典型例題
1．The _____is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．
A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop C．bicycles shop D．bicycle’s shop
【題解】選B。名詞做定語(yǔ)如表所屬關(guān)系有兩種情況：①有生命的東西要加’s；②無(wú)生命的東西常用of。名詞做定語(yǔ)如不表所有關(guān)系，往往只用名詞單數(shù)形式。表示什么樣的商店要用名詞單數(shù)形式修飾shop。譯文：自行車商店就在拐角處，你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)它的。
2．They sold ____boxes of such sweets last week．
A．four dozen B．four dozens C．four dozens of D．four dozen of
【題解】選A。dozen與數(shù)詞或many，several等詞連用時(shí)，一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故B、C兩項(xiàng)不選。此外，dozen與數(shù)詞連用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般也不加of。但在Two dozen of these are wanted一句中，dozen后面有of是因?yàn)橛邢薅ㄔ~these（或the，his，her，my their等）。Dozens of people were hare一句中，dozens of表示“很多”。
3．On the ground on some hay _____a peasant boy of not more than seventeen．
A．lie B．lying C．lay D．laid
【題解】選C。lay是lie的過(guò)去式，由介詞短語(yǔ)前置而引起的主謂倒裝。以下三個(gè)動(dòng)詞常易混淆，需經(jīng)常練習(xí)。
lie，lay，lain，lying（躺）
lay，laid，laid，lying（擺放，產(chǎn)卵）
lie，lied，lied，lying（說(shuō)謊）
此外還有：
wind，wound，wound，wingding（蜿蜒）
wound， wounded，wounded，wounding（使……受傷）
find，found，found，finding（找到）
found，founded，founded，founding（建立）
4．He said that he would write to us but so far we _____ from him．
A．haven’t heard B．didn’t hear
C．should not heard D．hadn’t hear
【題解】選A。so far通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but前是回憶他的話，but后是目前的結(jié)果“未收到他的信”，but后不應(yīng)當(dāng)是過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)，因此排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。C項(xiàng)與句意不符。
5．It was obvious that the man ____driving on the freeway for almost an hour when he ____that he must come back．
A．was；told B．had been；was told
C．had been；told D．was；was told
【題解】選B。只有had been driving能與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for almost an hour連用，而第二空只能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，滿足這兩個(gè)要求的只有B項(xiàng)。
6．Either Tom or I ______to blame．
A．to be B．a(chǎn)m C．a(chǎn)re D．is
【題解】選B。當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由連詞or，either…or，neither…nor，not only…but also…等連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與鄰近它的主語(yǔ)一致。這里與謂語(yǔ)鄰近的主語(yǔ)是代詞I，所以系動(dòng)詞要用am。如：Not only Alice but also her friends have come. Neither the teacher nor the students are introduced to my wife．
7．One dollar and eighty-seven cents _____enough for the coat．
A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．has D．have
【題解】選A。表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、長(zhǎng)度、度量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般把它看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：
Twenty pounds is not heavy．
Five weeks off is a good vacation．
8．This is the second time I _____by him；I shall never trust him again．
A．was let down B．have been let down
C．have been put down D．a(chǎn)m let out
【題解】選B。在This/It is the first/second…last time后面的從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
This is the first time I have been here．但是在It is time后的從句是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，往往用過(guò)去式。如：
It is（high）time that we went to school．（有時(shí)也可用should加原形動(dòng)詞）。詞組let down意為“使失望”“拆臺(tái)”；put down意為“放下”“鎮(zhèn)壓”“記下”；let out意為“發(fā)出”“泄露”，根據(jù)意思和語(yǔ)法，B為最佳答案，意思為“這是他第二次拆我的臺(tái)，我再也不相信他了”。
9．If you go out，who will _____the lady？
A．a(chǎn)ttend to B．care of C．look for D．take care
【題解】選A。attend to意為“照顧”“看護(hù)”，其中的attend是不及物動(dòng)詞。attend也可作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“出席”“參加”“上（學(xué)）”“聽(tīng)（課）”“醫(yī)治”等。
10．Della went back to her room，_____to buy her husband Jim a present．
A．with her mind making up B．her mind making up
C．with her mind made up D．her mind being made up
【題解】選C。用介詞with引起的短語(yǔ)常起伴隨狀語(yǔ)的作用。本句中短語(yǔ)的分詞應(yīng)為過(guò)去分詞，表示“決心已下”，具有完成和被動(dòng)的含義。所以A、B兩項(xiàng)都不對(duì)；D項(xiàng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但其分詞部分為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，表示一種進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)，也不對(duì)。
語(yǔ)法指南
復(fù)習(xí)各種時(shí)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示，這就是動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)將常用的幾種歸納如下：
▲一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可用來(lái)表示普遍真理或客觀事實(shí)。如：
Light goes faster than sound．光比聲音傳播速度快。
Two plus three is five．二加三等于五。
The earth moves around the sun while the moon moves around the earth．
地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)而月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
▲經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
America is growing older today．10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65．
美國(guó)是一個(gè)人口正趨于老化的國(guó)家，每一百個(gè)美國(guó)人中就有十人年齡超過(guò)六十五歲。
