高 二 英 語(yǔ)（第15講）
主講：鄭天德 （蘇州中學(xué)）
[教學(xué)內(nèi)容與目的要求]
教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
高中英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)（上）
教學(xué)要求：
1、掌握本單元的單詞，詞組與句型。
2、學(xué)會(huì)幾句常用口語(yǔ)：
I think that there’s life on Mars because scientists have found water there.
我認(rèn)為火星上有生命，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)家已在那兒找到了水。
If they were to come tonight, they could meet the famous doctor.
如果他們今晚來(lái)的話就能見(jiàn)到那名醫(yī)了。
Have you thought about/of studying medicine? 你想過(guò)學(xué)醫(yī)嗎？
What makes you think that only bad people get AIDS?
什么使你認(rèn)為只有壞人才得艾滋�。�
If I were you, I would study harder to enter a good university.
如果我是你的話，我就會(huì)更努力去考上一個(gè)好大學(xué)。
Could you please explain why HIV can’t be transmitted via/by kissing?
你能為我解釋一下為什么接吻不會(huì)傳染艾滋病毒？
3、語(yǔ)法：虛擬語(yǔ)氣⑴
[知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)]
一、重要單詞：
deadly imaginary narrative false infect inject virus transmit via route prevention persuade heroin immune defenseless unprotected sex transfusion contract lack proper available specialist curable fierce diagnose sample disrupt contagious radiation strength recover category
二、重要詞組：
die of/from … 死于…… suffer from … 遭受…，患……病
on the contrary 正相反 for the moment 暫時(shí)，目前，此刻
free from 不受……，免于……
[難點(diǎn)講解]
1、AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
艾滋病是一種破壞人的免疫系統(tǒng)使人體對(duì)感染及疾病沒(méi)有抵抗力的疾病。
break down v.t.搞壞，搞垮，分解等
By helpful kindness the teacher broke down the new girl’s shyness.
老師的善意幫助使那新來(lái)的女生克服了害羞。
SARS could also break down the patient’s immune system.
非典也會(huì)破壞病人的免疫系統(tǒng)。
The policeman broke down the demonstration against the government.
警察鎮(zhèn)壓了反政府示威。
Water can be broken down into H and O. 水能分解成氫和氧。
v.i.中斷，壞了
Twice his computer broke down. 他的電腦壞了兩次。
The peace talks have broken down 和平談判失敗了。
His health broke down. 他的健康/身體垮了。
As she was singing she suddenly broke down. 她唱著唱著突然停了下來(lái)。
leave帶賓補(bǔ)的用法，意為，讓（…繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài)）：
Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered.（過(guò)去分詞）
如果你的問(wèn)題我還沒(méi)有回答的，請(qǐng)?jiān)徚恕?/p>
The papers were left lying around.（現(xiàn)在分詞） 文件被扔得到處都是。
His illness left him weak.（形容詞） 他的病使他很虛弱。
When Tom went sick, they left Jack in charge.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
當(dāng)湯姆病了的時(shí)候，他們讓杰克負(fù)責(zé)。
You’ve left her name off the list.（介詞短語(yǔ)） 你已經(jīng)把她的名字從名單上去掉了。
2、Most people who have AIDS manage to survive only a few years after they get the disease.
大多數(shù)艾滋病患者在得病后只能活上幾年。
這里manage to survive指存活。
manage to do意為設(shè)法做成……
同義的還有succeed in doing/be able to do試看以下例子：
The room was very dirty, but he managed to clean it.
was able to
he succeeded in cleaning it.
這房間很臟，但他把它打掃干凈了。
比較：
He tried to clean the dirty room but in vain. 他想要打掃干凈這個(gè)臟屋，但是白費(fèi)力氣。
He could clean the dirty room, but wasn’t willing to.
他能打掃干凈這個(gè)臟屋，但不愿意干。
persuade與advise也有類同的比較：
She persuaded her father to give up smoking. 她勸父親戒了煙。
She advised her father to give up smoking, but failed.
tried to persuade
她勸父親戒煙，但沒(méi)成功。
3、The disease is spreading fast in Africa and parts of Asia, mainly because of a lack of proper health care, prevention and education.
由于缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)尼t(yī)療，預(yù)防與教育，艾滋病在非洲和亞洲部分地區(qū)傳播得很快。
lack缺乏
作v.一般不用被動(dòng)式：
I lacked the courage to do it. 我缺乏做這事的勇氣。
He always lacks money. 他老是缺錢花。
Jane lacks an inch of being six feet tall. 珍妮差一英寸就六英尺高了。
否定句常用lack for
She doesn’t lack for friends.
be lacking in缺乏某種特點(diǎn)，只能……
She was lacking in wisdom. 她不夠聰明。
He seemed to be lacking in common sense.他似乎缺乏常識(shí)。
A diet lacking in protein will not keep a person healthy. 缺乏蛋白質(zhì)的飲食不利于健康。
作n：
There has been a great lack of electricity this summer. 今年夏季，電的缺口很大。
Most peasants don’t know how to maintain their own rights because of (a) lack of education.
