b. There are shops on either side of the street.
c. Either of them is going there.
11.neither表示“兩者都不”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù); 作定語時, 修飾單數(shù)名詞
a. Neither is right.
b. Neither film is interesting.
12.other的用法: the other表示兩者中的另外一個; the others =the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示 “別的人或事物”
a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.
b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake.
13.another 指不定數(shù)目中的另外一個; another +復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“再一些, 又一些”
a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another.
b. I want to have another cup of coffee.
c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes.
14.復(fù)合不定代詞是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one構(gòu)成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 帶some的不定代詞一般用于肯定句, 帶any的不定代詞一般用于否定句及疑問句中, 它們的用法與some / any的用法相似
第三章：形容詞和副詞
形容詞
一.形容詞的定義: 形容詞表示人或事物的性質(zhì), 特征或狀態(tài), 修飾名詞或不定代詞
二.形容詞在句中的作用:
1.作定語:
a. He is a great writer.
b. This is an interesting book.
c. I have something important to tell you.
2.作表語:
a. The bridge is long and wide.
b. It is getting warm.
3.作補(bǔ)語(賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語):
a. The news made her happy.
b. We found the text very difficult.
c. You should keep your classroom clean.
d. The classroom should be kept clean.
4.作主語或賓語: the+adj表示某一類人或事物, 這種名詞化的形容詞起著名詞的作用, 在句中可以作主語或賓語
a. We should respect the old and love the young.
b. The new will replace the old.
c. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.
5.作狀語: 形容詞作狀語時, 多用來說明一個名詞或代詞的情況
a. Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.
b. Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.
c. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.
三.關(guān)于形容詞的作用要注意的問題:
1.有些形容詞只能作表語和補(bǔ)語, 不能象普通形容詞那樣作前置定語, 這樣的形容詞稱為表語形容詞, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等詞; 表語形容詞作定語時需后置
2.有些形容詞只能作定語, 不能作表語, 這樣的形容詞稱為定語形容詞, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年長的), former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的
四.形容詞在句中的位置:
1.單個形容詞作定語時, 一般放在被修飾的名詞之前; 兩個或兩個以上的形容詞修飾一個名詞時, 同種類形容詞的排列順序一般應(yīng)考慮以下兩種情況:
①.和被修飾的名詞關(guān)系比較密切的形容詞位置更靠近名詞
a. It is a touching English film.
②.音節(jié)少的形容詞在前, 音節(jié)多的形容詞在后
a. I have a small but beautiful room.
不同種類的詞同時出現(xiàn)在名詞前作定語時, 按以下順序進(jìn)行排列:
數(shù) 詞 性 狀 形 容 詞
冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞，物主代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞,所有格 序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 性質(zhì)
狀態(tài) 數(shù)量
大小
長短
形狀 新舊
溫度
長幼 顏色 國籍 材料
來源
用途
all, both, such等 the, a,
this, that
another,
your等 first,
second,
next等 one, five等 kind,
good,
sick等 large,
long,
round等 old
cool等 red,
blue等 Chinese
English
等 iron,
stone等
2.單個形容詞作定語時, 在下列情況之下, 形容詞應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞之后
①.形容詞修飾不定代詞something, nothing, anything等時應(yīng)后置
a. Is there anything important in the article?
b. There is something difficult in the lesson.
c. There is nothing wrong in your homework.
②.形容詞修飾表示度量的名詞應(yīng)后置
a. The building is seventeen storeys high.
b. He is ten years old.
c. The street is five hundred meters long.
③.用and / or連接的兩個形容詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之后, 起強(qiáng)調(diào)修飾語的作用
a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern.
b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights.
c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.
④.有些過去分詞形容詞作定語時應(yīng)后置, 如: given, left, won, missed等
a. None of the answers given (被給的答案) were correct.
⑤.表語形容詞作定語時需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等
a. He is the greatest writer alive.
b. He was the only person awake at the moment.