Tom gets up at 6:00 and goes to school at 7:30 every morning．
湯姆每天早上六點(diǎn)起床，七點(diǎn)半上學(xué)。
Suzhou is a beautiful city．蘇州是一座美麗的城市。
▲表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
Here comes Mr Wang．王先生來(lái)了。
What time is it now？現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)？
Now，look，I open the door．你瞧我現(xiàn)在開(kāi)門。
▲表示計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：
I leave for Shanghai next Tuesday. 我下周二去上海。
His birthday falls on May 4．五月四日是他生日。
They attack at midnight．他們定于午夜發(fā)起進(jìn)攻。
▲在時(shí)間、條件從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：
If it rains tomorrow，we’ll have to stay at home．如果明天下雨，我們只得呆在家里。
I’ll ten him the news as soon as he comes hack．他一回來(lái)我就告訴他這個(gè)消息。
▲舞臺(tái)動(dòng)作說(shuō)明、運(yùn)動(dòng)解說(shuō)、劇情介紹等。如：
Smith passes to Tom，Tom to Jack，Jack to Simons，nice ball--and Smith shoots．
史密斯傳給湯姆，湯姆傳給杰克，杰克傳給西蒙，好球！--史密斯射門。
Shylock advances toward Antonio and prepares to use his knife．
夏洛克向安東尼奧走去，準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)刀了。
▲一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表示過(guò)去經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
I used to go to school early．我過(guò)去總是很早去學(xué)校。
Every morning I took a walk when I lived in the country．我住在鄉(xiāng)間時(shí)，每天早上都去散步。
▲過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：
Where were you yesterday？昨天你在哪里？
I met Alice in the street but we didn’t stop to talk．
我在街上遇到了艾麗絲，但我們沒(méi)有停下來(lái)聊天。
Did you enjoy the film？你喜歡那部電影嗎？
▲在口語(yǔ)中，一般過(guò)去時(shí)可用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣。如：
I wonder if you could help me．不知你能否幫我個(gè)忙。
Did you wish to see me？你要找我嗎？
▲在時(shí)間、條件從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)發(fā)生的事。如：
They said they would all leave if Mike stayed．他們說(shuō)如果邁克留下，他們就都走。
Mother promised to buy a bike for Tom if he passed the exam．
母親答應(yīng)如果湯姆考試及格就給他買輛自行車。
▲一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：
You will get wet if you go out without an umbrella．你出門不帶傘會(huì)被淋濕的。
He will be sixteen years old next month．下月他就滿十六歲了。
I am sorry I shall not be free tomorrow morning．對(duì)不起，明天上午我沒(méi)空。
▲be going to表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做的事，或表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有跡象推斷可能要發(fā)生的事。如：
We are going to have an English evening tonight．今晚我們準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)個(gè)英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。
It looks as if it’s going to rain．看上去天要下雨了。
I think he is going to leave soon．我認(rèn)為他很快就會(huì)離開(kāi)。
▲be＋不定式，表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事，或用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)。如：
There is to be a party on Saturday evening．星期六晚上有個(gè)聚會(huì)。
Am I to go on with the work？這工作我還繼續(xù)干下去嗎？
I am to meet Mr Smith at eleven this morning．我要在今天上午十一點(diǎn)鐘見(jiàn)史密斯先生。
▲be about＋不定式，表示即將發(fā)生……，意為“即將”“正要”。如：
Let’s hurry. The meeting is about to begin．讓我們快點(diǎn)，會(huì)議就要開(kāi)始了。
The Smiths are about to start on a journey．史密斯一家就要去旅行了。
【注】be about＋不定式表示馬上就要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，故在句中與表示具體的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用，但可以和as或when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：
As I came，sha was about to go to the cinema．我到時(shí)，她要去電影院了。
When I reached home，Mother was about to go shopping．我到家時(shí)，母親準(zhǔn)備出去購(gòu)物。
【注】will和be going to都可表示意愿，但前者多表示決心、意志；而后者表示經(jīng)過(guò)考慮后的打算。請(qǐng)比較：
He is studying hard and is going to take the college entrance exams．他正努力學(xué)習(xí)，正準(zhǔn)備考大學(xué)。
They will go their own way in spite of the difficulties．不管有多少困難，他們都決心走自己的路。
【注】will可用于條件句中表示意愿，這時(shí)will是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
If she’ll listen to me，I’ll give her some advice．如果她愿意聽(tīng)我說(shuō)，我會(huì)給她一些勸告。
【注】上句中用在條件句中的will表示意愿，不是表示單純的將來(lái)，但be going to可用于條件句中表示單純的將來(lái)。如：
If you are going to visit the museum next week，please take Helen along．
如果下周你去參觀那個(gè)博物館，請(qǐng)帶上海倫一起去。
【注】一般將來(lái)時(shí)還可以表示一種傾向或一種固有的特性。如：
All living things will die without air and water．沒(méi)有空氣和水，所有的生物都將死亡。
Water will boil if heated to 100℃．水如果被加熱到攝氏一百度就會(huì)沸騰。
▲過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，主要用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：
Jack said he would go to Hawaii for the holiday．杰克說(shuō)他將去夏威夷度假。
I asked if he would come and repair my TV set．我問(wèn)他是否可以來(lái)給我修理電視機(jī)。
I thought it would rain，and sure enough it did．我想會(huì)下雨，果然下了。
【注】從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的事，還可以用were／was going to do或were／was to do或was／were about to do來(lái)表示。如：
He said he was going to try．他說(shuō)他準(zhǔn)備試一試。