大多數(shù)農(nóng)民因缺乏教育不懂維護(hù)自己的權(quán)利。
比較同義語(yǔ)short adj與shortage n的用法：
I said that the firm was short of men. 我說(shuō)這公司缺人手。
We were short of money then. 那時(shí)我們很缺錢。
We have run short of food. 我們食物已經(jīng)短缺了。
There is a shortage of grain because of poor crops. 收成不好糧食緊缺。
A water shortage even exists in “so called water towns” such as Suzhou and Shanghai.
甚至象蘇州、上海那樣的“水鄉(xiāng)”也存在水資源缺乏的問(wèn)題。
4、My life may have to be short. 我的生命也許一定很短暫。
比較：He must be brave. 他一定很勇敢。
He may have to be brave. 他也許一定很勇敢。
must不能與其他助動(dòng)詞連用而have to能，又例：
You will have to pass the exam before entering the school.
你進(jìn)這學(xué)校前必須通過(guò)考試。
He may have to walk there because he has no money for the bus.
因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有錢坐公共汽車，他也許只好步行到那兒去。
5、suffer from：
suffer一般作v.i.解，常與from連用，意為受苦，患病。
The crops suffered from the flood. 莊稼遭到了水災(zāi)。
I suffer a lot from lack of rest. 我深受休息不足的痛苦。
She suffered from SARS last year. 她去年患上了非典。
He suffered terribly when his mother died. 當(dāng)他母親去世時(shí)，他非常痛苦。
有時(shí)作遭到不好的事情解釋時(shí)也可作v.t.：
The enemy has suffered a sharp defeat. 敵人遭到慘敗。
He suffered (from) no pain. 他不覺(jué)痛苦。
She has suffered no inconveniences of any kind. 她沒(méi)有遇到任何不便。
6、I now feel as if that was when my life really began.
我現(xiàn)在覺(jué)得那天好象是我人生真正的開(kāi)始。
這里when my life really began是名詞性從句，無(wú)疑問(wèn)色彩，等于：
the day/time when my life really began
7、to date至今與so far同義，常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用：
The police have not found the runaway to date/so far. 警察至今還沒(méi)有找到那逃犯。
To date/So far he has done half the work. 至今他完成了一半工作。
8、too … to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，to do是不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，有否定意義：
It’s too good to be true. 那太好了，不可能是真的。
He is not too tired to walk. 他沒(méi)有累得走不動(dòng)。
Never too old to learn. 學(xué)習(xí)不會(huì)嫌老的。
但在一些搭配中即使有too后面的不定式也沒(méi)有否定意義：
如：be ready to do be eager to do
be anxious to do be glad to do
He is too ready to believe others. 他太容易相信人家。
He is too anxious to leave. 他太急于想離開(kāi)。
I’m too glad to see you. 我太高興見(jiàn)到你。
[語(yǔ)法] 虛擬語(yǔ)氣⑴
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件句中：
1、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)：
從句：用一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式，be常用were。
主句：用would/could/might/should（只用于第一人稱）+動(dòng)詞原形。
If I were/was in your place, I would be very worried.
If I were you, I would not go with him.
（固定結(jié)構(gòu)）
What could you say if I asked you to join us for a holiday?
Were提前可替代if從句。又例1可改成：
Were I in your place, I would be very worried.
2、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)：
從句：用過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式，可接過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
主句：用would/could/might/(should)+have done。
If he had tried harder last term , he would have passed all the exams.
Had he tried harder last term （Had提前作條件從句不用if）
If I hadn’t stopped her, she would have jumped into river.
Had I not stopped her, （不能把Hadn’t提前�。。�
Nothing could have saved him even if he had been treated without delay.
3、與將來(lái)的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)：
①與將來(lái)事實(shí)肯定相反：
從句：用一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式。
主句：用would/could/might/(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。
If the sun rose in the west tomorrow, he would change his mind.
②與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反：
從句：用should/were to +動(dòng)詞原形或一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式。
主句：用would/could/might/(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。
If it were to rain , we should get wet.
Were it to rain
If the rumour be true, everything is possible.
would be
If she (should) hear of your success, she could be surprised.
Should she hear of your success, （should提前能構(gòu)成條件從句，不用if）
*unless一般不用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如要表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣則用if … not …為宜。
4、主從句時(shí)間不一致的情況：
Had John Baird not invented TV, a good many kids wouldn’t know how to spend Saturday evenings. 如果當(dāng)時(shí)約翰貝爾德沒(méi)發(fā)明電視的話，現(xiàn)在很多小孩不知如何度星期六晚上了。
If you should see my mother, please tell her I’m quite well.
如果你可能見(jiàn)到我媽，請(qǐng)告訴她我很好。
If I had missed and had shot too low, I was going to use this arrow on you.
