寒假專題--主謂一致
主謂一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語一致。下面讓我們看看不同類型的主謂一致。
1. 名詞做主語
（1）單復(fù)數(shù)主謂一致
A) 一般詞匯：有些詞匯的復(fù)數(shù)形式是固定不變的，如：crossroads (十字路口；聚焦點(diǎn)), headquarters (總部), means (方法，手段), species (種類，品種), series (系列)等，但其動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于兩點(diǎn)：
a) 取決于限定詞：
例：Every means has been tried but without much result.（各種方法都試過，可沒有多大效果。）
b) 取決于上下文內(nèi)容、作者所要表達(dá)的意思、特指還是泛指：
例：Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?（還有什么其它解題的方法嗎？注意：這里可以用are表示其它方法，也可以用is表示和現(xiàn)在所用的方法相對(duì)比的另一種方法。）
My favorite book is The Old Man and the Sea.（我喜愛的書是《老人與�！贰Ｗ⒁猓罕揪涫翘刂�。）
Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.（我國的電視劇比日本的好得多。注意：本句是泛指。）
c) 從句做主語
How to develop a healthy habit is a good question to discuss.
d) 學(xué)科名詞一般用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。這樣的詞有：economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)）, electronics（電子學(xué)）, mathematics（數(shù)學(xué)）, politics（政治學(xué)）等等。
例：Politics is a good topic for discussion.（政治是談?wù)摰暮妙}目。）
e)有些表示成雙成對(duì)的詞，常常只用復(fù)數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞一律用復(fù)數(shù)，也不能用不定冠詞。比如要表示“一……”，要使用量詞，通常使用“a pair of”。這樣的詞有： eyeglasses（眼鏡）, pants（褲子）, scissors（剪刀）, shoes（鞋）, shorts（短褲）, socks（短襪）, stockings（長統(tǒng)襪）, trousers（褲子）等。
B) 無復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞
a) 有些名詞，特別是一些表示動(dòng)物的名詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式是固定不變的，但其動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其限定詞和上下文內(nèi)容。
例：That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.（這位日本人已來過中國20次了。）
Those Japanese are visitors to our university.（那些日本人是到我們大學(xué)來參觀的客人。）
b) 集合名詞：大部分集合名詞都可使用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，這主要取決于作者的強(qiáng)調(diào)點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語；強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體里的成員時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。這樣的集合名詞有：army（軍隊(duì)）, audience（觀眾、聽眾）, crowd（人群）, firm（公司）, government（政府）, group（組、群）, public（公眾）, staff（全體工作人員）, union（聯(lián)盟）等。
例：The audience was excited by the excellent show.（精彩的演出使全體觀眾情緒激昂。）
The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the public places.（公眾不能在公共場所亂扔垃圾。）
注意：還有一些集合名詞也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但只能做復(fù)數(shù)名詞使用，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。這樣的man（人類）, police（警察）等。
c) 專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的謂語一律用單數(shù)謂語。前者指人名、地名、國家名、城市名、書名、機(jī)構(gòu)名或重大事件。后者又可分為物質(zhì)和抽象名詞兩大類。
例：The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two parties together.（聯(lián)合國正在尋求更有效的方法來調(diào)停雙方。）
C) 另外，還有特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞也需要你的特殊注意。這些詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可能并不明顯，所以常導(dǎo)致謂語單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤。
特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞：phenomenon - phenomena（現(xiàn)象）, goose - geese（鵝）, mouse - mice（老鼠）等
（2） 不定代詞和帶限定詞的名詞做主語
A) 不定代詞或every加名詞做主語：every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在句中做主語，或做限定詞限定一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，后面的謂語一律用單數(shù)。
注意：上述詞語做限定詞加of時(shí)，后面的名詞或代詞都應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語卻用單數(shù)。即使有定語從句，其主句、從句謂語仍用單數(shù)。
例：Each one of us who is now living remembers the event.