I was about to go when a friend dropped in．我正要出門，來(lái)了一個(gè)朋友。
She was to meet Kurt at an appointed place on the street．她將和庫(kù)爾特在街上約定的地方見(jiàn)面。
【注】was／were＋不定式的完成式表示本來(lái)打算做某事，而后來(lái)沒(méi)有做。如：
I was to have seen him last Sunday but he did not come．我本打算上星期天和他見(jiàn)面的，但他沒(méi)有來(lái)。
I was to have told you about it but I didn’t have time to come over．
我本來(lái)要告訴你的，但我沒(méi)有時(shí)間過(guò)來(lái)。
▲現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
The telephone is ringing．Would you answer it？電話鈴響了，請(qǐng)你接一下，好嗎？
They are making preparations for it．他們正在做準(zhǔn)備工作。
▲表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行，而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
He is studying English and teaching Chinese．他在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，又在教漢語(yǔ)。
Professor Smith is translating a novel these days．這些天史密斯教授正在翻譯一本小說(shuō)。
▲有些表示“變化、移動(dòng)”概念的動(dòng)詞，它們的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，類似動(dòng)詞有g(shù)o，start，arrive，return等等。如：
Are you leaving for Shanghai tomorrow？明天你去上海嗎？
How many of you are coming to the party？你們有多少人來(lái)參加聚會(huì)？
▲現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)與always，forever，constantly，continually等副詞連用時(shí)，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，并且含有某種感情色彩，如贊嘆、厭惡等。如：
He is always making silly mistake．他總是犯愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。
You are always interrupting me！你老打斷我的話。
She is always thinking of her work．她老想到她的工作。
He is continually reminding me of what I owe him．他老提起我欠他錢的事。
▲過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
Tom was watching TV when I came in．我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，湯姆正在看電視。
She was then working in an army hospital．那時(shí)她在一家陸軍醫(yī)院工作。
At that time he was working in a laboratory．那時(shí)他在一家實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。
During the summer of 2003 she was travelling in Europe．2003年夏天她在歐州旅行。
▲和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，某些動(dòng)詞如come，go，leave，stay等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：
She told me she was sending me some new stamps soon．她告訴我，不久她就會(huì)給我寄幾張新郵票來(lái)。
She knew the plane was taking off in five minutes．她知道飛機(jī)五分鐘后就要起飛了。
▲和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always，forever，continually，constantly，frequently連用時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，并帶說(shuō)話者的某種感情，如贊美、厭惡等。如：
The two brothers were frequently quarrelling. 這倆兄弟老是吵架。
He was always complaining about something．他老是怨這怨那。
She was continually asking questions．她老是提問(wèn)題。
【注】過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別，前者表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的尚未完成的動(dòng)作，而后者表示一個(gè)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。如：
She was writing letters．I didn’t want to disturb her．她在寫(xiě)信，我不想打擾她。
She wrote several letters and asked me to post them．她寫(xiě)了幾封信讓我寄出去。
It was raining this morning．今天早晨一直在下雨。
It rained this morning．今天早晨下雨了。
【注】動(dòng)詞hope，think，wonder的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)并非指過(guò)去，而是指現(xiàn)在，表示謙虛，有禮貌的詢問(wèn)或建議。如：
I was wondering whether you’d like to go with me．我不知道你是否愿意和我一起去。
I was hoping we could have dinner to together．我希望我們能在一起吃飯。
▲將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
Don’t phone me between 7 and 8 p.m．We’ll be having dinner then．
七、八點(diǎn)鐘之間別來(lái)電話，那時(shí)我們正在吃晚飯。
At this time tomorrow，I’ll be taking a test．明天這時(shí)我會(huì)在考試。
A week from today，we’ll be flying home．一星期之后我們就乘坐飛機(jī)回家了。
▲將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用來(lái)表示安排要做的事。如：
We’ll be spending the winter in Australia．我們將在澳大利亞過(guò)冬。
Professor Blake win be giving a lecture on American Literature tomorrow evening．
布萊克教授明晚將作一個(gè)關(guān)于美國(guó)文學(xué)的報(bào)告。
【注】將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)比一般將來(lái)時(shí)語(yǔ)氣委婉客氣。如：
When you pay back the money？（不太客氣）
When you be paying back the money？（比較委婉）
▲現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去或已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，換言之動(dòng)作已發(fā)生在過(guò)去，著重的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如：
Have you ever been to the Great Wall？你過(guò)去長(zhǎng)城嗎？
I have forgotten her telephone number．我忘了她的電話號(hào)碼了。
We’ve not been to the cinema recently．我們最近沒(méi)去看電影。
▲表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
He has worked as an animal trainer for many years. 他當(dāng)了好幾年的訓(xùn)獸師。
I’ve waited a week for your answer．等你的答復(fù)我等了一個(gè)星期。
▲用于時(shí)間或條件從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped．等車停了再下車。
We’ll start at three o’clock if it has stopped raining by then．
我們將在三點(diǎn)鐘動(dòng)身，如果那時(shí)雨停了的話。
