整體感知
單元要點
Word study 1. bee 2.transparent 3.dot
4.surrounding 5.troop 6.assumption 7.beyond 8.semicicle 9.apparent 10.sideways11.astonishing
12.maximum13.precise 14.adequate 15.clarify16.upward 17.disgusting
18.psychology19.changeable 20.adaptation 21.stripe
22.zebra 23.camel
24.primitive
25.missile 26.walnut
27.session 1. 蜜蜂2.透明的
3.小圓點4.周圍附近的 5.群，(pl)部隊6.假設
7.遠于，超出8.半圓形
9.明顯的10.斜著
11.驚人的12.最大13.精確
14.足夠的15.澄清16.向上的17.討厭的18.心理學
19.易變20.適應21.條紋
22.斑馬23.駱駝24.原始的
25.導彈26.胡桃
27.一段時間，學年
Useful
expressions 1.get hold of
2.tell…apart
3.over and over again
4.come to light
5.as a matter of 1.抓住
2.分辨，區(qū)別
3.一再，反復
4.顯露，為人所知
5.事實上，說真的
Sentence
Patterns &
Communicative
English Debating (辯論)
1. Opening statement
Background information
Topic
Opinion: We think that…because…and…
2. First argument
Explain and support the first reason
3. Sencond argument
Explain and support the second reason
4. Questions
Ask the other team questions
5. Closing statement
Summarize your argument
Restate your opinion
Grammer 復習情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法：(must can could may might)
1. When you are very sure of something, you use must in positive sentences and cannot or couldn’t in negative sentences.
2. When you are quite sure about something, you use can.
3. When you think that something is possible, but you are not very sure, you use could, may or might.
Topics &
Writing 1. Talk about prepare for tests:
①.Plan ahead ②.Keep track
③.Be smart ④.Use your brain power
2.Writing a short essay in which you state and support your opinion.
背景知識
Do Animals Communicate?
When we think of communication, we normally think of using words-talking face-to-face, writing messages and so on. But in fact we communicate far more in other ways. Our eyes and facial expressions usually tell the truth even when our words do not. Then there are gestures, often unconscious: raising the eyebrows, rubbing the nose, shrugging the shoulders, tapping the fingers, nodding and shaking the head.
There is also the even more subtle "body-language" language “of posture: are you sitting-or standing-with arms or legs crossed? Is that person standing with hands in pockets, held in front of the body or hidden behind? Even the way we dress and the colures we wear communicate things to others. So, do animals communicate? Not in words, although a parrot might be trained to repeat words and phrases which it doesn’t understand. But, as we have learnt, there is more to communication than words.
Take dogs for example. They bare their teeth to warn, wag their tails to welcome and stand firm, with hair erect, to challenge. These signals are surely the equivalent of the human body language of facial expression, gesture and posture.
Colour can be an important means of communication for animals. Many birds and fish change colour, for example, to attract partners during the mating season. And mating itself is commonly preceded by a special dance in which both partners participate.
細說教材
Warming up
A small animal that helps the police get hold of thieves.
一種能幫助警察捉賊的動物。
【點撥】get hold of …= take/catch hold of …意思是“抓住…”；“獲得…”
e.g. He took hold of the rope and pulled.
他抓住繩子用力拉。
I got hold of the sack and lifted it.
我抓住包，把它舉了起來。
I need to get hold of some money quickly.
hold 還用作動詞，意為“握住”“擁有”“容納”“使…保持…”“持…觀點”等
e.g. She was holding a book. 她手里拿著一本書。
They held their heads up.他們頭抬得高高的。
She holds that the government’s policy is mistaken.
她認為政府的政策錯了。
其常見短語搭配有：
hold a conversation/meeting 進行交談/開會
hold the line = hold on 別掛電話
hold … back 阻止…
hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
hold…off 使…與…保持距離
hold …over 使…延期
An animal that isn’t telling the truth.
一種會撒謊的動物。
【點撥】tell the truth“說實話”的意思，tell的相關類似短語有：
tell a/the lie = tell lies 撒謊
tell a story 講故事
Listening
You are going to hear an interview with a woman who works in a zoo.
你將聽到對一位在動物園工作的婦女的采訪報道。
【點撥】interview 在這里是名詞“采訪”的意思，還有“面試”之意。
e.g. The film star agreed to give an interview after the wedding.
這位影星同意在婚禮后接受采訪。
She’s got an interview for a new job.
她參加了新工作的面試。
interview 還有動詞用法，是“采訪”的意思,
要區(qū)別與cover的用法。interview 可以用interview sb. 或interview sth.
但cover不能用cover sb.只能說cover sth.
e.g. A reporter interviewed the prime minister.
一位記者采訪了首相。
She’s being interviewed for the job.
她正在接受求職面試。
They sent a great many reporters to cover the conference.
【點撥】cover除了“采訪”的意思外還有“用……遮蓋；覆蓋”“占有…（面積）;掩飾”
“涉及…（內容）”等含義。請學習下面例句中cover 一詞的各種用法
e.g. Since water covers most of the earth, Corsteau knew we should keep the seas clean.
由于水覆蓋了地球的大部分，庫斯托知道我們應該保持海洋清潔。
He tried to cover (up)his mistake.
他想掩蓋他的錯誤。
He said he could cover the distance on foot in two hours.
他說這段路程兩個小時能走完
How many pages have you covered? 你讀了多少頁了？
What are the main points you’re going to cover in your talk ?
你的報告主要涉及哪些內容。
We have only just covered our expenses.
我們所收入的僅夠開支而已。
cover作名詞，作“蓋子”、“封面”解。
e.g. When the water boils, take the cover.
當水開的時候,把蓋子揭開.
The book needs a new cover .
這書需要裝個新封面.
What’s the problem with the animals at the zoo?
動物園里的動物有什么問題？
【點撥】What’s the problem with…
=What’s the trouble with…
=What’s the matter with…
=What's your problem?
=What's wrong with you?
都用來詢問“…（你）怎么回事？”
Speaking
The two teams take turns speaking.
兩只隊伍輪流發(fā)言。
【點撥】 take turns doing sth. “輪流干…”，turn是名詞。
為便于學習,現(xiàn)就turn的用法歸納如下:
I. turn (n.) 順序, 輪流
1. It's one's turn to do sth. 輪到某人做某事
It's your turn to make a decision.
該你來做出決定了。
2. take one's turn to do sth. = do sth. in turn =do sth. by turns 輪流做某事
The nurses attended the patient in turn / by turns.
=The nurses took turns to attend the patient.