3.形容詞短語作定語時, 需要后置
a. He is a worker worthy of praise.
b. This is a problem difficult to solve.
c. She is always ready to help others.
五.特殊的形容詞: 有些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞, 而不是副詞, 這樣的詞如: friendly友好的, lovely可愛的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活潑的, lonely孤獨的, likely可能的, deadly致命的
副 詞
一.副詞的種類:
1.一般副詞主要分為以下幾種:
①.時間副詞, 如: often, always, early, now
②.地點副詞, 如: here, there, above, outside
③.方式副詞, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly
④.程度副詞, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost
2.疑問副詞(放在特殊疑問句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why
3.關(guān)系副詞(放在定語從句句首), 如: when, where, why
4.連接副詞(放在名詞從句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether
二.副詞在句中的作用: 副詞修飾動詞, 形容詞, 名詞, 副詞或全句, 在句中的作用如下
1.作狀語:
a. You should always review your lessons.
b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students.
c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work.
2.作表語:
a. He is abroad.
b. The class is over.
c. The football match is on.
3.作定語: 副詞作定語時置于被修飾詞之后
a. This is her first day up.
b. The comrades here give us a lot of help.
4.作補(bǔ)語(包括賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語):
a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night.
三.副詞在句中的位置:
1.時間副詞和地點副詞的位置:
①.表示確定時間的副詞和表示地點的副詞一般放在句尾. 若句中同時有地點副詞和時間副詞, 地點副詞通常在前, 時間副詞在后
a. They went to the Summer Palace yesterday.
b. We often goes there.
c. I will go there tomorrow.
②.表示不確定時間的副詞(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置: 句子謂語是be時, 位于其后; 句子謂語是單個完全動詞時, 位于其前; 句子謂語由不完全動詞與完全動詞一起組成時, 位于第一個不完全動詞之后.
a. She always helps her mother with the housework.
b. The old man seldom goes out.
c. He is always the first to come to class.
d. They have already done their homework.
2.程度副詞除enough之外, 一般放在被修飾詞之前
a. The student is very careful with his work.
b. He swims quite well.
c. The boy is old enough to go to school.
3.方式副詞的位置:
①.修飾不及物動詞的方式副詞要放在被修飾詞之后
a. His sister sings well.
b. The baby is sleeping soundly.
②.修飾及物動詞的方式副詞可放在被修飾詞之前或賓語之后; 如果賓語較長, 也可放在動詞和賓語之間
a. He speaks French fluently.
b. All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.
4.及物動詞和副詞小品詞(down, on, off, in, out, up)組成的動詞詞組有名詞作賓語時, 該名詞可放在副詞之后或副詞之前; 若有代詞作賓語時, 則代詞一定放在副詞之前
a. He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down.
b. He cut it down.
5.修飾名詞的副詞放在被修飾詞之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
6.修飾全句的副詞通常放在句首
a. Truly he is an honest man.
b. Still, in spite of what you say, I don’t think it is true.
7.作狀語時,各類副詞的排列順序一般為: 方式副詞, 地點副詞, 時間副詞
a. He behaved well here yesterday.
形容詞和副詞的比較等級
一.原級:
1.原級的形式: 即原形
2.原級的用法:
①.表示被比較雙方在某一方面相等或相同時, 用as + adj / adv + as結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“…和…一樣”
a. Xiao Li is as tall as his sister.
b. It is as cold today as it was yesterday.
c. There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall.
②.表示被比較雙方在某一方面不相等或不同時, 用not as / so + adj / adv + as, 表示“…和…不一樣”
a. Xiao Li is not as / so tall as his brother.
b. It is not so / as cold today as yesterday.
c. There are not so / as many seats in this hall as in that hall.