【注】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較：
這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)雖都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，但著眼點(diǎn)不一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是要說(shuō)明過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只是單純的談過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)本身，不與現(xiàn)在相聯(lián)系。如：
“Come and have breakfast with us．”“Thank you．I’ve just had it．”
“來(lái)跟我們一塊兒吃早飯吧�！薄爸x謝，我已吃過(guò)了。”（飽了，吃不下了）
I had my breakfast in the dining hall．我在飯廳吃的早飯。（僅說(shuō)明吃飯這個(gè)事實(shí)）
I’ve chosen some CDs for the party．我為晚會(huì)選了幾張唱盤。（可以在晚會(huì)上聽(tīng)了）
I chose some novels and bought them．我挑了幾本小說(shuō)買下了。（沒(méi)說(shuō)明與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系）
I have seen him．我見(jiàn)過(guò)他了。
I saw him yesterday．我昨天見(jiàn)到他了。
▲現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示一個(gè)由過(guò)去某時(shí)起一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。如：
There you are！I’ve been waiting for two hours！
你到底來(lái)了，我等你等了二個(gè)小時(shí)了！
She is very tired．She’s been working the whole morning．她很累，她干了一個(gè)上午了。
It has been raining，but it has just stopped now．天一直下雨，剛停。
▲有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不是指某動(dòng)作一直在不停地進(jìn)行，而是表示一直到說(shuō)話時(shí)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常常有感情色彩。如：
He has been calling on her several times this week．他這個(gè)星期幾次來(lái)看她。
We’ve been having a lot of rain recently．最近雨水很多。
▲有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“剛才”或“近來(lái)”發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也就表示直到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作到說(shuō)話時(shí)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，而且不再繼續(xù)下去。這種用法主要表示某一動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響。如：
You have been cleaning the classroom．I think．
我想你剛才在打掃教室吧�。ㄑ酝庵猓篩our clothes are covered with dust．）
The boy has been playing with toys．
那男孩一直在玩玩具。（言外之意：There are toys hare and there on the noor．）
Her eyes are red．She has been crying．她眼睛紅了，她一直在哭。
【注】現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較：
這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都表示“從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可換用，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著重動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)著重表示動(dòng)作的未完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。如：
I have been reading the book．
我一直在讀這本書(shū)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性）
I have read the book．我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果）
Who has been drink my wine？誰(shuí)喝了我的酒？（已喝掉）
Who has been drinking my wine？誰(shuí)喝我的酒來(lái)著？（被喝掉一些）
【注】不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。感官動(dòng)詞等不可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用其現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
I have known him since I was a child．我從孩子時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。
I haven’t seen him for a long time．我很久沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他了。
▲過(guò)去完成時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或存在的狀態(tài)。
When I rang，Mary had already gone to work．我打電話時(shí)瑪麗已經(jīng)上班了。
By dusk，the news had spread through the town．到黃昏，消息已傳遍全鎮(zhèn)。
The room was dirty．I hadn’t cleaned it for weeks．房間很臟，我已幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)打掃了。
▲過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)候，并可能繼續(xù)下去，常用for或since或by引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：
She had lived in the south for three years before she came here．她來(lái)這兒之前，在南方住了三年。
By the end of last month，I had studied in the college for two years．
到上月底，我在這所學(xué)院已學(xué)習(xí)兩年了。
【注】表示過(guò)去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，常見(jiàn)于as soon as，before，after，immediately，instantly，the moment等引導(dǎo)的帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中。如：
I loved you the moment I saw you．我一見(jiàn)到你就愛(ài)上你了。
Immediately she entered，his eyes lit up．她一進(jìn)來(lái)他的眼睛就亮了起來(lái)。
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke．我一進(jìn)門就聞到煙味。
【注】某些表示意愿、希望、打算、意圖等的動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示本打算做而未做的事，這些動(dòng)詞是：think，suppose，plan，want，intend，mean等。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so．
我本來(lái)希望寄一張圣誕卡給他的，但我忘了寄了。
We had thought to return early but he wouldn’t let us go．我們本想早點(diǎn)回來(lái)的，但他們不讓我們走。
She had intended to speak，but time did not permit．她本想發(fā)言，可時(shí)間不允許。
▲過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去的那個(gè)時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作，該動(dòng)作可能剛結(jié)束，也可能還要繼續(xù)。如：
I had been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in.
