Warming up listening and speaking
1. care for : like , feel like, look after 喜歡；照顧
care about : be concerned about worry about 在意
She can’t come to my party because she will care for her sick mother.
You don’t care much for Tony, do you?
I don’t care about your opinion.
2. powder [U] 粉, 粉末, 火藥
washing powder 洗滌(劑)粉 juice powder (水果、蔬菜等的)汁粉
gun powder 火藥
3. standard n 標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 規(guī)格,水準(zhǔn)
the standard of living = the living standard生活水平
Your work is not up to the standard. 你的工作不夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
4. conscience n. 良心；是非觀念
His conscience troubled him after he took the money. 他拿走了錢以后，他的良心使他不安.
have a bad/guilty conscience 內(nèi)疚 have a clear conscience 問心無愧
in all conscience 憑良心 on one’s conscience 內(nèi)疚，問心有愧
have the conscience to do 竟厚顏無恥到（做、說...）
make sth. a matter of conscience憑良心對(duì)待［做］某事
A good conscience is a soft pillow. [諺] 問心無愧， 高枕無憂。
A guilty conscience is a self -accuser. [諺]做賊心虛。
Reading
5. wages指工人或服務(wù)人員等拿的“工資”, 一般按日、按時(shí)或按件計(jì)算
salary指公職人員、職員等拿按年、按月或按周計(jì)算的“年薪”、“月薪”或“周薪”;
His hourly wage is one dollar. 他每干一小時(shí)得一美元。
His monthly salary is sufficient to support his family. 他的月工資足以養(yǎng)活他一家。
6. leave alone ① 不管 ② 隨…去 ③ 把…獨(dú)自留下
Leave the cat alone. 不要逗那只貓。
Don’t touch that, leave it alone. 別動(dòng)了，把它放在一邊別管。
She couldn’t leave her baby alone at home. 她不能把孩子一個(gè)人留在家里。
7. There are many things that do me good…
do sb good = do good to sb 對(duì)…有益 do sb wrong = do wrong to sb 冤枉某人
do sb harm = do harm to sb 對(duì)…有害處
Doing exercise will do good to us .
You did me wrong ; I didn’t do that at all.
The wrong you did to me was great.
8. sth.（to be…)
admit doing sth. 承認(rèn)…
that-clause
You must admit the task to be difficult. 你必須承認(rèn)這個(gè)任務(wù)很難。
He admitted having stolen the bicycle. 他承認(rèn)他偷了自行車。
He admitted that he had stolen the bicycle.
admit sb. into/ to sth. 準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入
He was admitted to a key university. 他被一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取。
The theater admits 1000 people. （容納） 這個(gè)劇院可以容納1000人。
9. abundant adj. 1.) 大量的;充足的 2.) 豐富的;富裕的[(+in)]
abundant rainfall 充沛的雨量
We have abundant proof of his guilt. 我們掌握大量關(guān)于他犯罪的證據(jù)。
The country is abundant in natural resources. 這個(gè)國(guó)家盛產(chǎn)自然資源。
The country has abundant supplies of oil and gas. 這個(gè)國(guó)家有豐富的石油和天然氣。
10. occupy vt. 1.) 占領(lǐng),占據(jù) 2.) 占(時(shí)間,空間);占用;住
The enemy soon occupied the town. 敵人很快占領(lǐng)了城鎮(zhèn)。
Reading occupies most of my free time. 閱讀占了我大部分空余時(shí)間。
The bathroom is occupied. 浴室有人用。
be occupied with sth
be occupied in doing sth 忙于…從事于…
occupy oneself in doing sth. / with sth.
He is occupied with all kinds of daily affairs. 他每天忙于各種各樣的日常事務(wù)。
I have been occupied in reading. 我一直忙于閱讀。
=I have occupied myself in reading.
