Reading: Give a man a fish
1. severity (L2 P2) n. 嚴(yán)肅;嚴(yán)格;嚴(yán)重;激烈
e.g. punish sb. with severity 嚴(yán)厲地懲罰某人
acts of severity 激烈的行為
the severity of the winter 冬天的嚴(yán)寒
severe adj. 嚴(yán)厲的, 嚴(yán)格的, 劇烈的, 嚴(yán)重的, 嚴(yán)峻的
e.g. be severe with/on sb. 對某人很嚴(yán)厲
a severe storm/ competition 猛烈的暴風(fēng)雨/激烈的競爭
severe pain/injuries 劇痛/重傷
speak in a severe voice 以嚴(yán)峻的口吻說話
a severe test of our loyalty 對我們忠誠的嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)
2. shock (L2 P2) v. 使震驚，驚駭
e.g. The picture of the bus crash shocked all the people at the conference.
I was shocked at the news that Sanlu powered milk products were found to be contaminated by melamine.
Everyone was shocked by his sudden death.
n. 震驚；驚愕
e.g. Her unexpected death came to us as a shock.
She said the scary movie gave her the shock of her life.
3. intend v. (L6 P2)
intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算讓某人做某事
intend for… 打算供...使用 intend that … had intended… 本打算
e.g. He intends to study abroad next year. 他打算明年到國外留學(xué)。
He intends his son to manage the company. 他打算讓兒子經(jīng)營公司。
The book is intended for beginners. 本書是為初學(xué)者編寫的。
They intend that the plan should be put into practice within the year.
= They intend the plan to be put into practice within the year. 他們打算在本年內(nèi)實(shí)行該計(jì)劃。
I had intended to go to your party yesterday but an unexpected guest visited me.
我本打算昨天去參加你的晚會的，但我有個(gè)不速之客。
4. put pressure on sb. (L9 P2) 給…施加壓力
put sb. under pressure (to do sth.) 迫使某人（做某事）
under pressure 在壓力下；迫不得已
under the pressure of … 在……逼迫下，在……的壓力下
e.g. Customer complaints put great pressure on the company to improve their products and services.
顧客投訴迫使公司改進(jìn)其產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)。
They put pressure on me to sell my precious land. 他們給我施加壓力要我賣掉寶貴的土地。
The army put pressure on the enemy, and forced them to fall back. 軍隊(duì)給敵人施加壓力迫使他們后退。
work under pressure 在壓力下工作
5. on top of (L14 P2) adv. 在...之上; 另外，此外（通常指不愉快的事情）
e.g. Put this record on top of the others. 把這張唱片放在其他唱片上面。
He had a bad week. He lost his job, and on top of that, his car was stolen.
這一周他過得很糟糕。他丟了工作，不但如此，他的車還被偷了。
(be/feel) on top of the world 非常愉快或自豪(尤指因獲成功或好運(yùn))
I'm on top of the world. 我高興極了。
6. claim (L15 P2)
(1) vt.奪去（生命）；（事物）要求…,值得
e.g. The earthquake claimed over fifty thousand lives. 那次地震奪走了五萬多人的生命。
His speech claims our attention. 他的演講值得我們注意。
(2) v./n. (根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求, 認(rèn)領(lǐng), 聲稱, 主張, 需要
e.g. Have you claimed for damages? 你要求損害賠償金了嗎？
She claims that she is related to the Queen.
= She claims to be related to the Queen. 她聲稱和女王有親屬關(guān)系。
They have no claim on us. 他們沒有向我們提出要求的權(quán)利。
He has the best claim to the honor. 他最有資格獲得這榮譽(yù)。
lay claim to sth. 聲稱對某事有權(quán)利 e.g. lay claim to a property 聲稱對財(cái)產(chǎn)有權(quán)利
7. crisis (L20 P2) n. (pl. crises) 危機(jī), 恐慌；轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn), 決定性時(shí)刻
e.g. a financial/political/domestic crisis 財(cái)政/政治/國內(nèi)危機(jī)
come to/reach a crisis 陷入危機(jī)
pass a crisis 渡過危機(jī), 脫離危險(xiǎn)期
In times of crisis it’s good to have a friend to turn to. 危難時(shí)好在有朋友可以投奔。
8. target (L21 P2)
(1) vt. 瞄準(zhǔn); 把...作為目標(biāo)[對象];為...定指標(biāo)(常用被動)
target sth. at / on sth.