護士們輪流照顧病人。
II. turn (vi.) 轉動,轉向,翻轉
turn right / left = turn to the right / left
turn to sth. / sb. (for help)
turn to page 84
III. turn (link-v.) 變得……
turn green / yellow 變綠/黃了
Ten years later， he turned teacher.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
注: 此題考查turn 作連系動詞的特殊用法,即 turn 作連系動詞時后接表語名詞，省略冠詞. 所以此題的答案為A. 如果turn 后加into 則須在名詞前加冠詞a.
IV. 固定詞組:
1. turn against 背叛
Nobody will turn against his country.
2. turn down 關小 / 拒絕
He turned down my suggestion without hesitation.
Please turn down the gas.
3. turn from side to side 把身體轉來轉去
The naughty boy turned from side to side while answering questions in class.
4. turn in 上交
The child picked up a purse on the way and turned it in to the policeman.
5. turn ... into ... (使……)成為……
The farmers are turning waste land into rice fields.
6. turn off 關(水源、 煤氣、 電燈等) / 避開(問題等)
Turn off the light when you leave the room.
7. turn on 打開(水、 煤氣、 電燈、無線電等) / 對……發(fā)怒
turn on the radio
turn the gun on sb.
8. turn out 結果是 / 證明是 / 生產出
The weather yesterday turned out (to be) fine.
The factory turned out more products than they had expected.
9. turn over (使)打翻 / 翻身 / 翻動 / 翻耕(土地) / 轉危為安
The man turned over and went to sleep again when the telephone rang.
10. turn up 開大 / 出現(xiàn) / 找到 / 證明是 (= turn out to be)
The meeting is beginning， but he has not turned up. He might have been lost.
When all the teams are ready, the teacher will start and time the debate.
當所有隊伍都準備好以后,老師就開始為辯論計時.
【點撥】time 是動詞，＂計時＂的意思，還有“安排好時間,使合拍子;安排……的速度＂
e.g. How long can you hold your breath underwater ? Take a deep breath and I’ll time you .
你在水下能潛多久呢？深呼吸一下，我給你計時。
He timed his journey so that he could arrive at the hotel before dark .
他安排好了他的旅程，以便能在天黑以前到達旅館。
He tried to time his steps to the music.
他盡力與音樂合節(jié)拍。
Reading
Among the different types of bee, it is the honey bee that has most interested scientists because of the “l(fā)anguage” they use to communicate with each other.
在不同種類的蜂中，最使科學家感興趣的是蜜蜂，因為蜜蜂能用“語言”，來相互交際。
【點撥】…it is the honey bee that has most interested scientists…是一個由it 引導的強調句，被強調的部分是 the honey bee。如果不加以強調，則全句是：
…the honey bee has most interested scientists…
The development of the modern beehive in 1851 made it possible to design experiments to research the language of honey bees.
1851年新式蜂箱的研制，使設計實驗研究蜜蜂的語言成為可能。
【點撥】 本句是一個簡單句：The development… made it possible to design experiments …其中的 it是形式賓語，它所代替的真正賓語是后面的不定式短語 to design experiments。it作形式賓語的句型是：
主語 +及物動詞 +it +賓語補足語 +不定式
e.g. I found it important to learn spoken English.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)學習英語口語很重要。
I think it hard to master a foreign language.
我認為掌握一門外語是很難的。
She feels it her duty to support her family.
她感到養(yǎng)家糊口是她的責任。
The storm made it impossible for them to march to the city.
暴風雨使他們不可能向城市進軍。
Professor Karl von Frisch, a scientist from Austria, spent many years of his life researching the amazing ways honey-bees communicate in their dark hives.
奧地利科學家卡爾馮弗里希教授，一生中花去了許多歲月，研究蜜蜂在黑暗的蜂箱里是以怎樣巧妙的方式傳遞信息的。
【點撥】amaze vt. 使驚愕；使大為驚訝：
e.g. He amazed everyone by passing his driving test.
令人驚訝的是他竟通過了駕駛考試。
amazing “令人驚異的”；在西方人的口中，表示驚訝，經�？梢月牭絘mazing這個詞。如果有些事情發(fā)生得出乎意料，難以置信，也可以用amazing來形容。
e.g. You’re amazing. 你真了不起。
It was amazing that the boy was able to solve the problem so quickly.
那男孩能這樣快地解完這道題,真是令人驚奇。
有些漂亮或另類的東西，總能吸引許多眼球，就可以說是amazing things.
e.g. I am always looking for new and amazing items.
我總是在尋找讓我眼前一亮的新東西。
amazed 使（某人）感到驚奇，常用be amazed at / by 感到驚奇。
e.g. He was amazed at all the colours, and all the beautiful fish.
他對五顏綠色和各種美麗的魚感到驚奇。
We are amazed at the changes in Beijing. I can’t even find where my old house is.
北京的變化使我們感到驚奇。我?guī)缀跽也坏脚f房子了。
【點撥】＂．．．honey-bees communicate in their dark hives.＂是定語從句，其先行詞
是＂ways＂，＂way＂后省略了引導詞 “that”,也可用 “in which”，也可以省略引導詞．
e.g. Some English words are not spelt the ways that they sound.
= Some English words are not spelt the ways in which they sound.
= Some English words are not spelt the ways they sound.
一些英語單詞不是像他們發(fā)音那樣去拼寫．
He built a transparent wall, through which he could observe what went on inside.
他安裝了透明的箱體，透過它，可以直接觀察箱內發(fā)生的事情．
【點撥】 “through which he could observe what went on inside”是定語從句，來修飾先行詞，引導詞是介詞through加which構成．
在定語從句用法中介詞+關系詞是一個重點，介詞后面的關系詞不能省略，但是介詞的后面不用that．
e.g.This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
e.g. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
＝Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
注意：一些含有介詞的動詞短語中，其介詞不能前置到引導詞前．
e.g. The children whom the nurses look after are wery healthy.
In order to tell the bees apart ,he painted some bees with little dots of colour.
為了把蜜蜂區(qū)分開，他在一些蜜蜂身上涂上色斑．
【點撥】 tell apart 辨別；識別
＝distinguish…between…
= tell … from…;
= tell the difference between … and …
e.g. Some people can't tell blue from green.
在些人分辨不出藍色與綠色。
Most new cars look so similar that it's impossible to tell them apart．
許多新汽車看上去象是一樣的，不大可能把它們區(qū)別開來。
I confused Jim with Mike because I can't tell them apart．
我把吉姆和麥克混淆了，因為我分不清他們。
The two brothers are so much alike that their mother can hardly tell them apart．
這兄弟倆長得太相象了，連他們的母親都難以辨別。
They trooped behind the first dancer, copying its movement.
