劉本剛 2005年10月21日
1).概念
虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示說(shuō)話人的一種愿望，假設(shè)，懷疑，猜測(cè), 建議等含義，虛擬語(yǔ)氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實(shí)。
2).在條件句中的應(yīng)用
條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
一、虛擬條件句
條件狀語(yǔ)從句是非真實(shí)情況，在這種情況下要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
1、條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不一致，其句型為：
If 主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式/ were，主語(yǔ)＋would（could, should, 或might）＋動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
If I were you, I would study hard.
If it rained, I would not be here now.
2、條件從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)不一致，句型為：
If 主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞，主語(yǔ)＋would（could, should, 或might）＋have＋過(guò)去分詞，如：
If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have been saved.
If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.
3、條件從句與將來(lái)事實(shí)不一致，句型為：
If 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were to do，主語(yǔ)＋would（could…）＋ 動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.
If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.
注：虛擬條件句中如果含有were, should或had(助動(dòng)詞),可將were, should 或had提前，把if去掉，實(shí)行倒裝。但要注意，在這種情況下句首不用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可以說(shuō)Were I not to do,而不能說(shuō)Weren’t I to go.
二、動(dòng)詞wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. 用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)如果是系動(dòng)詞一律用were ，如果是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞就用過(guò)去式。如：
I wish they were at home this time.
I wish I were a bird.
2． 用wish表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，例：
I wish I hadn’t hurt him so much。
有時(shí)對(duì)過(guò)去進(jìn)行虛擬也可在賓語(yǔ)從句中采用would / could have done 的結(jié)構(gòu)。
I wish I would have seen her last night.
3． 用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)事情的愿望。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為would+動(dòng)詞原形, 有時(shí)也用could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。例：
I wish I would be able to come tomorrow.
三、as if (though)的虛擬
例如：
1. She always talks to me as if she were my sister.
2. He walks slowly as if he had hurt his leg.
3. She talks about it again and again as though she would never end.
四、Would rather的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. would rather +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)情況的虛擬
2. would rather +主語(yǔ)+had done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬
I would rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening.
I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.
五、It is (high/about) time that...
在該句子中我們使用兩種形式的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)即：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或 should +動(dòng)詞原形，如果用后者則should通常不省略。
It is time that we went home.
It is time that the boy should go to school.
六、If only…的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)
例如：
If only he were here!
If only I had not been ill last week!
If only I had more money!
If only it would rain tomorrow!
七、堅(jiān)持、決定、要求、命令等詞的虛擬形式（即堅(jiān)、決、要、命形虛擬）
insist, suggest, advise, recommend,
decide,
ask, demand, require, urge
order, command
在以上這些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該使用should+動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行虛擬，should可以省略。
She suggested we (should) leave early.
The teacher insisted that the students (should) have a test.
She decided that she (should) not go.
The teacher commanded that he (should) leave the classroom.
注意以下這些形式：
the suggestion/proposal/order/advice that…(should)do
This suggestion is that…(should)do
It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required that…(should)do
It is necessary/important/natural/strange /amazing/surprising that…(should)(但表示驚訝，翻譯成“竟然”時(shí)一般不省略)do
請(qǐng)辨析：
The white look on his face suggested that he was ill.
The teacher suggested that he start to practice listening.
He insisted that he had not seen the wallet.
He insisted that he not stay here.
八、suppose; but for; otherwise; without等詞也可以表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
e.g. The government issued a new policy to help the jobless, otherwise they would have suffered.
Without the help of tens of thousands of PLA soldiers, many areas would not have been saved from flooding in 1998.
隨堂訓(xùn)練：
1、If my lawyer _____________here last Saturday, he ____________me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented
B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent
D. were, would have prevent
2、--“He is a brave man.”
--“Yes, I wish I____________ his courage.”
A．have B．had C．will have D．may have
3、If it ____________rain, the crops would be saved.
A．should B．will C．is going to D．was to
4、He ordered that the medicine _____________by a special plane.
A．was sent B．would be sent C．should send D．be sent
5、If you _____________the medicine, you ____________better now.
A. took, would feel
B. had taken, felt
C. had taken, would feel
D. took, would have felt
6、She is my sister, but she often acts as if she____________my mother.
A．is B．was C．were D．had been
7、I went to bed early last night, but I wish I _____________so.
A．didn’t do B．hadn’t done C．haven’t done D．couldn’t do
8、I’d rather he ______________tomorrow afternoon.
A．will come B．comes C．coming D．came
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