e.g. missiles targeted at/on Britain 瞄準(zhǔn)英國的導(dǎo)彈
a sales campaign targeted at the youth market 面向青年人市場的大推銷
What type of reader is the new magazine targeting? 新雜志的目標(biāo)讀者是哪種？
(2) n. 目標(biāo), 對象, 靶子;指標(biāo), 定額
e.g. become the target of scorn 成為受輕蔑的對象
set a target for production 制定生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)
His target was to win the tennis tournament. 他的目標(biāo)是要贏得網(wǎng)球錦標(biāo)賽。
meet one’s export targets 達(dá)到出口指標(biāo)
Production so far this year is on/off target. 今年到目前為止生產(chǎn)已達(dá)到/未達(dá)到指標(biāo)。
target language 目標(biāo)語，被譯成的語言
9. risk (L21 P2)
(1) n. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)，冒險(xiǎn)
e.g. at risk 在危險(xiǎn)中
at all risks (=at any risk) 無論冒什么危險(xiǎn); 無論如何
at one's own risk (損失、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等)由自已負(fù)責(zé)
at the risk of … 冒...之險(xiǎn); 不顧...之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
run/take the risk of doing sth. 冒險(xiǎn)做某事
take no risk 慎重行事
(2) vt. 冒...的危險(xiǎn); 冒險(xiǎn)干; 賭注于 risk (doing) sth.
e.g. risk getting caught in a storm 冒遭遇風(fēng)暴之險(xiǎn)
risk one's fortune [health, life] 冒著財(cái)產(chǎn)[健康, 性命]風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
10. without (a) doubt (L25 P2) = without question; certainly; definitely無疑地；確實(shí)地；肯定地
beyond/ out of doubt : (= no doubt) adv. 無疑地；確實(shí)地
There is no doubt that …… 毫無疑問……
e.g. Without doubt you are right. 無疑地你是對的。
Beyond doubt, he will recover. 他會康復(fù)，這是毫無疑問的。
If you have doubts about the trip, you can ask your tour guide.
如果您對旅行有疑問的話，您可以咨詢導(dǎo)游。
v. It is human to doubt. 懷疑是人的天性。
Do you doubt what he said at the meeting? 你懷疑他在會議上所講的話嗎？
I do not doubt that he’ll come. 我確信他會來。
I doubt whether/if he will keep his word. 我懷疑他是否會遵守諾言。
11. at the/a crossroads (L28 P2) 在十字路口;面臨抉擇的關(guān)頭, 處于重要轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)
e.g. stand/be at the/a crossroads 處于重大的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)
12. merely (L30 P3) adv. only; simply 僅; 只; 不過
e.g. She was frightened of the big dog, even though it merely barked at her.