它們成群結隊地跟在第一只跳舞的蜜蜂后面，模仿它的動作。
【點撥】課文中 troop作動詞用，意思是"結隊而行"、"成群涌向"
(come or go together in a group)。用在句中時，句子的主語總是復數(shù)。
e.g. The children trooped into the park.
孩子們列隊走進公園。
The game was over and the players trooped home.
比賽結束了，運動員整隊回家。
Troop還有名詞用法，作"一隊"、"一群"解。
e.g. a troop of visitors (一群參觀者)。
它的復數(shù)形式(troops)作"軍隊"解。
e.g. We must have our own troops.
我們必須有自己的軍隊。
【點撥】copy原作"抄寫"、"復寫"解。
e.g. He is busy copying his composition.
他正忙著抄寫他的作文。
本句中的copy引伸作"模仿"、"仿效"解。
e.g. Please copy my actions.(＝Please act as I do. )
請照我這樣做。
"Good morning," she said, copying her mother's voice.
"早上好"，她模仿著媽媽的聲音說。
You should copy his strong points, not his weak points.
你應當學他的長處，而不是他的短處。
Von Frisch assumed that the dance conveyed more information.
馮弗里希想弄清這種舞蹈能不能說明喂食處有多遠.
【點撥】 assume的用法
assume vt. 表示“假設，主觀認為，假定；裝出…樣子；開始擔任，承擔…
e.g. We assumed that you understood the situation.
我們認為，你了解形勢。
He assumed a well-informed manner but in fact he knows very little.
他裝出一副見多識廣的樣子，而實際上他知之甚少。
assume something to be 猜想某事如何
assume ignorance/an injured air
假裝不知道，裝出冤屈的樣子
assume和given,suppose,supposing等詞一樣都可以引導狀語.作用相當于if.
e.g. Supposing your father saw you know , what would you say?
=if your father saw ……
Assuming that the weather is favourable, Farmers will have a bumper harvest.
假如風調雨順，今年農民將獲豐收。
assumed 假裝的，假的；假定的，設想的：
e.g. an assumed cheerfulness偽裝的高興，
an assumed result假定的結果，
His look of astonishment was assumed.他那驚訝的樣子是裝出來的。
assuming自負的，傲慢的，過分自信的：
e.g. He is too assuming in this attitude about the energy supply.
他在對待能源問題的態(tài)度上實在顯得過于自信。
assumption假定，異端；自負，傲慢；假裝
e.g. We are going on the assumption that the work will be finished tomorrow.
我們在根據(jù)明天可以完工這一假定辦事。
I was under the assumption that you were coming tomorrow.
我原以為你明天來。
assumptive 被視為理所當然的，自負的，傲慢的：
e.g. assumptive beliefs被視為理所當然的種種信仰，
assumptive people自命不凡的人
One was close to the hive. The other was much farther away ,beyond some trees.
一個靠近蜂箱,另一個遠離蜂箱,幾棵大樹之外.
【點撥】beyond一詞是高中英語的必備詞匯，其用法和含義較為復雜，很容易產生理解上的障礙，造成翻譯上的失誤。本文擬對beyond的一些用法淺析如下：
一、beyond作介詞用時，使用最廣，常用于下列幾種情況：
1.表示位置，意思是“在……的那一邊；在……之外；在更遠處”。例如：
e.g. Beyond the river stood a power station．
過了這條河就是一個發(fā)電站。
2.表示時間，其意為“遲于；超過”。例如：
e.g. Some shops keep open beyond midnight庇行┥痰曖業(yè)到半夜以后。
3.表范圍、水平、限度、能力等，意思是“超出；多于；為……所不能及”在句中常作
①作表語
e.g. Your work is beyond all praise．
你的作品叫人贊揚不盡。
②作定語
e.g. These were matters beyond his understanding as yet．
這些事情他那時候還不了解。
③作狀語
e.g. We succeeded beyond our hopes．
我們獲得如此之成功，是我們始料所不及的。
4.用在否定和疑問句中，意思是“除……之外”。
e.g. I know nothing beyond what he told me．
除了他告訴我的以外，別的我都不知道。
Is there anything more you can say beyond that？
除了那點之外，你還能說些什么嗎？
5.beyond有時還可表示年齡或數(shù)量，意思是“超過”。
e.g. He didn't believe in people living beyond 100．
他不相信人能活到100歲以上。
二、beyond也常作副詞用，主要有下面兩種用法：
1.指時空或正在進行中的活動，意思是“在遠處；向遠處；更遠處”。
e.g. If we cross the mountains we may find people living in the valley beyond．
如果我們翻過這些大山，我們就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在遠處山谷中生活的人們。
I'll go with you to the bridge，but not a step beyond．
我愿意同你一道走到橋頭，但再遠的地方一步也不愿意去。
2.表示外加，意思是“此外；以外”。例如：
e.g. He told me nothing beyond．
此外他沒告訴我什么。
He marked all the bees that came to the nearby feeding place blue, and all the bees that went to the faraway place were marked red.
他給所有來到近的喂食處的蜜蜂標上藍色，給飛到遠的喂食處的蜜蜂標上紅色。
【點撥】faraway(遠方的)是由 far ＋ away構成的合成形容詞。 nearby(附近的)是由 near ＋by構成的合成形容詞。它們在句中都作定語。
a faraway forest(遠處的森林)，faraway times(遙遠的時代)；
a nearby hotel(附近的一家旅店)，nearby hills(附近的小山)。
注意：faraway在作定語時通常都連寫，作表語或作狀語時則分寫(far away)。如：
e.g. The house is not far away. 那座房子并不遠。
He lives far away from the school. 他住得離學校很遠。
nearby既可作定語，又可作狀語；既可以連寫(nearby)，也可以分寫(near by)，還可以 加連字符(near-by)。
e.g. I saw her going to a near-by post-box before lunch.
我看到她午飯前去附近的信箱投信。
They live nearby----less than a kilometer.
他們住在附近，不到一公里。
He gave up his seat to the old man standing near by.
他把座位讓給站在附近的老人了。
They discovered that the farther away the feeding station was, the slower the dance was. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，喂食處越遠，舞蹈動作的速度就越慢。
【點撥】"the+比較級……，the+ 比較級……"的意思是："越……，就越……"
這種結構用來表示兩從此過程按比例同時遞增。前一句為從句，后一句為主句。
這種結構常以省略形式出現(xiàn)，句式精煉簡短，表意有力。例如：
e.g. The sooner, the better. 越快越好�！�
The more, the better. 越多越好。
The more, the merrier. 人越多，越好玩。
The more he gives his children, the more they want.