B) 限定詞加名詞做主語：all, any, many, more, most, some的謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所修飾的名詞。
a) all, any, many, more, most, some修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語為單數(shù)；當(dāng)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語為復(fù)數(shù)。
例：All of the world is against wars.（全世界都反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭。）
There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.（有個(gè)女孩打電話來，找你。）
b) all, any, many, more, most, some加復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例：All roads lead to Rome.（條條大路通羅馬。）
c) all, any, many, more, most, some修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例：If there is any trouble, please come to me.（如果有什么困難，請(qǐng)來找我。）
More experience is important for getting a good job.（要得到好工作，重要的是要有更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。）
2. 含有of的短語和介賓短語做主語
�。�1）half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most of, … percent of, some of, five sevenths of等短語的動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后面所跟的名詞或代詞，即：單數(shù)名詞或代詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，不可數(shù)名詞或代詞用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例：Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.（我一半的業(yè)余時(shí)間都花在我的愛好上了。）
�。�2）a number of后面要求加復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，其動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；但the number of后面加復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時(shí)，其謂語用單數(shù)。因?yàn)榍罢叩囊馑际恰按罅�、許多、若干”，等于numbers of；后者的意思是“總數(shù)、合計(jì)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)數(shù)字，所以應(yīng)該看成單數(shù)主語。
�。�3）the rest（of）表示“剩余、其余”，其用法也有二：
a) of后面可接單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞，相應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后面所跟的名詞。
b) 如果the rest表示的是剩下的東西，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果表示的是其余的，特別指人時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。
例：The majority of students went to the lab, the rest are staying in the classroom.（多數(shù)學(xué)生去了實(shí)驗(yàn)室，其余的人留在教室。）
�。�4） 當(dāng)主語不止一個(gè)，且主語間由介詞with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including, like, but, except等連接時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞取決于前一個(gè)主語，即上述介詞前的名詞或代詞。
例：Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about contemporary affairs.
3. 連詞加名詞做主語
�。�1）not only……but also, either……or, neither……nor, or等連接多個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離謂語最近的那個(gè)主語。這就是我們常說的“就近原則”。
例：Not only one but also all of us were invited.（不只是一個(gè)，而是我們?nèi)w都受到邀請(qǐng)。）
�。�2）由and連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)主語時(shí)，后面一般都跟復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞，只有在下述幾種情況下，才要求接單數(shù)謂語：
A) 表示“兼”時(shí)：
例：The singer and dancer attends our evening.（這位歌手兼舞蹈家參加了我們的晚會(huì)。）
注意：表示兩個(gè)人時(shí)，and后面應(yīng)加不定冠詞、定冠詞或其它限定詞。
B) 固定詞組a knife and fork（一副刀叉）, a cup and saucer（帶茶托的茶杯）, ice-cream and cake（冰淇淋蛋糕）, iron and steel（鋼鐵）等，動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)。
注意：如果把a(bǔ)nd前面和后面的詞作為兩個(gè)不同的內(nèi)涵（通常在and后面的名詞或代詞前加不定冠詞、定冠詞或其它限定詞），則說明and起并聯(lián)作用，謂語應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。
例：There are a knife and a fork.（桌子上有一把刀子和一把叉子。）
4. 數(shù)詞、量詞和動(dòng)名詞等做主語
（1）量詞做主語：凡是計(jì)量時(shí)間、距離、金錢、體積、尺寸等的度量衡做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)。常見的這種詞有：years, dollars, dozens, miles, length, width等。
例：100 years is too long.（100年太長。）
�。�2）數(shù)學(xué)上的加、減、乘、除的規(guī)律是：加法和乘法的謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)皆可；而減法和除法的謂語動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)。
（3）分類詞做主語：由form, kind, part, piece, type等詞加of形成的短語做主語時(shí)，其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于這些詞本身的單復(fù)數(shù)。
例：The newest types of computer are on show.（現(xiàn)在正在展出最新型的計(jì)算機(jī)。）
（4）動(dòng)名詞和不定式做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)。
例：Talking mends no holes.（空談無濟(jì)于事。）
To set up the tent costs us two hours each time.（每次我們支起帳篷都要花兩個(gè)小時(shí)。）
5. 從句作主語
從句作主語時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：50分鐘）
一. 單選
1. Thirty pounds ________ (is / are) too much for this coat.
2. No news ________ (is / are) good news.
3. Maths ________ (is / are ) too difficult for him.
4. There __________ (is / are) a pen and two pencils in the pencil-box.
5. There __________ (is / are) some water in the glass.
6. Nothing _________ (is / are) different from what you think.
7. Mr.Brown, with her daughter _________ ( is / are) walking in the park.
8. The number of the students in their school _______ ( is / are) over four hundred.
9. Both of them _______ (is / are) students.
10. Neither of the answers _________ ( is / are) correct.
11. Each of us ________ ( has / have) an English-Chinese dictionary.
12. Neither I nor my brother _________( have / has) seen the film.
13. Not only her parents but also her grandfather __________ ( like / likes) her very much.
14. Either you or I _______ (are / am) wrong.
15. This kind of computers _________ (is/ are) made in China.
16. 99 and 2 _________ ( is / are) 101.
17. “You” ________ (is / are) a pronoun.