她非常害怕這只大狗，盡管它只是朝她叫了一聲。
This is merely a made-up story. Do not take it too seriously. 這僅僅是一個(gè)編造的故事，不必當(dāng)真。
13. long-term(L31 P3) 長期有效的 (反) short-term
a long-term investment 長期投資
in the long/ short term/run 從長遠(yuǎn)/短期的觀點(diǎn)看
in terms of 以…的觀點(diǎn)；就…而說
come to terms with 與…達(dá)成協(xié)議
on equal terms 同等關(guān)系
14. switch (L33 P3) vt. 擰動(電鈕等); 轉(zhuǎn)變, 改變 n. 開關(guān)；(突然的)改變，轉(zhuǎn)變
e.g. switch the light on/off 開/關(guān)電燈
Let’s switch seats. 我們交換一下座位吧。
switch the discussion to another topic 換一個(gè)討論題目
You drive first and then we’ll switch round/over. 你先駕駛，過一會咱們再換著開。
switch (make a switch) from publishing to teaching 由出版工作改為教學(xué)工作
15. dependent (L40 P3) adj. 依靠的, 依賴的; 由...決定的, 隨...而定的 (反) independent
e.g. be dependent on one’s parents 依靠父母
Success is dependent on how hard you work. 成功取決于努力的程度。
dependence (U)n. 依靠，依賴；信賴，信任 (反) independence
16. conventional (L52 P3) adj. 慣例的, 常規(guī)的, 習(xí)俗的, 傳統(tǒng)的
e.g. She is so conventional in her views. 她的觀點(diǎn)太保守。
conventional weapons 常規(guī)武器
a conventional design 傳統(tǒng)圖案
17. fill one’s belly (L60 P3) 填飽肚子
18. artificial (L3 P5) adj. 人造的，人工的，仿造的；不自然的，虛假的
e.g. artificial snow 人造雪
an artificial satellite/flower 人造衛(wèi)星/人造花
an artificial smile 不自然的微笑
artificial manners 矯揉造作的態(tài)度
Grammar and Task
19. in debt (P9) 欠債 （= in the red） out of debt 不欠債
debt n. 債；債務(wù) pay off one’s debts 還清債務(wù)
e.g. If I pay all my debts, I shall have no money left.如果我還清了所有的債，我就一分錢不剩了。
20. repay v. (pt, pp repaid repaid)
(1) repay sth. (to) sb.付，還（錢）；償還某物
e.g. repay a debt/ loan 清償債務(wù)/貸款
If you lend me $2, I’ll repay it (to you) tomorrow. 你要是借我兩美元，我明天就還給你。
(2) repay sb. (for sth.) 以某物酬報(bào)某人
repay sb. (with sth.) 報(bào)答某人某事物
e.g. How can I repay (you for) your kindness? 我怎么能報(bào)答你的恩惠呢？
The firm repaid her hard work with a bonus. 公司發(fā)給她獎金以酬謝她工作努力。
repayment n. 償還，回報(bào)；償還之物，付還之款
21. finance n. [U] 財(cái)政，財(cái)務(wù)
e.g. an expert in finance 財(cái)政專家
the Minister of Finance 財(cái)政部長
[pl.] finances 財(cái)政狀況；收入 e.g. Our firm’s finances are not sound. 我們公司的財(cái)政不健全。
v. 提供資金給…
e.g. The scheme is partly financed by the local government. 此計(jì)劃有一部分是當(dāng)?shù)卣Y助的。
financial adj. 財(cái)務(wù)的，金融的 in financial difficulties 處于財(cái)務(wù)困難之中
22. weaken vt.（使）變?nèi)酰魅?(反) strengthen
e.g. Hunger and disease has weakened his constitution. 他饑餓與疾病交加，體質(zhì)已削弱。
My eyes have weakened recently. 我的視力最近變?nèi)趿恕?/p>
weak adj. 弱的，虛弱的；衰弱的；軟弱的，懦弱的
e.g. She is still weak after her long illness. 久病之后她仍很虛弱。
He is a man of weak character. 他這人性格軟弱。
He is weak in maths, but good at English. 他數(shù)學(xué)差，但英語好。
weakness n. [U.]虛弱，軟弱/ [ C]弱點(diǎn)e.g. We all have our weaknesses. 我們大家都有不足之處。
23. campaign vi.發(fā)起運(yùn)動
