當(dāng)前中考形勢(shì) ,考試范圍及考試精神
(一)中考形勢(shì) :
全國各地自主命題 ,多種題型 ,百花齊放 。
除“聽力理解”,“選擇填空”,“閱讀理解”“完形填空”“書面表達(dá)”等題型與“全國統(tǒng)一高考”以及“全國公共英語等級(jí)考試第一、二級(jí)”相似外 ,各地試題中出現(xiàn)了諸如 :
1.“完成句子”
(北京西城區(qū) :一、根據(jù)句意和首字母的提示寫出所缺單詞,使該句子完整、合理。北京海淀區(qū) :七. 完成句子, 根據(jù)中文意思完成下列句子 。每空只填一詞 。);
2.“單句中單詞形式變化填空”
(北京西城區(qū) :二、根據(jù)句意用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空!
沈陽市 :Ⅴ、據(jù)意填詞(本題共15分,每空1分)根據(jù)句子意思,在每個(gè)句子的空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,使句子意義完整,語法正確。
哈爾濱市 :四.詞匯測(cè)試(本題共20分,每小題1分)I.單詞釋義 根據(jù)首字母及英文單詞釋義寫出這個(gè)單詞。II.用所給單詞的正確形式和音標(biāo)填空。III.用詞填空 根據(jù)句意填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,使句子完整正確。);
3.“單句改錯(cuò)”
(北京西城區(qū) :三、下列各句中均有一處錯(cuò)誤,找出錯(cuò)誤,并將該序號(hào)填在括號(hào)中,然后將正確答案寫在橫線上。)
4.“漢語提示單句造句”
(北京西城區(qū) :四、根據(jù)中文意思和英文提示詞語,用所學(xué)過的句型寫出正確的句子。所給英文提示詞語必須都用上;每題限用一個(gè)句子表達(dá)。);
5.“漢語內(nèi)容提示 + 英語詞語提示作文”
(北京西城區(qū) :五、根據(jù)中文意思和英文提示詞語,寫出意思連貫、符合邏輯的英文文段。所給的英文提示詞語必須都用上,句數(shù)不限;中文提示內(nèi)容不必逐句翻譯。);
6.“單詞拼寫”
(北京海淀區(qū) :五. 單詞拼寫 根據(jù)句意 ,補(bǔ)全單句中所缺字母。 把完整的單詞書寫在答題卡上);
7.“補(bǔ)全對(duì)話”
(北京海淀區(qū) :補(bǔ)全對(duì)話 根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容幾圖示 ,在每個(gè)空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~ ,使對(duì)話完整 ,合乎情景 。
沈陽市 :Ⅵ、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(本題共10分,每空1分)在對(duì)話空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑捳Z(話語可能是一個(gè)句子,也可能是一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)詞),使對(duì)話完整并正確。)
8.“改寫句子”
(沈陽市 :Ⅶ、改寫句子(本題共10分,每空1分)在改寫后的句中空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,使該句意思與原句意思相同或相近。
哈爾濱市 :五.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(本題共10分,每空0.5分)按要求改寫下列各句,每空只限填一詞。)
9.“句子翻譯”
(沈陽市 :、、(本題共10分,每空1分)根據(jù)所給中文完成句子翻譯(每空詞數(shù)不限)。)
10.“交際英語”
(哈爾濱市 :三.交際英語(本題共10分,每小題1分)根據(jù)下列對(duì)話情景,選出最佳答案。)
(二)中考考試范圍及考試精神 。
1. 在聽說讀寫全面能力提高的基礎(chǔ)上 ,著重于“語言知識(shí)”在“聽讀寫”三方面的運(yùn)用能力的測(cè)試 。
2. “語言知識(shí)”包括 ,現(xiàn)行初中英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)語法 ,語音 ,和詞匯知識(shí) 。其中,仍然側(cè)重“九年義務(wù)教育全日制初級(jí)中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱”的700個(gè)最基本詞匯 ,同時(shí)囊括現(xiàn)行各類初中教材的常用語法與詞匯(總計(jì)英語單詞1000個(gè)左右)。
3. 各地自主命題 ,不統(tǒng)一“題型” ,不統(tǒng)一“分?jǐn)?shù)全重” ,但均以“語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用測(cè)試”和“語言能力測(cè)試”為“基本命題目標(biāo)” ;“統(tǒng)一考試精神” 而“考試具體方法各有千秋” ;“條條道路通羅馬” ,中考改革正在向著最先進(jìn)的“國際英語考試模式”的理想目標(biāo)“穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)”。
(三)中考復(fù)習(xí)建議 。
1. 發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) :2002年各地中考試卷,類似2002年高考試卷,其命題指導(dǎo)思想雷同 ;都是在 “穩(wěn)定中 ,求發(fā)展 ”。
2003年各地中考試卷,將類似2003年高考試卷,其命題指導(dǎo)思想仍然是在 “穩(wěn)定中 ,求發(fā)展 ”。
(1) 2003年各地中考試卷的“骨干題型”, (“聽力理解”,“選擇填空”,“閱讀理解”“完形填空”“書面表達(dá)”等),十幾年來 , 乃至二十多年來 , 經(jīng)歷了全國高考與各地中考的“改革洗禮”,必將日益完善 , 日見成熟 。
(2) 本書在“當(dāng)前中考形勢(shì) ,考試范圍及考試精神 。中考形勢(shì) : ”部分提及的“其他中考題型”(如,“完成句子”,“單詞拼寫”,“句子翻譯”等等),都曾經(jīng)在高考改革“第一階段(1977-1987)”出現(xiàn)過 ;它們也一定會(huì)在經(jīng)受實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)的過程中 ,日益完善 ,最終被納入“骨干題型”的行列 。
2.中考復(fù)習(xí)建議 。
(1)以本地先行教材為分析資料 ,以比較先進(jìn)的外地中考試卷為參考 ,以比較接近“國際先進(jìn)考試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的“全國公共英語等級(jí)考試第二級(jí)()”為“學(xué)習(xí)模版”,進(jìn)行側(cè)重于“聽讀寫”的“聽說讀寫”全面復(fù)習(xí) 。
(2) 具體復(fù)習(xí)步驟有四項(xiàng)注意 :
1) 基礎(chǔ)先學(xué)(First Things First .) ;
2)“聽說讀寫”實(shí)踐(而不是“理論說教”)才能使人英語進(jìn)步(Practice And Progress);