18. The United Nations ________(was / were) founded in 1945.
19. Both Kate and I _________ (are /am) getting ready for the picnic now.
20. Neither of them ________(is / are) on the team.
21. The whole family ________( is / are) music lovers.
22. The old ________ ( is / are ) taken good care of.
23. The Chinese ________ ( is / are) kind and friendly.
24. The Chinese people ________ (is / are) a great people.
25. Many a student _______ ( has / have ) passed the exam.
26. Two times four _______ ( is / are ) eight.
27. Doing exercises ______ (is / are) good for your health.
28. Everyone except Tom and John _______ ( was / were) there.
29. This pair of glasses ________ ( is / are) Mr. Green’s.
30. One and a half days ________( is / are) all I can spare.
31. She as well as the other students ________ ( has / have )learned how to type.
32. The singer and dancer _______ (comes / come) from Guangxi.
33. All that ________ ( glitters / glitter ) is not gold.
34. The police _______ ( is / are) searching for the murderer.
35. To be friendly to people _______ (is / are) important for us.
二. 完型
Everyone knows that smoking is no good for health, but still more and more people begin to smoke. Every year about millions of smokers die from 1 . Most of the smokers are men. But more and more 2 also begin to smoke. The number of smokers is becoming larger and larger each year. Every year the government has to spend lots of money 3 the people with illness caused by smoking, 4 it also has to pay lots of money for the great loss in the 5 caused by smoking. So the government wants people to give up smoking, but the tobacco companies want more young people, even students in middle school, to 6 because they want to make more money from tobacco sales.
Why do many smokers find it hard to give up smoking? The 7 with tobacco is that it has a drug called nicotine inside. It is the drug that gets them into the habit of smoking and makes them find it 8 to stop.
1. A. drinking B. eating C. smoking D. laughing
2. A. men B. women C. children D. people
3. A. finding B. following C. making D. looking after
4. A. but B. so C. and D. or
5. A. fire B. water C. building D. sickness
6. A. stop smoking B. start smoking C. go on smoking D. make more tobacco
7. A. question B. result C. problem D. answer
8. A. difficult B. easy C. expensive D. impossible
三. 閱讀理解
DIY is very popular in China now. Do you know what it is?
Yang Chen works for a computer business in Beijing. Though he enjoys his work, it is hard for him to relax after work.
“For a long time, I had no choice except going to a bar for a drink and karaoke to relax myself,” he said.
One day when he saw many toy dogs in a toy shop, he had an idea. “Why not do some kind of things and relax myself?” Then he began to make model planes, model ships and something else. The things he has made by himself don’t look as professionally made as those in the shops, but he likes doing it.
“It’s not as much fun to play with things which are bought expensively from the shops,” he said.
Now his bookshelves are full of many kinds of things he has made. They are very beautiful and his families and friends like them very much.
More and more young people are like Yang, making or creating things on their own. They like to do it themselves.
Though making things with our own hands may take much time, some people, now known as DIYers-do-it-yourselfers, enjoy doing it very much. They can make all kinds of things they like.
DIY is becoming more and more popular in China. It may be to the young, yet many people remember when it was once a way of life.
During 1960s and 1970s, when there were not enough living things for people to live on, they had to use their own hands to do many things. Whitewashing the wall or making clothes was a part of life because there was no other choice. If you wanted something done, you had to do it yourself; and if you needed something, you made it yourself.
But times have changed and DIY has also different meaning now.
( ) 1. What does Yang Chen enjoy doing most in his free time now?
A. Playing computer games.
B. Going to a bar for a drink and karaoke.
C. Whitewashing the wall.
D. Making something by himself.
( ) 2. Many young people like making things by themselves because _______.
A. they want to make more money
B. they do it for fun
C. they need them in their life
D. they can’t buy them anywhere
( ) 3. From the passage we know________
A. some people like to spend their spare time making this themselves.
B. more and more people are beginning to make model planes.
C. between 1960s and 1970s, people liked making things themselves.
D. more and more young people begin to do like Yang Chen.
( ) 4. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. The things Yang made don’t look as professionally made as those in the shops.
B. Planes bought from the shops are too expensive.
C. DIY is a good way of life.
D. DIY was a part of life in the past.
【試題答案】
一、1. is 2. is 3. is 4. is 5. is 6. is 7. is 8. is 9. are 10. is 11. has 12. has
13. likes 14. am 15. are 16. is 17. is 18. was 19. are 20. is 21. are 22. are
23. are 24. is 25. have 26. is / are 27. is 28. was 29. are 30. is 31. has
32. comes 33. glitters 34. are 35. is
二、C B D C A B C A
三、D B A C