)演出效果甚好。
8 There could not be a better setting!的意思是“不可能有比這更好的場景了。”否定詞never/ no/ not /nothing等與比較級連用，往往表達(dá)最高級含義。
世上沒有比那些書更有價(jià)值的東西了。
Nothing in the world is more valuable than those books.
=Those books are the most valuable in the world.
He said he had never watched a more exciting game before.
=He said the game was the most exciting one he had ever watched.
9 decorate … with … 用（裝飾物）裝飾/修飾…… be decorated with
furnish … with… 為（房間或房屋）配備（家具） be furnished with
equip … with … 用（儀器、設(shè)備等）裝備（工廠、車間、實(shí)驗(yàn)室等）be equipped with
Her living-room is furnished with a comfortable new sofa.
The workshop is equipped with many modern machines. (It is a well / fully equipped workshop.)
They always decorate their classroom with balloons and flowers when Christmas comes.
對應(yīng)名詞分別為decoration(裝飾，裝飾品); furniture(家具); equipment（裝備，設(shè)備，器材）
10 shortly ad.立刻,馬上,不久
She's going to New York shortly.她不久將去紐約。
簡短地,扼要地；不耐煩地,簡慢地
"You ought to be in bed," Mother said shortly.媽不耐煩地說道:"你該上床去了"。
Afterward ad.之后,以后,后來
You left before eleven. What did you do afterward?你十一點(diǎn)之前離開后做什么去了?
Afterward they had lunch in the garden.然后他們在園子里吃午飯。
11 leave vt.離開(某處)[(+for)]
Mr. Smith left the room at two o'clock.史密斯先生兩點(diǎn)離開房間。
離開(某人)的身邊;遺棄,離棄Her husband has left her.她的丈夫把她遺棄了。
辭去(工作等);脫離(組織等)
Mary left school last year and she is working in a shop now.
瑪麗去年退了學(xué),現(xiàn)正在一家商店工作。
遺忘;丟下I left my keys behind.我忘了帶鑰匙了。
聽任,使處于某種狀態(tài)He left the windows open.他讓窗子開著。
留給He left me a few books.他留給我?guī)妆緯?/p>
把...交給;委托[(+with/to)][+v-ing][O2]
You can leave your case with me.你可以把箱子交給我。
剩下I felt I had little energy left.我感到我一點(diǎn)勁也沒有了。
vi.離去;動(dòng)身[(+for)]We will leave for London next week.我們下周動(dòng)身去倫敦。
12 be drunk with 醉心于、、、，對、、、癡迷，陶醉于、、、
He is drunk with success
Ex: translate:不要沉迷于網(wǎng)絡(luò)。___________T
13 exercise control over 對、、、實(shí)施控制，控制
We should think of a way to exercise control over our expenses.
Ex: 1）The pilot _______ _______ ________ (失去控制)the plane.
2)She managed to ________ _______ _______(控制住)her car on the ice.
3)She may be old ,but she is still _____ _____ (掌管)
Ex:翻譯1）He exercise his right as a citizen._____________
2）Teachers exercise authority.___________
14 terrify vt.恐嚇，使感到恐怖
The thunderstorm terrified the child.大雷雨把這孩子嚇壞了。
terrified adj.害怕的，嚇壞了的
The animals were terrified by the storm.動(dòng)物被風(fēng)暴嚇壞了
They were terrified by his sudden appearance.他的突然出現(xiàn)，把他們嚇了一跳。
The children were terrified of being scolded.那孩子害怕挨罵。
15 condemn vt.判刑，處刑；聲討；譴責(zé)
Most people are willing to condemn violence of any sort as evil.
任何人都愿意把任何暴力行為視為惡行加以譴責(zé)。
Ex: The judge _______ him for fraud.
A. denounced B. condemned C. charged D. accused
Grammar and task
1 privilege n.特權(quán);優(yōu)特[C][U]
He enjoys diplomatic privileges.他享有外交特權(quán)。
(個(gè)人的)恩典,殊榮
It is a great privilege to know you.認(rèn)識(shí)你真是莫大的榮幸。
vt.給予...特權(quán)(或優(yōu)待)
This pass will privilege you to attend the closed hearings.