在她喊我進(jìn)去之前，我已經(jīng)在房間里等了半個(gè)小時(shí)。
She was out of breath．She had been running．她氣喘吁吁。她一直在跑來(lái)著。
Jane was annoyed．Peter had been phoning her every night．簡(jiǎn)很不高興，彼得每晚給她打電話。
【注】請(qǐng)注意過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：
Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang．昨晚鈴響時(shí)，我正在讀一本小說(shuō)。（當(dāng)時(shí)正在讀）
Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang．到昨晚鈴響時(shí)，我一直在讀一本小說(shuō)。（一直在讀）
【注】請(qǐng)注意過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：前者表示到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻還在進(jìn)行，后者表示到現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。試比較：
He had been smoking for twenty years when he decided to give it up．
當(dāng)他決定戒煙時(shí)，他已有二十年的煙齡了。
He has been smoking for twenty years．他已有二十年的煙齡了。（到現(xiàn)在為止）
【注】請(qǐng)注意過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：前者表示到過(guò)去某時(shí)為止動(dòng)作一直在持續(xù)，未必完成，而后者表示動(dòng)作已完成。試比較：
She said she had been writing her composition．她說(shuō)她一直在寫(xiě)作文。（可能尚未完成）
She said she had written her composition．她說(shuō)她的作文已寫(xiě)完了。（已完成）
▲將來(lái)完成時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I’m sure he will have settled the problem before you arrive there．
我相信在你到那兒之前，這個(gè)問(wèn)題他已經(jīng)解決了。
On Monday he’ll have been in America for three years．到星期一，他在美國(guó)就滿三年了。
The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema．我們到電影院時(shí)電影已開(kāi)始。’
By ten o’clock this evening，I shall have reviewed lessons．到今晚十點(diǎn)鐘，我將復(fù)習(xí)完功課了。
［語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練］
單項(xiàng)選擇
1．---Miss Zhang’s second-hand car _____wrong though she used it only once．
---You’d better go to check it．
A．has gone B．went C．goes D．had gone
2．The telephone ____four times in the last hour，and each time it _____for the student doing a part-time job here．
A．has rung，was B．has been ringing，is
C．had rung，was D．rang，has been
3．The day before yesterday we ______a very bad storm．
A．had B．had had C．were having D．have had
4．Ever since they came to live here, they ______everything about the place．
A．hated B．have hated C．hate D．have been hating
5．---Did he decide to take part in the competition？
---Yes，of course．He _____to．
A．has been encouraging B．had been encouraged
C．has been encouraged D．was to be encouraged
6．Where have you been？We _____you back much earlier．
A．were expecting B．a(chǎn)re expecting
C．have expected D．were hoping
7．---I hear that you _____a new house．
---Yes，but I _____in it now．
A．have bought，won’t live B．have bought，am not living
C．win buy，have we lived D．will buy，am not living
8．---Who _____that piano？
---My wife, when she ______time.
A．plays，has B．is playing，has
C．plays，is having D．is playing，has had
9．Is it the second time ______you ______here？
A．when，have been B．that，came
C．that，were D．that，have come
10．The key I _____I _____ in my own pocket．
A．think，lost B．had bought，lost
C．thought，had lost D．have thought，have lost
11．---____the new VCD forme，Mum？You promised．
---Oh，dear，I ____．
A．Will you buy, forget B．Did you buy，forgot
C．Have you bought, forgot D．Would you buy，have forgotten
12．---Why did you go to bed so early last night？
---Because I ____very tired．
A．a(chǎn)m feeling B．was feeling C．felt D．had felt
13．When the boy asked why he had to go to bed early，his mother told him the early bird ____the worm．
A．caught B．catchas C．catch D．will catch
14．I hope you ____all the material before you make the final decision．
A．will have read B．will read
C．will be reading D．would have read
15．The little boy ______for ages, Where do you suppose he is？
A．had been going B．is gone
C．has gone D．has been gone
16．Last Sundav all the students went to a nearby farm，where they ____for six hours.
A．worked B．had worked C．have worked D．were working
l7．By the time he was 14，he _____advanced mathematics．
A．was teaching himself B．taught himself
C．had taught himself D．has taught himself
18．She’s too thin．She ____put on some weight but she ______too little．
A．would，eats B．will，eats C．would，ate D．will，ate
19．Look at the dark clouds．It looks as it _____.
A．will rain B．is going to rain
C．is to rain D．is about to rain
20．---Have you repaired my watch yet？
---oh，sorry．I _____do it at once．
A．a(chǎn)m going to B．a(chǎn)m to C．shall D．will
21．---When are you leaving here？
---Tomorrow morning．My plane _____at ten a.m．
A．will leave B．is leaving C．leaves D．is to leave
22．---Let us go and see if the football games has ended？
---Ended？It must be clear which team ______．
A．is winning B．has won C．won D．would win
23．John and I ______friends for eight years．We first got to know each other at a Christmas party．But we _____each other a couple of times before that．
A．had been，have seen B．have been，have seen
C．had been，had seen D．have been，had seen
24．---I failed again．I wish I _____harder．
---But you ______.