2) 英語復(fù)習(xí)猶如“技藝培訓(xùn)”(Developing Skills ),反復(fù)練習(xí) ,千錘百煉 ,才能“技藝純熟”。
3) 不可能“背誦默寫”幾次 ,便能“牢記不忘” ;必須“聽說讀寫”復(fù)習(xí)過的詞語(尤其是完整的文段 ,對(duì)話),達(dá)到“口語流利 ,筆語流暢”(Fluency)的地步才能“牢記不忘”。
※上述四句英語就是亞歷山大的課本“新概念英語”(LGAlexander :“New Concept English”)一至四冊(cè)書的書名 。
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重點(diǎn)句型大回放
1.I think…意為“我認(rèn)為……”,是對(duì)某人或某事的看法或態(tài)度的一種句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…,如:I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.
2.give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意為“把……給……”,動(dòng)詞give之后可接雙賓語,可用這兩種句型;若指物的賓語是人稱代詞時(shí),則只能用give it/ them to sb. 如:
His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)
3.take sb./ sth. to…意為“把……(送)帶到……”,后常接地點(diǎn),也可接人。如:
Please take the new books to the classroom.
4.One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意為“一個(gè)是……;另一個(gè)是……”,必須是兩者中。如:One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.
5.Let sb. do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”,人后應(yīng)用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,其否定式為Don’t let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Let’s 與Let us的含義不完全相同,前者包括聽者在內(nèi),后者不包括聽者在內(nèi),如:Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.
6.help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意為“幫助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作賓補(bǔ),后者用介詞短語作賓補(bǔ),二者可以互換。如:Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.
7.What about…?/How about…?意為“……怎么樣?”是用來詢問或征求對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)、意見、看法等。about為介詞,其后須接名詞、代詞或V-ing等形式。如:What/How playing chess?
8.It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意為“該做……的時(shí)間了”,其中to后須接原形動(dòng)詞,for后可接名詞或V-ing形式。如:It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.
9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意為“喜歡做某事”,如:Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一種句型側(cè)重具體的一次性的動(dòng)作;后一種句型側(cè)重習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,試比較:
Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.
10.a(chǎn)sk sb.(not) to do sth. 意為“讓某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞不定式,如:
Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)
11.show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意為“把某物給某人看”,該句型的用法同前面第2點(diǎn)。如:
Show your friend your family photo.(L36)/Show your family photo to your friend.
12.introduce sb. to sb. 意為“把某人介紹給另一人”;introduce to sb.則是“向某人作介紹”。如:Introduce your family to her. (L37)
構(gòu)詞法 : 合成 ,派生 和 轉(zhuǎn)換
在2002年各地中考試卷中 ,各類構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的詞語比比皆是 ,俯拾即是 。隨便翻閱2002年北京西城區(qū)試卷 ,便會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)大量此類詞語 。 如 :
1. 轉(zhuǎn)換法 構(gòu)成的詞語 :
“點(diǎn)撥例析”一 :
When he returned to England for a visit(名詞) twenty years later, he decided to go back to his old college. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀A篇)
He went to visit(動(dòng)詞) the old man, and after they had an interesting talk, the teacher went out to get something.
“點(diǎn)撥例析”二 :
41. Can you guess(動(dòng)詞) why the teacher still used the same exam paper twenty years later?
Because ______.及其正確選項(xiàng)A. times have changed, answers have changed, too(2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀A篇).
可以補(bǔ)充這樣一句 :That’s only my guess(名詞).