campaign for/against sb./sth. 參加或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一戰(zhàn)役或運(yùn)動
e.g. She spent her life campaigning for women’s rights. 她畢生致力于女權(quán)運(yùn)動。
n. the Huaihai Campaign 淮海戰(zhàn)役
a political campaign 政治運(yùn)動
辨析：battle, fight, campaign, war
battle 指有組織的武裝部隊(duì)之間的戰(zhàn)斗。
campaign指在某一地區(qū)所作的一連串有固定目的軍事行動，往往可包括許多battle。
fight 指“打斗”行為，“打架”。
war 指兩國或國內(nèi)政治派別間使用武裝力量。
24. squeeze n. (1)緊迫狀態(tài)，拮據(jù)，困境；(金融)緊縮(通常用單數(shù))
e.g. be in a tight squeeze 陷入困境
(2) 緊握，緊抱
e.g. He gave his wife a gentle squeeze. 他溫柔地緊抱妻子。
v. 壓榨，壓擠，擰干 squeeze out my wet clothes 擰干濕衣服
squeeze a lemon 榨檸檬
squeeze one’s way 推開別人通過，勉強(qiáng)通過，擠過
25. casual adj.偶然的；碰巧的；漫不經(jīng)心的；臨時(shí)的
e.g. a casual meeting/answer 偶然的相會/隨口而出的答復(fù)
casual clothes/expenses 便服/臨時(shí)費(fèi)用
26. handy adj.手邊的，隨手可用的 handier, handiest
e.g. a handy tool 方便的工具
be handy for sb. 對某人很方便
e.g. Our flat is very handy for the schools. 我們的住所離學(xué)校很近，非常方便。
27. show off (P11) 炫耀自己的能力、財(cái)富、智慧等
e.g. The child danced around the room, showing off to everybody.
那個(gè)小孩滿屋子跳舞，向大家顯擺一番。
拓展：show sb. in/ out/ through/ into the room 領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)入/出來/通過/進(jìn)入房間
show sb. around 領(lǐng)某人參觀
show sth. to sb. /show sb. sth. 給某人看某物
show up 出席，到場
on show 展出，陳列
Project
28. set (L4 P14) v. 調(diào)整，安排
e.g. set my alarm for 6 o’clock 把鬧鐘調(diào)到六點(diǎn)
set the table 擺好桌子
set the date for the wedding 安排婚期
29. bare (L4 P14) adj.
(1)無遮蔽的；赤裸的；基本的
a tree bare of leaves 沒有樹葉的樹
the bare necessities of life 最起碼的生活必需品
bare facts 簡單明了的事實(shí);事實(shí)真相
Don't walk on that broken glass with bare feet. 不要光著腳走在那些碎玻璃上。
(2)空的 a bare room (沒有家具的)空房間
(3)僅有的 A bare word would be enough. 只要一句話就夠了。
He earns a bare living by his work. 他工作收入僅夠維持生活。
barely adv. 光禿禿地，空空地；僅夠，幾乎沒有
e.g. We barely had time to catch the train. 我們幾乎來不及趕火車。
30. put sth into practice (L21 P14) 將…付諸實(shí)施
e.g. We must put our plans into practice. 我們必須將計(jì)劃付諸實(shí)行。
in practice 實(shí)際上; 在不斷練習(xí)中;
Practice makes perfect. [諺]熟能生巧。
辨析：practice, exercise, drill 都含“實(shí)踐”、“練習(xí)”的意思
practice 指“為一目的或使技能達(dá)到熟巧而進(jìn)行體力或智力方面的反復(fù)實(shí)踐”
e.g. He does his practice on the violin every day. 他天天練小提琴。
exercise 指“體力或智力的反復(fù)運(yùn)用以發(fā)揮力量或增進(jìn)健康”
e.g. grammatical exercises 語法練習(xí)
drill 指“反復(fù)不斷地進(jìn)行某種特殊練習(xí), 以鍛煉身心而養(yǎng)成正確的習(xí)慣”
e.g. pattern drills 句型操練
31. in danger (L26 P14) 在…危險(xiǎn)之中
out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)
e.g. The bridge is in danger of collapse. 橋要塌了。
endanger v. 危及，危害；使遭到危險(xiǎn)
e.g. Smoking endangers your health. 吸煙危害健康。
an endangered species 面臨絕種危險(xiǎn)的動物 (= in danger of becoming extinct )
32. require (L15 P14) vt
(1) 需要 require sb. to do; sth require doing sth.= sth require to be done.