給孩子越多，他們要的越多．
The higher we stand, the farther we see.
站的越高，看的越遠
The more he explains, the more I am puzzled.
他越解釋，我越迷惑．
So another astonishing fact came to light. 于是又發(fā)現(xiàn)一個令人驚訝的情況�！�
【點撥】come to light作"發(fā)現(xiàn)"、"暴露"(to be discovered/ exposed)解。
e.g. New facts about the ancient Egypt have recently come to light.
有關古埃及的史實，最近已有新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
She was very pleased when the long-lost ring came to light.
當很久前丟失的戒指被找到時，她高興萬分．
The secret didn’t come to light until the old man died.
直到老人死后，秘密才被揭露．
Integrating skills
Apes use sight more than smell. 猿不僅用嗅覺,而且使用視覺.
【點撥】more than 用法小結
1. more than后面跟名詞，意為“不只是，不僅僅是”。
e.g. Hibernation is more than sleep.
冬眠不只是睡覺。
Kate was more than a teacher. She also did what she could to take care of her pupils.
凱特不僅僅是位教師，她還盡其所能照顧她的學生。
2. more than與數(shù)詞連用，意思是“多于，大于，超過”。
e.g. I have known him for more than twenty years.
我認識他已超過二十年了。
More than ten policemen turned up at the spot where the accident happened.
十多位警察出現(xiàn)在出事地點。
3. more than與形容詞和分詞連用，表示“非常、十分”。
e.g. They were more than happy to see us come back from the expedition.
看到我們遠征而歸，他們異常高興。
I was more than surprised to see the lion standing at the body.
看到那頭獅子站在尸體旁邊，我非常驚訝。
4. more than與動詞連用，對動詞起著加強語氣的作用。
e.g. Repeated advertising will more than increase product sales.
多次做廣告意味著增加產品的銷售。
His progress in English learning more than encouraged him to learn the subject well. 在英語學習方面的進步激勵他學好這門課程。
5. more than和含有情態(tài)動詞的句子連用，有否定意義，表示“是……難以……”或“超過了……所能”之義。
e.g. The beauty of the mountainous country is more than I can describe.
我難以描述那個山村的美麗。
This problem is more than a child like Jack can settle.
這一問題超出了像杰克這樣的小孩的解決能力。
6. no more than意思是“僅僅，不過，只是”。
e.g. All his education added up to no more than one year.
他接受的所有的學校教育只有一年。
Their new flat has no more than 60 square metres.
他們的新居只有60平方米。
7. not more than表示“至多，不超過”
e.g. Lying on the ground was a peasant boy of not more than seventeen.
躺在地上的那個農家男孩最多十七歲。
While their societies are different, they all communicate and be have in advanced ways.
雖然它們生活的社會環(huán)境不同,它們卻都以高級方式交流.
【點撥】while連詞,意為"盡管;雖然";其用法大致有以下四種用法:
1.引導時間狀語從句,意為"當……的時候;和……同時",此時的主從句謂語動作同時發(fā)生,從句謂語通常是延續(xù)性動詞。
e.g. Mary watched TV while she ate her supper.
瑪麗邊吃飯邊看電視。
While she was listening to the radio, she fell asleep.
她聽著收音機睡著了。
while引導從句時,如主從句的主語一致,且從句謂語又含有be,則從句主語和be可省略。while后可直接跟現(xiàn)在分詞、名詞、形容詞或介詞短語。
e.g. We are teachers while (we are) serving as students.
我們邊當老師邊當學生。
While (he was) yet a youth, he gained many prizes.
他年輕時就曾多次獲獎。
He caught a cold while(he was) on vacation.
他度假時患了感冒。
2.表示對比或轉折,意為"而;然而"。此時,while一般位于句中。
e.g. Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
有些人浪費糧食,然而有些人卻吃不飽。
You like sports, while I prefer music.
你喜歡體育,而我更喜歡音樂。
3.表示讓步,通常位于句首,意為"盡管;雖然"。
e.g. While I agree with your reasons, I can't allow it.
盡管我同意你的理由,但我不能允許這樣做。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
雖然他愛他的學生,可是他對學生們很嚴格。
While (he was) respected, he is not liked.
他雖受人尊敬,但并不被人喜歡。
4.表示條件,意為"只要",其意思和用法相當于as long as。while可位于句首,也可位于句中。
e.g. You don't have to worry while we are here.
只要我們在,你就別著急。
There will be life while there is water and air.
只要有空氣和水,就有生命。
While there is life, there is hope.
留得生命在,不怕沒希望。
5.意為"同時;也"。如:
e.g. While the book is welcomed by scholars, it will make an immediate
appeal to the general readers.
這本書受到學者的歡迎,同時也會引起一般讀者的興趣。
6.意為"趁著"。
e.g. Make hay while the sun shines.
曬草要趁陽光好。(諺)
Strike while the iron is hot.
趁熱打鐵。(諺)
While the roses are yet in bloom, will you come with me to see them?
趁著玫瑰花還開著,你和我一道去看看好嗎?
Sometimes they warn each other of danger, and they also communicate simply to keep in touch.
于是它們互相提醒危險,它們交流僅僅是為了保持聯(lián)系.