“點(diǎn)撥例析”三 :
Mabel picked up the tickets and looked at them. She was surprised(形容詞). Then she was excited (興奮的)(形容詞). One ticket was a winning ticket! (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀B篇)
可以補(bǔ)充這樣兩句 :It surprised(令人吃驚)(動(dòng)詞) her and it also excited(令人興奮)(動(dòng)詞) her .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”四 :
A needle put into an acupuncture point(點(diǎn)) (名詞)(針灸穴位)on a patient’s leg, for example, changed the moving of energy to the patient’s stomach (胃;腹部).
Modern doctors point out(指出)(動(dòng)詞)that the acupuncture points have many more nerve (神經(jīng)) endings than other places on the skin (皮膚). (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀C篇)
“點(diǎn)撥例析”五 :
The group of men went out early the next morning and filmed(拍電影)(動(dòng)詞) a bright sunrise.
Run the film(電影片子)(名詞) backwards through the projector so that we can 64 see the ‘sunset’ behind them.” (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)完形填空)
“點(diǎn)撥例析”六 :
And you must take good care (名詞)(照看)of yourself. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)聽力理解)
D. It seems that people care (動(dòng)詞)(在乎,介意)nothing but the result of acupuncture. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
“點(diǎn)撥例析”七 :
May I have a look(名詞)(看一眼) at your new dictionary?
W: She has to look(動(dòng)詞) after (照看) her sister in hospital now.
(2002年中考北京西城區(qū)聽力理解)
2. 派生法 構(gòu)成的詞語 :
“點(diǎn)撥例析”一 :
Mabel is a cashier (收銀員)(名詞) in a big shop in New York. People can buy medicine, watches, sweets, and many other things.(2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀B篇)
再補(bǔ)充一句 :Mabel’s job is to receive and pay out cash(現(xiàn)金)(名詞) , money in coins(硬幣) or notes (紙幣).
“點(diǎn)撥例析”二 :
A few lucky(幸運(yùn)的)(形容詞) people win thousands of dollars. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀B篇)
可以補(bǔ)充一句 :Only a few people had good luck(運(yùn)氣)(名詞) . Only a few people had the luck(好運(yùn)氣)(名詞) to win thousands of dollars . Before my friend takes the exam , I always say :“Good luck !(祝你好運(yùn))”to him.
“點(diǎn)撥例析”三 :
Then she threw the tickets on the counter (柜臺(tái))(名詞) (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀B篇)
可以補(bǔ)充幾句 :Tom is only one year old . He can’t count(數(shù)數(shù))(動(dòng)詞) yet . Mary is already over two years old . She can count(數(shù)數(shù))(動(dòng)詞) from one to twenty .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”四 :
On the way to Los Angeles Jeff talked to people about cancer. He also talked about being disabled (傷殘)(形容詞). Jeff is disabled(傷殘)(形容詞), but he can do many things: he skis, swims, plays soccer, and runs. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀C篇)
可以補(bǔ)充幾句 :Disabled(傷殘)(形容詞) people have to deal with disability(名詞)(傷殘缺陷) . Many soldiers were badly wounded and disabled(使人至殘)(動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài) ,過去分詞) in the war . The air strike succeeded in disabling(使癱瘓)(動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞) the enemy’s radar system .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”五 :
He finished college and is studying to be a lawyer (律師)(名詞). (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀C篇)
可以補(bǔ)充一句 :He began to study law(法律)(名詞) in college .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”六 :
Mr. Cho was worried(擔(dān)心)(形容詞). (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
可以補(bǔ)充幾句 :Don’t worry(擔(dān)心)(動(dòng)詞) .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”七 :
Something was wrong with his goldfish. To make the fish healthy(健康)(形容詞) again, Mr. Cho pushed needles (針) into the backs of the fishes. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
可以補(bǔ)充一句 :Don’t worry about your health(健康)(名詞) .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”八 :
That may seem unusual (不尋常)(形容詞)to some people, but it didn’t seem unusual(不尋常)(形容詞) to Mr. Cho. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
可以補(bǔ)充一句 :It seems colder than usual(尋常)(形容詞) in the house .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”九 :
He is an acupuncturist ― a person who uses needles to kill illness(疾。~) and pain(疼痛)(名詞). (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
可以補(bǔ)充兩句 :If you are ill(生。ㄐ稳菰~), acupuncture may help you . It is still painful(痛苦)(形容詞) for him to talk about his mother’s death .
“點(diǎn)撥例析”十 :
Though acupuncture for goldfish is uncommon(形容詞)(不常見), acupuncture for people is very common (形容詞)(常見)in China. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
“點(diǎn)撥例析”十一 :
They even use acupuncture during operations(名詞)(手術(shù)) so that patients (sick persons)(名詞)(病人) don’t feel pain. (2002年中考北京西城區(qū)閱讀D篇)
可以補(bǔ)充兩句 :
Would you like to try some home-made(形容詞)(家里做的)cake(家常餅)? A self-made(形容詞)(有自力更生精神的 , 獨(dú)立自主的) man woman never asks others for help , but he she often succeeds .