11. constant adj. 1.）不變的；固定的 2.）時(shí)常發(fā)生的；連續(xù)不斷的
3.）忠心的；忠貞的；忠實(shí)的
constant speed 固定速度 constant rain 綿綿不斷的雨
constant trouble 時(shí)常發(fā)生的麻煩 a constant friend忠實(shí)的朋友
12. close up 1.）（暫時(shí)）關(guān)閉；停歇 2.）靠攏；靠近；靠緊
The old road has now been closed up since the highway was open to public use."自從高速公路通車以來,那條舊公路已經(jīng)封閉了。"
Close up the ranks! 靠攏！
The teacher told the children to close up to each other near the camp fire and then began his story. 老師叫孩子們?cè)跔I(yíng)火旁互相靠攏些,接著就開始講起故事來。
close down 1.）（廣播電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)）停止播音，停播 2.）（工廠等的永久性地）關(guān)閉，歇業(yè)
The local government decided to close down some factories which had done a lot of harm to the environment. 當(dāng)?shù)卣疀Q定關(guān)閉一些對(duì)環(huán)境造成重大損害的工廠。
Integrating Skills
13. take one’s place 就座, 接替某人的位置
Mr. Li is ill, and I’ve come to take his place. 李老師病了，我來接替他。
take the place of 代替，替代 take place 發(fā)生，舉行
out of place 在錯(cuò)誤的位置 in place 在通常的位置 in place of 代替
Tractors have now taken the place of horses and cows in most villages. 在大多數(shù)的村莊，拖拉機(jī)已經(jīng)取代了牛馬。
The task is carried out by robots in place of human workers. 機(jī)器人代替人力執(zhí)行了這個(gè)任務(wù)
14. ambition n. 雄心；志向；野心
I started off full of ambition. 我雄心勃勃地出發(fā)了。
He lacks ambition. 他無志向。
ambition = aim =goal [C] 目標(biāo)
It’s one of my ambitions to get a novel published. 出版一本小說是我目標(biāo)之一。
15. be content with: be satisfied with 對(duì)…滿意
be content to do sth: be willing/ready to sth 樂于做某事
The teacher is content with the student’s answer. 老師對(duì)學(xué)生的回答很滿意。
The Smiths are content to live a simple life. 史密斯夫婦樂于過著簡(jiǎn)單的生活。
Jenny stared at her boyfriend with a contented smile.(adj.知足的， 滿意的)
How about the content of the book. (n. 內(nèi)容, 容量, 目錄)
16. of late : lately , recently 最近
What are you busy with of late ? 你最近在忙什么？
at ( the ) latest adv.最遲
Be here on Monday at the latest. 最遲星期一到這。
You must finish the work by Friday at latest. 你最遲星期五前完成工作。
Grammar----- the Adverbial
狀語(yǔ)用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，來表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式、程度、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、頻度等情況，通常狀語(yǔ)可以由下列這些來表示。
1．副詞作狀語(yǔ)
(1) The doctor will be here presently．大夫一會(huì)就來.
(2) She had never before had that feeling．她過去從來不曾有過這種感覺。
2．介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)
(1) We stayed up till midnight．我們一直到深夜都沒睡。
(2) We learn to swim by swimming．我們通過練習(xí)游泳學(xué)游泳。
3．不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)
(1) They did everything they could to save the man's life．他們做了一切努力來拯救那個(gè)人生命.