A．had worked，hadn’t B．worked，don’t
C．had worked，didn’t D．worked，wouldn’t
25．Someone _____my umbrella．It’s all wet and it was wet yesterday and the day before yesterday．
A．was using B．must have used
C．has used D．has been using
26．You _____television．Why not do something more active？
A．a(chǎn)lways watch B．a(chǎn)re already watching
C．have always watched D．have always been watching
27．My money _____．I have to go to the bank to draw some of my savings before I’ve none in hand．
A．has run out B．is running out
C．has been run out D．is being run out
28．---Have you ever worked with a tape recorder？
---I ____it a lot when I was studying French in school．
A．used B．was used C．have used D．had used
29．Glad to see you back．How long _____in America？
A．did you stay B．have you stayed
C．were you staying D．have you been staying
30．He works in a factory now，but he ______on a farm for nearly 10 years．
A．worked B．has worked
C．had worked D．had been working
31．---Was Tom in the lab when you arrived there？
---Yes，but he _____soon afterwards．
A．had left B．left C．would leave D．has left
32．The medicine is supposed to cure this disease，but I’m not sure if it ______．
A．does B．was C．has D．is
33．---What place is it？
---Haven’t you seen that we _____back where we ______？
A．were，had been B．a(chǎn)re，were
C．were，have been D．a(chǎn)re，had been
34．She was in her bedroom．Suddenly she heard the boy shouting and _____out as quickly as possible．
A．going B．go C．had gone D．went
35．---Will you attend the meeting this afternoon？
---But I _____anything about that yet．
A．hadn’t told B．haven’t been told
C．wasn’t told D．won’t tell
答案：
l-5 AAABB 6-10 ABADC 11-15 CBBAD 16-20 ACABD
21-25 CBDCD 26-30 BBAAA 3-35 BABDB
同步測(cè)試
Ⅰ．單項(xiàng)選擇
1．If you go out，who will ____the baby？
A．a(chǎn)ttend to B．look to C．care about D．take for
2．The message ______in full as follows．
A．is read B．reads C．is reading D．is being read
3．He had to _____his wife _____when she became mentally ill．
A．send；away B．throw；away C．put；away D．carry；away
4．His eyes _____the man who had just entered．
A．fixed on B．were fixed on C．fixed upon D．were fixed in
5．Computers that can think are only _____the corner．
A．on B．in C．a(chǎn)t D．a(chǎn)round
6．______the window，my finger was cut unexpectedly．
A．Cleaning B．To clean
C．While cleaning D．While I was cleaning
7．He is sometimes strange，so I can’t _____his thoughts．
A．notice B．read C．see D．know
8．The shop owner will get all these goods ordered ______to the customers today．
A．delivered B．delivering C．deliver D．to deliver
9．“Why did you come so late？”
“The bus was crowded．We ______waiting for half an hour．”
A．were kept B．kept C．have kept D．had kept
10．It’s a pity that the quarrel ______their friendship．
A．made up B．gave up C．broke up D．put off
11．About sixty percent of the population _____peasants，but things are different now．
A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．was D．were
12．He was taken away by the police．He ______for a thief．
A．must mistake B．must be mistaken
C．must have been taken D．must have mistaken
13．We all know the truth ____there are air，water and sunlight，there are living things．
A．wherever B．that C．where D．that wherever
14．“What a beautiful picture！”“It’s yars ______a picture as beautiful as this one．”
A．that I have painted B．since I have painted
C．since I painted D．when I painted
15．“_____progress you have made this year，Tom！”
“Thank you．But I have a long way to go．”
A．What a good B．How rapid C．What great D．How big
16．You can use a large plastic bottle, _____cut off, as a pot to grow flowers in．
A．the top is B．with its top C．whose top D．the top of which
17．I bought a shirt because it was good in quality and _____in price．
A．valuable B．reasonable C．comfortable D．enjoyable
18．She seldom，if _____，goes to the cinema．
A．ever B．never C．a(chǎn)lways D．usually
19．When they arrived at the crossroads they went the wrong _____．
A．path B．way C．street D．direction
20．He went from door to door，______waste paper and magazines．
A．gathering B．grasping C．storing D．collecting
21．I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some ______.
A．a(chǎn)t last B．in case C．once again D．in time
22．“What did you think of the speech？”
“She _____for one hour but didn’t ______much．”
A．spoke；say B．spoke；spoke C．said；speak D．said；say
23．I hate to read letters written ______a pencil more than ______ink．
A．in；in B．with；with C．with；in D．in；with
24．An iron and steel works，with some satellite factories ______to be built here．
A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．was D．were
25．The _____look on his face suggested he ______that．
A．surprised；hadn’t expected B．surprising；hadn’t expected
C．surprised；haven’t expected D．surprising；haven’t expected
26．Just after putting away the dishes，______．
A．the doorbell rang loud B．Nancy heard the doorbell ring
C．someone knocked at the door D．the doorbell was rang
27．Don’t worry，I’ll think _____a way _____the difficulty．
A．of；out of B．a(chǎn)bout；of C．of；out D．over；out
28．“What a lovely day！Won’t you go out with them？”
“No，I’m going to have my car _____go out．”
A．fix up rather than B．fixed up rather than
C．to fix up more than D．to be fixed up rather than
29．Voices were _____when the discussion became more heated．
A．risen B．raised C．shouted D．improved
30．His theory _____many scientits and _____right．
A．surprised；is proved B．is surprised to；proved
C．is surprised at；is proved D．surprised；proved
Ⅱ．用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
bakery, prayer, pround, rare, simple, approval, possession, calculate, burden, possible
1．We’re going ahead with the wedding even though my family don’t ______．
2．It isn’t _____a question of money _____.