二.比較級和最高級:
1.比較級和最高級的形式:
①.規(guī)則變化:
a.在單音節(jié)形容詞后及少數(shù)以-er, -ow, -ble, -ple結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞和少數(shù)副詞原級后, 加-er, -est或-r, -st, 如: strong, young, clever, able, simple, narrow, hard, fast, slow等
b.在以-e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞和少數(shù)副詞原級后, 加-r, -st, 如: brave, wide等
c.形容詞以發(fā)短元音的元音字母+輔音字母結(jié)尾時, 雙寫輔音字母, 再加-er, -est,如: big, hot, thin等
d.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)及雙音節(jié)形容詞和少數(shù)副詞(由形容詞+ly構(gòu)成的副詞除外), 要將y變?yōu)閕, 再加-er, -est, 如: easy, happy, early等
e.在雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞和大多數(shù)副詞原級前可以加more, most表示比較級和最高級, 如: useful, childish, important, happily, clearly, quickly等
f.有少數(shù)單音節(jié)形容詞加more / most構(gòu)成比較級和最高級, 如: fond, tired, pleased, glad, often, fit等
g.下列形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級可用兩種方法構(gòu)成: cruel, strict, friendly, often, fit
②.不規(guī)則變化的形容詞如: good / well, many / much, bad / badly, little, far
2.比較級的用法: 兩方進(jìn)行比較時, 多用than
a. It is colder today than it was yesterday.
b. His handwriting is more beautiful than yours.
c. He did his homework more carefully than you did yours.
3.最高級的用法: 三方或三方以上進(jìn)行比較時, 用最高級, 最高級前多用the, 基本形式為: the + adj / adv的最高級 + (名詞) + 表示范圍的短語或從句
a. He is the eldest among the sisters.
b. Shanghai is the biggest centre of industry in China.
c. Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
4.比較等級的特殊用法:
①.有些詞的比較級和最高級有兩種不同形式, 意義上也有所不同, 如: older / oldest(比較老/最老的), elder / eldest (年齡比較大的/最大的); farther / farthest用于本義, 表示“比較遠(yuǎn)的/最遠(yuǎn)的”, 而further / furthest常用于引申意義, 表示“更進(jìn)一步的,更深一層的/最深層的”
a. He is the oldest comrade in our office.
b. He is the eldest son in the family.
c. He went abroad for further studies.
②.表示“比…多(大)幾倍”時, 用“倍數(shù)+ as…as” 結(jié)構(gòu)或“倍數(shù)+比較級+than…”表示
a. This book costs twice as much as that one.
b. The university is three times as big as it was in 1980. =The university is three times bigger than it was in 1980.
③.可用much, far, still, even等修飾比較級, 表示 “更…”, “…得多”之意
a. Her handwriting is much better than mine.
b. This street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.
④.可用“名詞詞組或數(shù)詞詞組+比較級”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示“比…相差多少”, 如: a head taller, ten minutes later, two meters longer, a few steps further
⑤.比較級+ and +比較級表示“越來越…”的意思
a. Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.
⑥. “the +比較級+主語+謂語+其他, the +比較級+主語+謂語+其他” 表示 “越… , 就越…”
a. The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.
b. The more you work for other people, the happier you will feel.
⑦.more…than…有時表示“與其說…, 倒不如說…”
a.. He is more diligent than wise.與其說他聰明,不如說他勤奮
b. He is more a friend than a teacher.與其說他是一位老師,不如說更像一位朋友
⑧.“no+比較級+than…”和“not +比較級+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一樣不…”(即兩者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(僅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)
a. His English is no better than mine. (兩人的英語都不好)
b. His English is not better than mine. 他的英語不如我的英語好(僅否定 “他的英語”)
c. He is no taller than I.他和我一樣不高./ He is not taller than I.他不如我高.
⑨.有時用比較級表示最高級的意思, 如:
a. It can’t be safer.再安全不過了.
b. She can’t be more beautiful. 她簡直美極了
c. He works harder than the other students in his class.
d. He works harder than any other student in his class.
⑩. “the +序數(shù)詞+最高級” 表示“第幾”之意
a. China is the third largest country in the world.
b. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.