【點撥】 warn sb. of sth．“警告某人某事”，不能說 warn sb's sth．。
e.g. We warned him of the dangerous bridge，but he didn't believe．
我們警告他那座橋危險，但是他不相信。
類似這樣的結構用法的動詞還有:
一. 表示“通知(inform)；警告(warn)；指責(accuse)；使想起(remind)”等意思的一些動詞。
在這一結構中，of的意思相當于 about。
e.g. On the way home my father told me of an accident that took place on his first day at school in Mr. Crossett's class．
在回家的路上,父親給我講了他第一天上學時在克羅塞特先生課上的一件事。
We shall inform you of the date of the delegation's arrival．
我們將把代表團到達的日期通知你。
The teacher accused Jim of cheating in the examination．
老師責備吉姆考試作弊。
Her face reminded me of her mother．
她的模樣使我想起了她的母親。
How can I persuade him of her innocence？
我怎樣使他相信她是清白無辜的？
二、表示“搶奪(rob)；剝奪；解除(cure, heal)；免除(rid)”等意思的動詞。
e.g. Paralysis robbed him of his ability to do physical labor．
癱瘓使他喪失了勞動力。
The doctor used special medicines to cure him of the measles．
醫(yī)生使用特效藥治愈了他的麻疹。
The medicine healed me of my bad cold．
這藥治愈了我的重感冒。
It is not easy to rid oneself of a bad habit．
改掉一個人的壞習慣是不容易的。
He cleared the pavement of withered leaves．
他清除了人行道上的落葉。
They stripped the writer of his right to publish his books．
他們剝奪了這位作家出版作品的權利。
She rushed up to relieve me of my suitcase．
她跑過來接過我手中的衣箱。
Our army disarmed the enemy of his weapon．
我軍繳械了敵人的武器。
類似的動詞還有：abridge（剝奪）， purge（洗清），disabuse（去掉），despoil（搶劫），divert（脫去），deprive（剝奪）等。
三、表示“騙取(fool)”、“詐騙(cheat)”等意思的一些動詞。
在這一結構里，通常在of前加上 out，out of表示“喪失”，但out可以省略不用。
e.g. How can you fool the little girl（out） of her money？
你怎么能詐騙那個小女孩的錢財呢？
The beggar cheated the little boy（out）of his candy．
那乞丐騙取了那個小男孩的糖。
【點撥】 simply的意思和用法
（1）simply是副詞，在對話中意為“really(真正)”、“very (much)（非常）”。
e.g. The film is simply wonderful. 這影片真是太美妙了。
She looks simply lovely. 她看起來的確可愛。
His pronunciation is simply terrible. 他的發(fā)音簡直差透了。
They had simply no shame. 他們簡直不知羞恥。
（2）simply亦可解釋為“樸素地”、“樸實地”、“無裝飾地”。
e.g. He is simply dressed. 他衣著樸素。
（3）simply還可作“僅僅，只不過”解，相當于only。
e.g. It is simply a question of time. 這只不過是個時間問題。
You must believe me simply on my word. 你必須完全照我的話相信我。
It is simply a matter of working hard. 此事只是努力去做的問題。
（4）還可解釋為“簡單地”、“簡明地”。
e.g. The cake is made quite simply. 這糕做起來很簡單。
The teacher explained the text quite simply. 老師簡單地解釋了一下課文。
What may be of greater importance is to observe how primates live in the world.
比較重要的事情是觀察靈長目動物是怎樣生活的．
【點撥】這個句子涉及到 “of+抽象名詞”相當于該名詞相應的形容詞。不過，這種結構常用于較正式的場合，書面語中尤為常見。再看下面幾個句子：
e.g. This book will be of great value to him in his students. (=Be very valuable)
The book is of much interest. (=Be very interesting)
常用于這一結構的修飾語還有：great，little ,some ,any, no, not, much等
常見的抽象名詞有importance, value, use, help, benefit(利益、好處)，significance(意義、重要性)。最后需要提及的是，“be of + 名詞”結構的否定形式一般采用否定名詞的做法：
“be of no + 名詞”。
e.g. He is of no colour, for he has been ill for two weeks.
他毫無血色，因為他患疾兩周了。
As far as the study of English was concerned, what he said was of no point.
就學習英語而言，他所講的并未切中要害。
“be of +名詞”還可以表達以下幾種意義：
1、表示“具有，具備”
e.g. Her story is of some colours of the truth.
她的故事有點真實感
The party's 12th congress is of epoch making significance.
黨的十二大具有劃時代的意義。
2、表示“屬于”
e.g. The products are of first-rate quality.
這些產品的質量是屬于第一流的。
3、表示“包含”、“包括”、“類別”等
e.g. The Americans are of almost all colures and races.
美國人幾乎包括各種各樣的膚色及種族。
His whole life was of best glory.她的一生是非常光榮的。
4. 這種結構還可表示“年齡”.“出身”“等級”等
We are of the same age. 我們年齡相同。
He was of noble birth and high rank. 他出身于高貴門庭。
Grammar
情態(tài)動詞表推測
一、對目前的行動或狀況的推測（情態(tài)動詞+do）
（1）、在肯定句中，表示很有把握的推測時用must，而不太有把握時則用may, might或could,三者依次could的語氣最弱。
e.g. You must be very tired. 你一定很累。
�。�= I am sure that you are very tired.） ( 很有把握)
You may / might / could be very tired. 你可能很累吧！
(=Perhaps / Maybe you are very tired.)（不太有把握）
（2）、在否定句中，can't 則表示“不可能”，語氣最強，而相應地may not, might not 語氣弱些，表示“可能不”。
e.g. He can't be at home. 他不可能在家。（很有把握）
He may not / might not be at home. 他可能不在家。（不太有把握）
（3）、疑問句中，通常用can表推測。
e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door.
- Who can it be ? 可能是誰呢？
Where can he be now? 他現(xiàn)在有可能在哪呢？
二、對過去的動作或狀況的推斷常用“情態(tài)動詞+have done”。語氣強弱與以上三點相同，可依次類推。但表示“過去不可能”時，除了可用can't have done之外還可用couldn't have done。
e.g. He must have gone to Wuhan. （肯定已經去了）
He may / might / could have gone to Wuhan. （可能已去了）
He can not / could not have gone to Wuhan. （不可能已去了）
Can he have gone to Wuhan? （可能去了嗎？）
can(could)/may(might)/must/will等+have+done用來對過去發(fā)生的情況做出語氣強
弱不同的推測。具體使用時請注意以下幾點：
① can一般用于疑問句和否定句, 極少用于肯定句。
e.g. ---Can she have gone to school?
---No, she can't have gone to school. I saw her just now.
�、� may表推測，一般不用于疑問句；疑問句中該用can, could或might。
e.g. How could he have forgotten such an important thing? （不用may）
Might you have met him somewhere? （不用may）
③ could, may, might 用于肯定句語氣較弱，must用于肯定句語氣很強; may,
might 用于否定句語氣較弱，can, could 用于否定句語氣很強。
e.g. He could/may/might have gone to school. 他可能上學去了。
He must have gone to school. 他肯定是上學去了。
He may/might not have gone to school. 他也許沒去上學。
He can't/couldn't have gone to school. 他肯定沒去上學。
④ must表推測，一般不用于否定句；否定句中該用can或could。
誤：We mustn't have met before.
正：We can't have met before.
needn't + have + done 可用來表示“已做了多余的事”。
e.g. There is no school today. You needn't have come.
could + have + done 可用來表示沒做某事的“遺憾”。
e.g. She came here on foot, but she could have come by bus.
could / might + have + done 也可用來表示委婉的批評。
e.g. You could have come 5 minutes earlier.
You might at least have written me a letter.
在反意問句中，表推測的情態(tài)動詞不出現(xiàn)在簡短問句部分,取而代之的應是情態(tài)動
詞。句中有過去時間狀語的，問句部分用過去時，否則，用現(xiàn)在完成時。
e.g. He must have been there yesterday, wasn't he?