3．I have _____seen such a beautiful sunset at the seaside．
4．She _____herself on her ability to speak several foreign languages.
5．He was ______that no one had noticed his absence．
6．In ancient times，bricks were _____in the sun．
7．China’s economic development has opened up a world of _____for western companies.
8．The develoving countries bear the _____of an enormouse extermal debt．
9．According to our _____，we’re only got three years left．
10．He gave away all that he ______．
Ⅲ．完形填空
Many doctors who reviewed the reports of Napoleon’s illness found the symptoms（征兆）did not show that a man suffered from stomach cancer．It was 1 that Napoleon had 2 m some other cause，In 1961，a Swedish doctor 3 ．Some of Napoleon’s hair and found a 4 level of arsenic, a chemical poison．Was Napoleon murdered？It is doubtful．Arsenic was used in many types of 5 during Napoleon’s time，so he might have taken some as a cure for his 6 ．
He was sent to the island of St．Helena 7 the coast of Afica in 1815 after he lost the 8 of Waterloo．
Although he had servants to 9 to him，he had to live in one small building．Then，in 1982，Dr．David Jones from England began to 10 the mystery and 11 Napoleon might have 12 arsenic which was in the 12 of his house．In the 1700s and 1800s，arsenic was used to make a kind of green used in
14 and wallpaper．If the paint was used on a wet wall，the arsenic would 15 the house．A person in
the building might take in that air．After 16 the house where Napoleon died，Dr．Jones found much arsenic in the green paint on the 17 ．The result was proved again by 18 German doctor in Apirl，2002． 19 some materials，the leading guard settled Napoleon where was the bedroom 20 the thicker poisonous gas．
1． A．unknown B．strange C．important D．obvious
2． A．failed B．escaped C．imprisoned D．died
3． A．checked B．examined C．tested D．studied
4． A．low B．thin C．thick D．high
5． A．materials B．medicine C．paper D．buildings
6． A．heart attack B．stomachache C．headache D．lung diseases
7． A．of B．on C．to D．off
8． A．balile B．fight C．war D．struggle
9． A．observe B．care C．see D．notice
10． A．come across B．get through C．look into D．make up for
11． A．ordered B．demanded C．requested D．suggested
12． A．taken B．touched C．bathed in D．breathed in
13． A．a(chǎn)ir B．bedroom C．bathroom D．medicine shelf
14． A．clothes B．clothing C．cloth D．table-cloths
15． A．give out B．go into C．take off D．get in
16． A．living in B．studying C．watching D．breaking down
17． A．ground B．roof C．ceiling D．walls
18． A．other B．the other C．a(chǎn)nother D．certain
19． A．So B．And C．Then D．However
20． A．without B．in C．of D．with
Ⅳ．閱讀理解
A
At first Kate thought the Romanan girl could not speak and understand English．Nadia would not reply to anything Kate said．Kate was in charge of showing Nadia around on her first day at Buckminster Grade School．Kate could not figure out why the school had put Nadia in a class where she could not understand what people were saying．
“Why did they do this？”Kate wondered aloud．“I mean，you can’t learn if you can’t understand the teacher．”
Nadia’s voice was a whisper．“I understand English．I will learn．” Nadia’s English was perfect．
Kate was perplexed．She couldn’t understand why Nadia did not like to speak．Then she realized that moving to a new country probably wasn’t the easiest thing to do．There were hundreds of unfamiliar and unusual to learn--all at the same time．
“There’re a lot of new things to learn，huh？” said Kate．
Nadian nodded rapidly．In a quiet voice she replied，“Many things people say, I do not understand．I have been speaking Enghsh and Romanian all my life，but I do not know what some children are saying．For exaxmple，yesterday a boy asked if I could help him find the USB port on a thin black box he was carrying．Isn’t a port a place for ships？It made no sense to me。
“Don’t worry，” said Kate．“You’ll figure everything out in time．You see，that thin black box was a computer．A USB port is a place where you can connect other machines to a computer．”
Nadia and Kate were quiet after that．They took notes while the teacher gave a maths lesson．To Kate’s surprise，Nadia put up her hand and offered to answer questions at the balckboard．
Nadia handled every question the teacher gave her．Some of the questions were really difficult，and no one understand what was going on except Nadia and the teacher．When the teacher said that Nadia
answered everything correctly，the whole class clapped their hands．
Nadia was smiling when she sat back down next to Kate．“Some things，” she said in a normal voice，“are the same all over the world．”
1．At the beginnng of Nadia’s first day at school，she was _____．
A．disappointed B．helpful C．lively D．shy
2．The underlined word “perplexed’’ probably means _____.