e.g. The floor requires washing. 地板該洗了。
I require two children to help me. 我需要兩個(gè)孩子來幫我的忙。
(2) 要求require sth. of sb.對某人有...的要求
require that ...(should)+v.
e.g. We did all that was required of us. 我們做了要求我們所做的一切。
The emergency requires that it should be done. 情況緊急, 非這樣做不可。
requirement n. 必需品；必要條件
meet one’s requirements 滿足某人的條件
fulfill the requirements of the government 履行政府的規(guī)定
33. power (L32 P14)
vt.供以動力, 使有力量 power electrical equipment 為電器供電
n (1) 體能；智能；能力
labour power勞動力
have the power to see in the dark 具有在黑暗中能看見東西的本領(lǐng)
(2) 權(quán)力;勢力；影響力
military power 軍事力量
Knowledge is power. 知識就是力量。
(3)有權(quán)力的人；強(qiáng)國 the great world powers 世界列強(qiáng)
辨析：power / force / strength
power側(cè)重于權(quán)力
force 指"運(yùn)用或發(fā)揮出來的力量, 可以克服阻力, 使人或物按要求方向運(yùn)動", 如:
strength 側(cè)重于指體力，力氣, 如:
34. foreseeable (L45 P14) adj.可預(yù)知的, 能預(yù)測的, 能看透的
in the foreseeable future 不久，在短期內(nèi)
foresee v. (pt, pp foresaw-foreseen)
foresee the rapid increase in unemployment 預(yù)知失業(yè)人數(shù)激增
35. contribute to (L49 P14)
(1)捐獻(xiàn)［贈］， 出錢
contribute to the Red Cross 向紅十字會捐獻(xiàn)
(2)有助于, 促成, 是…的成因之一
Drink contributed to his ruin. 酗酒促使他毀滅。
(3)投稿
He contributed an article to China Daily. 他為《中國日報(bào)》撰寫一篇文章。
(4)出力， 做出貢獻(xiàn)
The Song Dynasty contributed three great inventions to the world civilization.
宋朝為世界文明貢獻(xiàn)出三大發(fā)明。
36. push for (L52 P14) 努力爭取
push one's plan 大力實(shí)施自己的計(jì)劃
push a campaign 大力推進(jìn)一場運(yùn)動
push one's way through a crowd 從人群中擠出
push sb. to do sth.=push sb into doing sth. 催促某人做某事
push away 推開
push ahead with 繼續(xù)推行（計(jì)劃等）
37. alternative (L54 P14) adj. 隨便一個(gè)的；二者擇一的
e.g. The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road.
這條路被擋住了，因此我們走了另一條路。
find alternative means of transport
另找一個(gè)運(yùn)輸方法
n. 可能性中的選擇；可能性之一
e.g. You have the alternative of speaking or of keeping quiet. 你或者發(fā)言，要不然就保持肅靜。
We have no alternative but to go on. 除了繼續(xù)下去,我們沒有選擇的余地。
alternate adj. 交替的，輪流的
e.g. She works on alternate days. 她隔日工作。
Night and day alternate.＝Day alternates with night. 晝夜交替。
辨析：alternative, choice 和selection
alternative一般強(qiáng)調(diào)在幾種可能性或者行為方式之間所做的選擇。
choice泛指從一組人或物中進(jìn)行自由選擇，指選擇，挑選，抉擇。
selection 含有可供選擇的許多不同的人或物的意思，尤指選拔。
38.conscious (L59 P15) adj.
(1) 有意識的；神志清醒的
He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了傷，不過神志還清醒。
(2)了解的；察覺的
be conscious of one's shortcomings 意識到自已的缺點(diǎn)
I am conscious that I have done right. 我相信自己做得不錯。
39.nevertheless (L98 P15) adv盡管如此；不過；可是；然而
e.g. He succeeded nevertheless. 不過他還是成功了。
He's stupid, but I like him nevertheless. 他是很笨，然而我喜歡他。
conj.(盡管如此)還是, 然而, 不過
We are going nevertheless we shall return. 我們要走了, 不過我們還要回來。
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作。