He must have been there, hasn't he?
He can't have been there yesterday, was he?
He can't have been there, has he?
三、由上我們可以得出一個結論：表推測時，must只用在肯定句中，而 can只用于否定句和疑問句中。而實際上can可用于肯定句中，但這常用于表可能性，意義有所不同，譯為“有時候可能”。
e.g. Old newspaper can be useful.
舊報紙有時候還是有用的。
It can get quite cold here at night.
晚上這里有時候會相當冷。
習題對話
Language pratice
1. Choose the proper word or phrase to take the place of the underlined word(s) in the sentences.
①.glass=transparent ②. think=assume ③. make clear=clarity
④. environment=surroundings ⑤. obvious=apparent ⑥.towards one=sideways
⑦. distinguish=tell…apart… small circles=small dots
⑧. got=obtained enough=adequate
2. Use the words in the brackets to answer the question(refer to the Reading)
3. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verbs.
Dialogue 1: shall; must; needn’t; can; may; may/ can; would; can’t; must
Dialogue 2: could; can; may; must; may; would; can; may/ might; would
考題檔案
1. (NMET2004 全國) I don't mind picking up your things from the store. _______ , the walk will do me good.
A. Sooner or later B. Besides C. In time D. Still
2. (NMET2004上海春) I am sorry it’s my power to make a final decision on the project. A. over B. above C. off D. beyond
3. (NMET2004上海春) I have read the material several times but it doesn’t make any to me.
A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance
4. (NMET2004湖南) ---- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
---- You ______ have my computer if you don't take care of it.
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
5. (NMET2004 天津)- What were you doing when Tony phoned you ?
- I had just finished my work and to take a shower .
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
6. (NMET2004 江蘇) I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.
A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless
7. A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago .
A. what B. which C. that D. where
8. The house tent is expensive. I've got about half the space I had at home and I'm paying __ here.
A. as three times much B. as much three time C. much as three times D. three times as much
9. (NMET1995) She thought I was talking about her daughter, ______in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
10. [NMET1998上海] We advertised for pupils last autumn, and got________ 60.
A. more than B. more of C. as much as D. so many as
11.--Would you like me ________ the radio a bit?
--No, it's all right. I'm used to ________ with the radio _________.
A．to turn up; work; on B．to turn down; working; off
C．turning up; working; off D．to turn down; working; on
12.--What's the matter? You really look upset.
-- ___________.
--Well, better luck next time.
A．Why, I always look up to you B．I failed an important test
C．I have a bad cold D．Me? I never look down upon anybody
13. I remember _________ this used to be a very small village.
A．when B．how C．where D．what
14.The computers made by our company sell best, but several year's ago no one could have
imagined the role in the markets that they ________.
A．were playing B．were to play C．have played D．played
15.--When did Miss Wang leave the office?
--She left ________ you turned back to write on the blackboard.
A．the minute B．a time C．until D．unless
1. B besides副詞，＂況且＂
2. D 3. C make sense是固定短語，是＂有意義＂的意思
3. 4.A 5. D
6. A while 是＂雖然…但是…＂的意思 7.A
8. D 是對倍數(shù)表達法的考查倍數(shù)詞一律放在＂as＂之前 9. D
10. A more than 是＂多余，超過＂的意思
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A
一課一測
（檢測自己的能力）
A級（基礎訓練）
第一部分 單項填空
1. Which of the following is right?
A. What’s wrong with the machine? B. What is the trouble with the machine?
C. What is the matter with the machine? D. All of the above.
2.The boat______ ， throwing the boy into the water.
A. turned over B. turned down C. turned up D. turned out
3. --The dish is delicious!
--Well, at least it's ________ the one I cooked yesterday.
A. as bad as B. no worse than C. as well as D. not better than
4. Words _____ meaning, as we all know.
A. convince B. convey C. contribute D. conquer
5. You will find a map of great ____ in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _______ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
7. --I am going to the office.
--______you're there, can you get me some stamps? (NMET\'99)
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
8. The engine of the ship suddenly failed and then came a big storm , which the helplessness of the crew at sea .
A．resulted from B．added to C．turned out D．brought about
9._____by the bullets whistling by, the timid fellow hid his head in the bush,_____.
A. Frightened; left his body exposing B. Frightening; and left his body exposed
C. Frightening; leaving his body exposed D. Frightened; leaving his body exposed
10. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter ____ that I’m talking to.
A. who it is B. who is it C. it is who D. it is whom
B級（應用創(chuàng)新）
第一部分 單項填空
1._____there is no loss of speed over the blades, we can calculate the outlet velocity of the steam.
A. Assuming that B. So that C. Such that D. In order that
2. I know this is not quite the right word, but I can’t be bothered to think of .
A．a better B．a best C．the better D．the good
3．He spent several hours in the wind and snow, .
A．coldly and hungrily B．cold and hungry
C．being cold and hungry D．in cold and hunger
4．-Henry doesn’t seem to be what he was.
-No. so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.
A．Seen B．His seeing C．Having seen D．To have seen
5．If you lend me 500 pounds, it will me having to go to the bank.
A．save B．share C．serve D．help
6．It’s good that we to the park because it has sharted to rain.
A．don’t go B．hadn’t gone C．didn’t go D．wasn’t going
7．I’ve never been so poor able to afford a meal.
A．as to be not B．not as to be C．as not to be D．as to not be
8．I like during the Spring Festival when everyone stays with his family.
A．this B．that C．one D．it
9．There are ten waiting rooms at the newly-built station, in all 20,000 people.
A．seating B．seated C．sitting D．to seat
10．It is the protection for trees really matters, how many trees are planted.
A．what, besides B．that, except
C．that, rather than D．what, other than
11．It is hightly desirable that every effort to reduce the pollution in Beijing.
A．is made B．was made C．were made D．be made
12．-Mary looks hot and dry.
-So you if you had a high fever.
A．do B．are C．will D．would
13．There were a lot of people in the reading room, most of with their heads bent down over their books.
A．them B．whom C．that D．which
14．His income today is double it was five years ago.
A．that B．which C．what D．as
15．Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations
English is used.
A．when B．that C．how D．where
第二部分 完形填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分, 滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36---55各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中，選出最佳選項。
A soccer referee (裁判)punished for scoring a goal while taking charge of a game has quit the job after being found guilty of bringing the game into shame by the Essex County Football Association. The Essex County Football Association said that they were disappointed by the __1__ of Savill, who hit the headlines last year when his sympathy for a team getting beaten 1-18 went __2__ . “It is a pretty rare __3__ and hopefully it won't happen again.” Essex County FA chief executive Phil Sammons said.