A．puzzled B．a(chǎn)ngry C．shocked D．serious
3．We can infer from the passage that ______．
A．Nadia did not hke Kate
B．Nadia had lived by the sea before
C．Nadia had never seen a computer before
D．Nadia spoke in a soft voice out of politeness
4．Which of the following statements is true？
A．Nadia was better at maths than other students．
B．Nadia found some of the maths questions difficult．
C．Nadia was encouraged to answer questions in class．
D．Nadia understood the maths teacher better than other teachers．
5．What is the message of the story？
A．Talking about something familiar gives you confidence in communication．
B．Answering questions in class makes you better understood by classmates．
C．Language plays an important role in communication between cultures．
D．Mathematics helps to improve communication between cultures．
B
“If you want to see a thing well，reach out and touch it！” That may seem a strange thing to say．But touching things can help you to see them better．
Your eyes can tell you that a glass ball is round．But by holding it in your hands，you can feel how smooth and cool the ball is．You can feel how heavy the glass is．The roundness，smothness，coolness and heaviness are all part of the ball．When you feel all these things about the ball, you really see it．
With your skin，you can feel surprisingly well．For example，your fingers can tell the difference between a nickel（五分硬幣）and a dime（一角硬幣）in your pocket．You can feel a tiny drop of water on the back of your hand，or a puff（噴送）of air against your skin．
You can even feel sounds against your skin．Have you ever wondered why some people like very loud music？They must like to feel the sounds of music as well as to hear them．
Most of us like the feel of fur．We like to touch a fur coat or fur collar（衣領(lǐng)）．
All children soon learn what “Don’t touch’’ means．They her it often．Yet most of us keep right on touching things as we grow up．In stores，we touch things we might buy：food，clothing，furniture．To see something well，we have to touch it．
The bottoms of our feet can feel things，too．You know this when you walk barefoot．Warm sand，cool grass and a soft rug（地毯）all feel different under your feet．
There are ways of learning to see well by feeling．One way is to close your eyes and try to feel everything that is touching your skin．Feel the shoes on your feet，the clothes on your body，the air on your skin．At first，it is not easy to feel these things．You are too used to them．
Most exhibits in museums axe just for looking．But today some museums have some things to touch．Their signs say，“Do touch！”
There you can feel the shape of a gun，the smooth silk of a pillow，the rough wood of an old chair．If you want to see better，reach out and touch it．Then you will really see！
6．Besides the title “Do touch！”，other tides are given below．Which best fits this story？
A．Things Feel Soft or Hard！ B．Sign That Say，“Don’t Touch！”
C．To See Better--Feel！ D．Hearing by Feeling！
7．It is not easy to feel the shoes on your feet at first because _____．
A．you wear them every day B．they are rough
C．they are too familiar to feel D．they are too heavy to feel
8．In stores，people usually touch things _____．
A．they like B．they want to buy
C．that are to familiar D．they are less expensive
9．Some like very loud music，because _____．
A．it sounds beautiful
B．it is popular
C．they liked to hear loud music
D．they like to hear loud music and feel the sounds as well
10．Which of the following statements is true to the passage？
A．Touching is a better way to feelings than feeling．
B．One can buy everything only by touching without seeing it．
C．When buying something，one can touch it to see it better．
D．All the children never to touch when they hear “Don’t touch！”
Ⅴ．短文改錯(cuò)
Do you think animals can tell you how the weather will 1．____
be like？Some people believe the groundhog can，that is 2．____
a small furry animal．There is a special day in America calling 3．____
the Groundhog’s Day that falls in February 2．On the day， 4．____
if the groundhog comes out his home in the ground 5．____
and sees his shadow he will be frightening and 6．_____
go hurried back into his hole．People say this means 7．_____
there will be six more of weeks of winter to expect． 8．_____
However，if he can’t see his shadow this day and stays outsides 9．_____
his hole，it means whether spring is coming soon． 10．____
Ⅵ．書(shū)面表達(dá)
下面是對(duì)部分中學(xué)生的擇業(yè)理想作出調(diào)查后而繪制的圖表。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖表所反映出的情況用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一則報(bào)導(dǎo)。
要求：
1．報(bào)導(dǎo)須標(biāo)明各種職業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)。全文約100個(gè)單詞。
2．闡明男女擇業(yè)的異同點(diǎn)，并突出男女擇業(yè)的最顯著的差異之處（the most striking contrast）和相同之處。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key:
Ⅰ
1-5 ABCBD 6-10 DBAAC 11-15 DCDCC 16-20 BBABD
21-25 BACAA 26-30 BABBD
Ⅱ
1. approve 2. simply 3. rarely 4. prided 5. praying 6. baked
7. possibilities 8. burden 9. calculations 10. possessed
Ⅲ
1-5 DDBDB 6-10 BDACC 11-15 DDACD 16-20 BDCBD
Ⅳ
1-5 DACAA 6-10 CABDC
Ⅴ
1. how-what 2. that-which 3. calling-called 4. in-on 5. out后加of
6. frightening-frightened 7. hurried-hurriedly 8. 去掉第一個(gè)of 9. √ 10. whether-that
Ⅵ
Middle school students have some ideas for their future jobs. The most striking contrast is in teaching. 30 percent of girls want to be teachers while only 10 percent of boys want to do the job. As girls, the second largest group would like to act as medical workers (25 percent) and scientists (25 percent).
What boys like to be most are scientists and lawyers (30 perfect separately). The second choice is to become medical workers and businessmen (15 perfect separately). Only 5 percent of girls like to do business and around 15 percent want to be lawyers.
The above numbers show that a large number of girl students as well as boy students want to be scientists.