期末專題2--非謂語動(dòng)詞
在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。
1）不定式
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）動(dòng)名詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動(dòng)名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
一、不定式
（一）不定式的�？夹问�
1. 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式：He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語法功能：表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2. 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前
（二）不定式�？嫉目键c(diǎn)
1. 不定式做定語----將要發(fā)生
2. 不定式做狀語----目的
3. 不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
（三）不定式的省略
1. 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個(gè)事實(shí)）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
（2） help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
（四）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect, allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do, love to do, warn sb to do, be able to do
begin to do, start to do
（五） 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
look forward to; be used to; be alternative to; be similarity/similar to.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1）是名詞 seeing is believing
2）具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語 reading books is necessary
（一）動(dòng)名詞的形式
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
（二）動(dòng)名詞�？嫉狞c(diǎn)
1. 動(dòng)名詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2. 在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中，做為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞
3. 動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語。
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A. you to call B. you call C. you calling D. you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4. 有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; delay; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; imagine; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; pardon; practice; prevent; report; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5. 有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. （指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作）
I remembered posting/having posting the letters. （我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾... ...
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
（三）need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs （a lot of） encouraging.
（四）分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式
1. 一般式： Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? （與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生）
2. 完成形式：Not having made preparations, they failed. （發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前）
3. 完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.（ 發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng)）
（四）過去分詞
1. 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2. 過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做）
這三種非謂語動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。它們之間的一致關(guān)系--主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞具有靈活多變的特點(diǎn)，大家在判斷使用何種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式時(shí)，可遵循以下規(guī)律：
1. 對(duì)比時(shí)間：對(duì)照謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間，確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式。
非謂語動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式都是依據(jù)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式而變化的。一般情況下，如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，我們就用不定式的一般式；如果表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式或不定式的進(jìn)行式；如果表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式或動(dòng)名詞的完成式（特殊情況下，也可用動(dòng)名詞的一般式）。
2. 辨明邏輯：從非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
如果非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，即兩者之間存在主謂關(guān)系，就用非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式；如果邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者，即兩者之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，就用非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式。
3. 兩方面結(jié)合，判斷時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)混合形式
有些非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式把時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化融合在一起，這時(shí)，我們可以把上述兩方面結(jié)合起來判斷。在非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者的情況下，a）如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，就用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式；b）如果動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，就用不定式的被動(dòng)式；c）如果動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，就用現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞或不定式的完成被動(dòng)式。
【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：40分鐘）
一、選擇題：
1. ______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut.
A. To make high scores B. Making high scores
C. To make low goal D. Making low goal
2. I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given.
A. no possibility B. there was impossibility
C. impossible D. it impossible
3. The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
A. is B. being C. have been D. to be
4. You’re going to England next year. You should now practise ______ English as much as possible.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. speak about
5. If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train.
A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss
6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.
A. to bring B. bring C. is brought D. brings
7. Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____.
A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting
8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her?
A. please B. pleased C. to please D. having pleased
9. Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but ______.
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk
10. The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up
C. to have been set up D. having been set up
11. I heard him __the door.
A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking
12. He does nothing but___.
A. complaining B. to complaining C. complain D. to complain
13. The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A. is B. being C. have been D. to be
14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed
C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
15. I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. having been given B. having been
C. to have been given D. to have given
16. There is no point ___further.
A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing
17. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined B. having combined
C. combine D. being combined
18. They stopped ___, but now I’m getting interested.
A. listening B. to listen C. listen D. having listening
19. I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___.
A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D. cheat
20. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering
C. to be considered D. having considered
二、強(qiáng)化闖關(guān)
1. No computers so far having built can have the same ability as human brains.
2. Guiding by a belief that computers would be valuable tools on every office desktop and in every home, Bill Gates began developing software for personal computers.
3. When Mrs. White goes back to her home after class, she expects Jane, her daughter, to being working at her desk.
4. Never lost faith in himself, the scientist was determined to carry on with the research, no matter what others said.
5. Having worn out after a long walk, Helen called and said that she couldn’t come to the party.
6.Most of the students, surprising at the way the question was put, didn’t know how to answer it.
7. So far, several cases of a disease, knowing as bird flu, are reported to have been found in the country.
8. Everything taking into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
9. If the work be completed by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
10. The Olympic Games take place in Beijing in 2008 will surely attract reporters of all countries.
【試題答案】
一、選擇題：1-5 ADDCD 6-10 ACCAC 11-15 CCDCA 16-20 CDBBA
二、強(qiáng)化闖關(guān)
1. 去掉having。 過去分詞作后置定語，在本句中表被動(dòng)概念。
2. Guiding→ Guided。過去分詞作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句Because he was guided... （因?yàn)槭堋龑?dǎo)）。
3. being→be。to be working 是動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式, expect sb. to be doing..., 意為“期待某人正在干……”。
4. lost→losing。現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句Because he never lost...，注意現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是在分詞的前面加not或never。
5. 去掉Having，worn中的w改為大寫。worn out為過去分詞作原因狀語，表示在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句Because she was worn out...,wear sb. out 意為使某人筋疲力盡。
6. surprising→surprised。過去分詞作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句because they were surprised...。
7. knowing→known。過去分詞作后置定語，known as意為“被稱為……，作為……被人知道”。
8. taking→taken。過去分詞構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作條件狀語。Everything taken into consideration相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句If everything is taken into consideration（假如把一切考慮在內(nèi)的話）。
9. be前加to。由時(shí)間狀語by the end of this month以及動(dòng)詞complete和句子的主語work的關(guān)系判斷，應(yīng)用不定式的被動(dòng)式作后置定語，表示將來的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。
10. take 前加to。不定式作后置定語，表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意take place無被動(dòng)形式，也不能用其過去分詞作定語、狀語等。