如果我沒(méi)射中而射得太低，我本來(lái)打算用這支箭對(duì)付你的。
5、含蓄條件句：
a、假設(shè)條件從上下文看去，不表達(dá)出來(lái)。
It was so quiet. You could have heard a leaf drop.
那時(shí)周圍是那么靜。連樹(shù)葉落地你都聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)。（不必表達(dá)出來(lái)的假設(shè)是，如果當(dāng)時(shí)你在場(chǎng)，去聽(tīng)的話。）
b、假設(shè)條件用其他形式表達(dá)：
Man would live for hundreds of years in hibernation. 人在冬眠狀態(tài)可能活上幾百年。
二、表示愿望的wish從句：
1、與許愿時(shí)的事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式：
I wish we had more money. （事實(shí)上我們沒(méi)更多的錢。）
He wished Ruth was there to share in the joy. （事實(shí)是當(dāng)時(shí)Ruth沒(méi)在那兒與他同樂(lè)。）
2、與許愿時(shí)已發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式，或would/could/might + have done：
Moravia wished she hadn’t come. （事實(shí)是當(dāng)時(shí)她已經(jīng)來(lái)了。）
wouldn’t have come.
I wish that I had never met him. （事實(shí)是我已與他見(jiàn)面了。）
would never have met him.
3、為將來(lái)可能發(fā)生的事許愿，從句謂語(yǔ)用would/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形：
She wished that she could marry a millionaire.
I wish I would visit New York again.
三、as if/as though從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
1、與當(dāng)時(shí)的事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式：
He acts as if he were drunk. 他的舉止似乎他喝醉了。
She loved the boy as if he were her son.
2、與當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式：
I remember the whole thing as though it had just happened.
He jumped up as if he had been bitten by a snake.
同步練習(xí)
一、單項(xiàng)選擇：
1、Corruption will _______ the economy of the country.
A. break with B. break down C. break out D. break away from
2、With ________ electricity, the city had to turn off half of the street lights.
A. a lack of B. lack for C. short of D. shortage for
3、He ______ repair the TV set, but it still didn’t work properly.
A. managed to B. tried to C. was able to D. failed to
4、He ______ have to walk to school. Choose the wrong answer:
A. may B. will C. used to D. must
5、She is _______ a strange disease.
A. suffering B. suffered from
C. suffering a lot of D. suffering from
6、Seven students have been killed by the cruel terrorists _______.
Choose the wrong answer:
A. to date B. so far C. to this day D. till today
7、Mr Smith is not ________ at the moment. Should I ask him to call you back?
A. spared B. available C. helpful D. busy
8、The kid talked to us as if he ______ an adult.
A. had been B. would be C. were D. is
9、What would you do if the war _______. Choose the wrong answer:
A. broke out B. should break out
C. were to break out D. would break out
10、He really wished such a noise ______ soon.
A. would stop B. stopped C. had stopped D. would have stopped
二、閱讀理解：
Mrs. Smith’s husband went off on a business trip to Australia. He wanted to catch the 3:30 plane to Darwin. She was very surprised when he telephoned her at 5 o’clock and said that he was still at the airport.
“What happened?” asked Mrs. Smith.
“Well”, said Mr. Smith, “Everything was going fine--I got my ticket, checked my luggage and waited in line at the gate. I walked across the runway to the airplane and I saw my friend Jack Scott. Jack was an airplane engineer. I shouted to him and a policeman caught me.”
“Why did he catch you?”
“I don’t know,” said Mr. Smith, “All I said was ‘Hi, Jack!’”
The word “hijack” means “to take control of a plane by force.”
1、Why did Mr. Smith want to fly to Australia? Because __________.
A. he was an Australian business man
B. he was leaving for Australia on business
C. his wife wanted him to
D. he wanted to see his wife
2、Mrs. Smith was very surprised because _______.
A. Mr. Smith didn’t arrive in Darwin. B. Mr. Smith telephoned her late
C. Mr. Smith didn’t leave the airport D. Mr. Smith was in Darwin
3、Mr. Smith couldn’t get on the plane because _______.
A. he met with his friend Jack
B. he didn’t get the ticket
C. there was something wrong with the airplane engine.
D. he was stopped by a policeman
4、Which of the following sentences is not true?
A. The police didn’t know Mr. Smith was Jack Scott’s friend
B. Jack Scott worked as an airplane engineer.
C. The policeman misunderstood Mr. Smith.
D. Mr. Smith knew why the policeman caught him.
5、Why was Mr. Smith caught by the policeman? Because ________.
A. he didn’t keep silence at the airport
B. he greeted an airport engineer named Jack
C. the pronunciation of “Hi, Jack” has another frightful meaning
D. the policeman didn’t know English
參 考 答 案
一、1、B 2、A 3、B 4、D 5、D 6、D 7、B 8、C 9、D 10、A
二、1、B 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、C