Brian Savill was taking __4__ of a Great Bromley Cup game in the South of England between Earls Colne and Wimple. With 10 minutes __5__ and Wimple falling behind 1-18, Savill found the ball at his __6__ in front of the Earls Colne goal and quickly _7__it into the net, __8__ signaling a goal.
The laws of the game state that the referee is part of the playing area and that the game __9__ if the ball strikes him. There is no laws to differentiate between a (an) __10__or intentional contact. Savill's __11__ goal made__12__ difference to the result as Earls Colne went on to win 20-2, but the officials were __13__. The Essex County FA finally found 47-year-old Savill guilty and __14__ his job for seven weeks.
Savill, a referee with 18 years’ experience, officially announced that he would __15__ the job after finding out about the decision. “__ 16__ haven't got a sense of humor,” he told the Times newspaper. “It brought __17__ to everyone’s lives. It shows __18__ can be enjoyable and that we are not Hitlers running around blowing 19 all the time.” However, he advised other referees against following his __20__.
1. A. decision B. advice C. comments D. statement
2. A. wrong B. too far C. crazy D. very serious
3. A. case B. scene C. game D. score
4. A. pictures B. sights C. pity D. charge
5. A. going B. remaining C. ending D. leaving
6. A. hand B. feet C. back D. side
7. A. threw B. laid C. kicked D. hit
8. A. after B. while C. for D. before
9. A. continues B. wins C. delays D. ends
10. A. thankful B. friendly C. beautiful D. accidental
11. A. strange B. wonderful C. amazing D. helpful
12. A. little B. much C. doubtful D. sensible
13. A. watched B. pleased C. impressed D. tricked
14. A. stopped B. encouraged C. fired D. scolded
15. A. take B. leave C. improve D. refuse
16. A. We B. He C. I D. They
17. A. hate B. violence C. enjoyment D. friendship
18. A. playing B. inspecting C. scoring D. refereeing
19. A. wind B. whistles C. horns D. weapons
20. A. example B. humor C. record D. lesson
第三部分 閱讀理解
A
The trees arrived by post, a half-open parcel. They were thin and straight, rather like arrows but with shiny leaves at one end and muddy roots at the other. Terry and his father took them down the garden and planted them in their prepared places. Terry had great hopes of the middle tree, now set in the holy spot where Henry, his cat, run over, had been laid to rest a year before. The nine trees made an avenue down one side of the garden, where there was already a fifteen-foot stonewall between the garden and the back yards of the Jenkins Street houses.
“Why do we want a row of trees as well as a wall?” Terry asked his father.
His father said, “For privacy. These trees grow very thickly.”
His father’s love of privacy often puzzled Terry, who was not one to keep himself to himself, but he could see part of the point here. The houses in Jenkins Street were on higher ground. His friend Leslie lived in number twelve, and Leslie had only to stand on a box to see right over the wall.
“Will the trees grow higher than the wall?” Terry asked then.
“Oh yes, twice as high if not more. It’ll take a few years but they'll grow.”
So they were going to have nine trees thirty feet tall, to keep them from being overlooked. Terry wondered why this was so desirable. He said, “Our garden is very pretty. Why can’t we let the people over the wall see it? That wouldn’t be showing off, would it? ”
“No, I don’t think it would be,” his father said. “Yet some people might feel a bit less happy if they can always see a good thing that isn’t theirs. We don’t want to be the cause of any jealousy if we can help it.”
This consideration for other people’s feelings must be a grown-up thing. Terry thought. It was not his idea of how to run things. He said, “These trees-it seems a lot of trouble to go to just to stop people being jealous of us,”
His father looked at him. “It isn’t much trouble, Terry,” he said. “These trees will grow without help from us. They’ll be beautiful. And listen to them. You can already hear them whispering to us in the wind. ”
1. How do we know that Terry’s father was expecting the trees?
A. He thought they would grow tall and thick.
B. He expected them because they arrived by post.
C. He and Terry had dug holes for them.
D. The parcel was half open, so he could see they were trees.
2. Part of the garden is called a holy spot because .
A. Henry had been run over just there B. a cat was buried there
C. Terry thought it was holy. D. it was right in front of Leslie’s house
3. We know from the passage that Terry’s father is a man who .
A. was proud of his garden and liked showing it off B. didn’t quite like his neighbors
C. preferred to keep his privacy D. felt jealous of the people in Jenkins Street
4. Why were the trees planted in front of the wall?
A. Because that was where they would grow faster. B. To improve the appearance of the house.
C. To hide the ugly sight of Jenkins Street. D. To stop people from looking inside.
5. According to Terry’s father, the thing that might have made the neighbors feel less happy
was ________ .
A. the wall B. the thriving row of trees C. the well-kept garden D. the privacy of the place
B
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Bad events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some helpful life changing events like marriage.
When you take the Holmes Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress - it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you deal with these events dramatically（戲劇性地） affects your chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran titles like "Stress causes illness".
If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy the articles said avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous ,many - like the death of a loved one - are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription （處方） for staying away from chances as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of a lot of what we know about people. It supposes we’re all vulnerable and not active in the face of the difficult situation. But what about human ability and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and physical and mental pressure.
6. The result of Holmes Rahe’s medical research tells us ________ .
A. the way you deal with major events may cause stress
B. what should be done to avoid stress
C. what kind of event would cause stress
D. how to deal with sudden changes in life
7. The studies on stress in the early 1970s led to ________ .
A. popular avoidance of stressful jobs B. great fear over the mental disorder
C. a careful research into stress related illnesses D. widespread worry about its harmful effects
8. The score of the Holmes Rahe test shows________ .
A. how you can deal with life changing events B. how helpful events can change your life
C. how stressful a major event can be D. how much pressure you are under
9. Why is "such simplistic advice" ( Line 1, Para.3) impossible to follow?
A. No one can stay on the same job for long
B. No prescription is effective in reducing stress
C. People have to get married someday
D. You could be missing chances as well
10. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ________ .
A. nervous when faced with difficulties B. physically and mentally tired
C. more able to deal with difficulties D. cold toward what happens to them
第四部分 短文改錯
Dear Mum and Dad:
This is a quick note tell you that we have arrived 1:________
safely and that we are having a real wonderful time. 2:________
The flight is very good and we arrived at our hotel 3:________
in time for our evening meal. The weather here is 4:________
much better than at home. Sometimes it rain a little 5:________
at night, and it’s sunny during the day. If the 6:________
weather is nice the next week，we’ll go sailing. 7:________
Today I have to write all my postcards. I want it to 8:________
arrive before we will get back home on Sunday. We're 9:________
all well, and looking forward to see you. 10:________
Hope all's well.