有了這張通行證你便可以出席不公開的聽證會(huì)。
2 desire vt.渴望;要求[+to-v][+that][O]
He desired us to leave soon.他希望我們盡快離開。
She desired to marry a rich man.她很想嫁個(gè)富翁。
People desire peace.人們渴望和平。
n.欲望,渴望[C][U][(+for)]
I have no desire to discuss the question.我不想討論這個(gè)問題。
3 put up建造
They put up a tent by the fire.他們在火堆旁搭起了一個(gè)帳篷。
供給...住宿
We can put all of you up for the night.我們可以安排你們所有人過夜。
舉起(推薦,提高); 張貼；公布
We want to put you up for club treasurer我們想請你擔(dān)任俱樂部的司庫
My landlord's threatening to put the rent up by 10 a week我的房東要挾說要把每周租金提高10英鎊
I don't know how she puts up with him/his cruelty to her. 我不明白她怎麼能 [忍受他的虐待].
put up a tent架起帳篷
to put up a notice
4 apply vt.涂,敷;將...鋪在表面[(+to)]
The nurse applied the ointment to the wound.護(hù)士把藥膏敷到傷口上。
應(yīng)用;實(shí)施[(+to)]
We should apply both theories in the language classroom.
我們應(yīng)把兩種理論都運(yùn)用到語言教室中去。
使適用 [(+to)]
This rule can not be applied to every case.這條規(guī)則并不是在每種情況下都能適用的。
(后常接oneself)使致力(于),使專心從事[(+to)]
He applied himself to learning French.他致力于學(xué)習(xí)法語。
vi.申請,請求[(+for/to)][+to-v]
He has applied for a post in England.他已申請?jiān)谟┞殹?/p>
起作用;適用[(+to)]
5 participate vi.參加,參與[(+in)]
No professionals participated in the contest.沒有職業(yè)選手參加這一比賽。
Everyone can participate in this game.每個(gè)人都能參加這游戲。
含有,帶有[(+of)]
His poems participate of the nature of satire.他的詩帶有諷刺性
6 voyage n. 航海旅行
指點(diǎn)迷津：
1） voyage指不論路程長短的水上或空中的旅行
2） journey一般指時(shí)間和距離都較長的陸路旅行，不含有回到原出發(fā)地的意思
3） trip指短距離的旅行，常回到原出發(fā)地
4） tour指周游或巡回旅行，常常是訪問一系列地方后又回到原出發(fā)地
5） travel泛指旅行這一行為過程。指具體的旅行時(shí)常用復(fù)數(shù)，用單數(shù)一般表示旅行的抽象概念
練習(xí)：
用voyage, journey, trip, tour或travel填空。
1） His parents are on a____ by ship now.
2） He made a __ around the Greek Island.
3） ____ in the mountains can be slow and dangerous.
4） Did you go to Pairs during your____?
Project
1 evolve vt.使逐步形成;發(fā)展,展開
How did you evolve this very personal and original style?
你是怎樣逐步形成這種很有個(gè)性且具獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的風(fēng)格的?
引申出,推斷出[(+from)]
We had to evolve the truth from a mass of confused evidence.
我們不得不從大量龐雜的證據(jù)中推斷出事情的真相。
vi.逐步形成;發(fā)展;進(jìn)化;成長[(+from/into)]
Scientists think that birds probably evolved from reptiles.
科學(xué)家認(rèn)為,鳥很可能是由爬行動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來的。
The simple plan evolved into a complicated scheme.這個(gè)簡單的計(jì)劃發(fā)展成了一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的規(guī)劃。
2 anchor vt.拋錨使(船)停泊;使固定,系住
We anchored the tent with pegs.我們用樁子固定帳篷。
主持(廣播節(jié)目等)
She anchors a 45-minute news show at noon.
她每天中午主持四十五分鐘的新聞廣播。
be anchored in… 扎根于…之中
be at anchor 在停泊中
come to (an) anchor拋錨, 停泊; 停下來
完成句子：
The large ship ___ ____ ____(停泊在) Huangpu River.
3 improvise vt.即興創(chuàng)作(詩歌、樂曲等);即興表演(或朗誦等)
If an actor forgets his words, he has to improvise.