(2) We can send a car over to fetch you．我們可以派一輛車去接你。
4．分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)
(1)Please fill in the card giving all the information required.請(qǐng)?zhí)顚懞每ㄆ?把要填的項(xiàng)目填清楚。
(2) Compared to you，I am indeed very fortunate．和你相比，我確實(shí)是很幸運(yùn)的。
5．形容詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)
(1) They are rushed over eager to help．他們都跑了過去，急于要幫忙。
(2) Hungry，he went to a restaurant．餓了，他走進(jìn)一家飯店o
6．詞組作狀語(yǔ)
(1) She jumped ten feet．她跳了十英尺遠(yuǎn)。
(2) When I was ill she nursed me day and night．我生病時(shí)，她日夜照顧我。
7．復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)
(1) That being the case，we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing．既然情況如此，整個(gè)這件事我們就得重新考慮了。
(2) He entered the room his nose red with cold．他鼻子凍得通紅地走進(jìn)房來。
8．從句作狀語(yǔ)
(1) We did only because we had to．我們這樣做是出于不得已。
(2) He asked me to stay where I was．他讓我呆在原處。
9．狀語(yǔ)在句中的位置
(a) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般位于句尾，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可以位于句首。
(1) The plane will take off in a few minutes．幾分鐘后飛機(jī)就要起飛了。
(2) Having finished the job, he went to have supper. 完成了工作，他就去吃飯了。
(b)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)一般位于句尾，但有時(shí)也可位于句首或句中。
(1) There are plenty of fishes in the river．這河里魚的種類很多。
(2) Anyway, I won’t stop you from doing it. 不管怎樣我不打算阻止你那樣做。
(c)原因狀語(yǔ)大多位于句尾，有時(shí)也有位于句首的。
(1) He arrived late because of the rain．由于下雨，他來遲了。
(2) Delighted, the girls thought up many good ideas．一高興，姑娘們想出許多好主意。
(d)方式狀語(yǔ)總是位于句尾(動(dòng)詞后或動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)后)。
(1) They listened to the teacher attentively．他們注意聽老師講課。
(2) She cut the cake with a knife．她用刀把蛋糕切開。
(e)程度狀語(yǔ)位于被修飾詞的前面。
(1) The road is very wide．這條路很寬。
(2) This film is entirely different from that one．這部電影同那部電影完全不同。
[注意]enough作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)位于被修飾詞的后面。
(1) This book is easy enough．這本書相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單。
(f)目的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句尾，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)也可以位于句首。
(1) He ran fast, to catch the train．他飛跑著去趕火車。
(2) To do a good job, we must have the right tools．要干好活，工具要對(duì)頭。
(g)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)位于句尾。
(1)She woke suddenly to find many persons around her bed.她突然醒來時(shí), 發(fā)現(xiàn)許多人圍在她床邊。
(2)It was snowing so heavily that we had to stay indoors.當(dāng)時(shí)雪下得特別大，我們不得不呆在屋子里。
(h)條件狀語(yǔ)位于句首。
(1) Turning to the left, you will find the post office．往左拐，你就能找到郵局。
(2) Given more time, I was able to have done the work better．多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我會(huì)把工作做得更好。
(i) 讓步狀語(yǔ)位于句首或句尾。
(1)They kept on working outside in spite of the bad weather.盡管天氣不好，他們還堅(jiān)持在外面干活。
(2) Although he is in poor health, he is strong in spirit. 盡管他身體不好，但精神很好。
(j)頻度狀語(yǔ)如：often, always, seldom, never, ever, sometimes, usually, hardly等通常位于句中，放在行為動(dòng)詞之前，be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后；多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，則放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后
(1) She often does this. 她總是這樣做。
(2) She is seldom ill. 她不常生病。
(3) She would occasionally drop us a note．她偶爾給我們來一封短信.
(4)He has never been late to school．他上學(xué)從不遲到。
10．多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)連用的次序問題
(a) 方式---地點(diǎn)---時(shí)間 (連用幾個(gè)狀語(yǔ)修飾同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常按“方式狀語(yǔ)---地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)---時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”的順序排列。)
(1) They talked friendly in the living-room last night．他們昨天晚上在客廳談得很愉快。
(2) She walked quickly out of the room just now. 她剛才很快地走出了房間。
(b) 由小到大（用幾個(gè)不同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般按照“由小到大”的順序排列。）
(1) My sister stayed in my home for three months last year. 我姐姐去年在我家呆了三個(gè)月。
(2) My parents lived in a small faraway village in the north. 我的父母親住在北方的一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的小村莊里。
(c) 交換位置(狀語(yǔ)在簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中，謂語(yǔ)部分只有be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)要在這些詞前面)
(1) He will never do it again．No, he never will．他決不再做那樣的事了。是的，他決不再做。
(2) Are you all Americans? Yes，we all are．你們都是美國(guó)人嗎?是的，我們都是。