Lots of love
第五部分：書面表達
5月2日《蓉城日報》報道：某大型超市最近做出一項新的決定：為減少白色污染，超市將不再為購物的顧客提供免費的塑料袋。請你就此從以下幾個方面發(fā)表自己的看法：
1．這一決定的利與弊
2．建議超市提供紙袋，顧客也可自帶包裝
3．要徹底解決白色污染的問題，需要首先提高人們對環(huán)保的認識
注意：1．詞數(shù)：100左右； 2．參考詞匯：《蓉城日報》：Rongcheng Daily
參考答案
第一部分 單項填空
1-5 DABBC 6-10 CBBBA
第一部分 單項填空
1-5 AABBA 6-10 CCDAC 11-15 DDACD
第二部分 完形填空
1-5 ABADB 6-10 BCDAD 11-15 AACAB 16-20 DCDBA
第三部分 閱讀理解
1-5 CBCDC 6-10 ADDBC
第四部分 短文改錯
1. note 與tell 之間加to 2. real→ really 3. is→ was 4. √ 5. rain→ rains
6. and→ but 7. 去掉the 8. it→ them 9. 去掉will 10. see→ seeing
第五部分：寫作
One possible version:
It is reported in Rongcheng Daily that a big supermarket has made a new decision that in order to reduce white pollution, the market will no longer provide for the customers free plastic bags. In my opinion, the decision will have both positive and negative effects. As is known, people throw away used plastic bags wherever they want to and the white pollution, mainly caused by plastics, which is hard to break down, is becoming a danger to people’s life. There is no doubt that the decision will do good to the environment. However, it will bring inconvenience to the customers. It’s likely that fewer people will choose this supermarket and therefore the sales of the shop will be badly affected.
To solve this problem, I think the supermarket can provide paper bags or the customers are encouraged to bring along bags of their own. But what I want to point out is that stopping providing plastic bags is far from being the best way to protect the earth from white pollution. It’s not until everyone understands the importance of protecting environment that the world will be really clean.
蜜
蜜蜂的語言
有很多種不同種類的蜂.有些是聚居在大家族里,象蜜蜂,把它們的窩筑在樹上或巖石洞里.還有一些則把它們的窩筑在地下的洞里.也有一些根本就不住在一起的蜜蜂.在不同種類的蜂之中,蜜蜂吸引了很多科學家,因為他們用一種語言來互相傳遞信息.1851年,現(xiàn)代蜂房的研制使研究蜜蜂語言的實驗成為可能.
卡爾馮弗里希教授,一個澳大利亞的科學家,多年研究在黑暗的蜂房里蜜蜂是怎樣以很巧妙的方式傳遞信息的.馮弗里希教授多年從事蜜蜂的研究工作,他對一再觀察到的某些現(xiàn)象曾感到迷惑不解.當他把一小碟一小碟的蜜放在桌上時,蜜蜂不一會兒就來了.只要有一只蜜蜂發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜜,沒多久便飛來許多蜜蜂.看來,一只(發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物的)蜜蜂能把食物的信息傳遞給蜂箱里的其他蜜蜂.這是怎樣傳遞的呢?為了弄清情況,馮弗里希制作了幾個特殊的蜂箱,每個里面只有一蜂巢.蜂箱的一面裝上玻璃,他可以透過玻璃觀察蜜蜂在里面的活動情況.為了便于區(qū)別,他在一些蜜蜂的身上涂上顏色.
當一只帶有標記的蜜蜂從喂食的桌上飛回蜂箱時,馮弗里希就透過玻璃進行觀察.使他驚異的是,這只蜜蜂在巢壁上跳起舞來.先向右轉一圈,再向左轉一圈.就這樣一遍又一遍地來回轉圈.但情況還不只此.這種舞蹈似乎使周圍的蜜蜂也活躍起來了.它們成群地跟在這只蜜蜂后面,模仿它的動作.然后離開蜂箱飛到喂食處去了.這種圓圈舞好象是傳遞有關食物的信息.可是它還傳遞什么別的信息嗎?
馮弗里希想弄清這種舞蹈能不能說明喂食處有多遠. 因此,他安排了兩個喂食處.
一個靠近蜂箱.另一個遠離蜂箱. 他給所有來附近喂食處的蜜蜂標上藍色,給飛到遠的喂食處的蜜蜂標上紅色.當蜜蜂返回蜂箱時,馮弗里�？吹搅艘环N奇妙的現(xiàn)象.所有到過近處喂食處的蜜蜂都跳著圓圈舞.所有到過遠處喂食處的蜜蜂都跳著一種完全不同的舞--擺尾舞.跳舞的蜜蜂沿著直線飛,腹部左右擺動.然后它轉半個圈,再沿直線飛,在另一邊又轉半個圈.它一遍又一遍地不斷重復著這些"舞步".情況清楚了.圓圈舞的意思是食物在近處.擺尾舞的意思是食物在遠處.
接下來,馮弗里希和他的同事們在靠近蜂箱的地方設立了一個喂食處. 接著他們把喂食處慢慢地往遠處移動.他們回到蜂箱近旁時,便仔細觀察擺尾舞.他們用跑表計算蜜蜂在一分鐘內重復舞蹈的次數(shù).他們發(fā)現(xiàn)喂食地點越遠,舞就跳得越慢,舞蹈越慢,在一分鐘內能夠重復的次數(shù)就越少.于是又發(fā)現(xiàn)一個令人驚訝的情況.每分鐘擺尾舞的次數(shù)說明到喂食地點的距離.他們也發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜蜂在它們的蜂房和喂食處所飛的最大距離是3.2公里.
其次,馮弗里希和他的同事們要知道的是蜜蜂們是否能夠告訴其它伙伴確切的食物位置.例如,蜜蜂能否交流具體的方向,像東西南北,東南和西南等.
當蜜蜂發(fā)現(xiàn)一個喂食處的時候,它們能夠從蜂箱直接飛到喂食處. 不一會,一群蜜蜂就象一股小風暴一樣從蜂箱飛到喂食處.幾個世紀以前,"蜂線"這個單詞就出現(xiàn)了,現(xiàn)在,我們就可以得出"給某人或某樣東西作一條直線"的表達方式,意思是為某人或某樣東西快速沿著一條直線走.
卡爾馮弗里希畢生研究包括蜜蜂在內的動物傳遞信息的辦法,1973年,他和另外兩個科學家獲得了諾貝爾獎.他死于1982年.