演員要是忘記臺(tái)詞,那就只好即興現(xiàn)編。
臨時(shí)做;臨時(shí)提供;臨時(shí)湊成
He improvised a bookcase out of crates.他用板條箱臨時(shí)做成書架。
4 essential a.必要的,不可缺的[(+to/for)]
Hard work is essential to success.成功必須努力工作。
本質(zhì)的,實(shí)質(zhì)的;基本的
There is no essential difference between the two drafts.兩份草稿沒有本質(zhì)上的不同。
n.[P]要素,要點(diǎn);必需品
Our course deals with the essentials of management.我們的課程講述管理的基本要點(diǎn)
5 decline vi.下降,下跌;減少;衰退,衰落
As one grows older one's memory declines.人的記憶力隨著年齡增長而衰退。
Unemployment declined to 4 percent last month.上個(gè)月失業(yè)率降至百分之四。
婉拒;謝絕
vt.婉拒;謝絕[+to-v]
She declined their invitation.她婉拒了他們的邀請。
She declined to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn't feeling well.
她說她身體不舒服,婉拒了與她的朋友共進(jìn)午餐。
n.下降;減少There is a decline in real wages.實(shí)際工資有所減少。
用法拓展：
decline sth. 謝絕…..
decline to do sth. 謝絕做…
on the decline 衰退中，走下坡的
完成句子：
There has been___ ____ ____(逐漸減少) in the population of the town.
He___ ____ ____(拒絕回答) my question.
6 intend vt.想要;打算[+to-v][+v-ing][+(that)][O2]
He intends his son to manage the company.他打算讓他兒子經(jīng)營該公司。
I intend studying abroad.我打算出國留學(xué)。
Let's ask her what she intends us to do.讓我們問她要我們做什么。
打算使...(成為);(為...而)準(zhǔn)備[(+for/as)][O2]
That trap is intended for you.那個(gè)圈套是為你而設(shè)的。
意指,意思是I intend that you shall take over the business我有意讓你接管公司.
用法拓展：
intend to do sth.
intend sb. to do sth.
intend + that 從句（從句用虛擬語氣）
intend for打算供...使用; 打算送給;打算使...成為; 想讓...從事某事
2) intended to have done 本來打算做
7 fame n.[U]聲譽(yù),名望
He cares very little for fame and gain.他對名利很淡薄。
come to fame成名
vt.使聞名,使有名望 [(+for)]
The king was famed for his cruelty.那個(gè)國王以殘暴出名。
8 draft n.草稿,草圖[C]
He had painfully written out a first draft.他辛苦寫出了首稿。
vt.起草;設(shè)計(jì)I had to draft a cable home.我得寫一份發(fā)往家里的電報(bào)稿。
選派
【美】征(兵);征集[(+into)]
Her brother was drafted into military service.她哥哥應(yīng)征入伍。
a rough draft草稿
the first draft初稿
Draft out起草，草擬
9 appeal vi.呼吁,懇求[(+to/for)][+to-v]
He appealed to me for help.他向我求援。
He appealed to his friends for support.他請求朋友支持。
訴諸,求助[(+to)]
We will appeal to a great variety of sources of information.我們將求助于多種資料來源。
有吸引力,迎合愛好 [(+to)]
The idea appealed to Mary.這主意正合瑪麗的心意。
【律】上訴[(+to/against)]
He appealed against the five-year sentence he had been given.他對被判五年徒刑提出上訴。
n.呼吁,請求[C][U][(+to/for)]
He made one last appeal to his father to forgive him.他最后一次懇求父親寬恕他。
吸引力,感染力[U]
These subjects have lost their appeal for most students.對多數(shù)學(xué)生來說,這些學(xué)科已經(jīng)失去了吸引力
用法：
1) appeal to sb. to do sth. 懇求某人做某事
appeal to sb. for為...向某人呼吁[請求]
appeal to 訴諸…
用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空
1)The idea appealed___ Mary.
2)These subjects have lost their appeal___ most students.
3)He made one last appeal___ his father to forgive him.
10 break up v. 分解，拆散
短語歸納：
break out （戰(zhàn)爭，火災(zāi)）爆發(fā)
break in 闖入，插入
break off 使終止，打斷
break into 闖入，打斷（帶賓語）
break through 出現(xiàn)；突破
break down 分散，拆散；壞了；身體垮下來
單選：
1)You will___ sonner or later if you keep working like that.
A break off B. break down C. break into D. break out
2) Can he___ away from old habits?
A. do B. put C. take D. break
11 cut away切除, 剪掉
cut back(on)減少; 剪短; 倒敘; 縮減;
cut down on減少..., 縮減...
cut in插進(jìn)來說, 插嘴
cut off 切斷, 停掉；隔絕, 擋��；使電話中斷；切[剪]下來
cut out刪掉；停止
cut through穿過, 穿透;
cut up 切[破]碎；
cut short縮短He had to cut his trip short.他只得縮短自己的旅程。