不定式
不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。不定式的邏輯主語有時(shí)用“for+名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。
1.不定式短語
不定式+賓語詞組げ褂锎首楠じ貝蝕首=不定式短語
下列均為不定式短語：
to pretend not to see me(假裝沒有看見我)
to become a teacher(當(dāng)老師)
to study hard(努力讀書)
2.不定式邏輯上的主語
1)、不表明其為不定式邏輯上的主語的情況：
(1)主要?jiǎng)釉~的主語即不定式邏輯上的主語時(shí)。
I want to go hunting with you.(我想和你一塊兒去打獵)
→I是主要?jiǎng)釉~want的主語，也是不定式to go邏輯上的主語。
I asked to speak to the manager.(我要求與經(jīng)理談話)
→I 是主要?jiǎng)釉~asked的主語，也是不定式to speak邏輯上的主語。
(2)主要?jiǎng)釉~的賓語即不定式邏輯上的主語時(shí)。
I will get someone to carry your baggage.(我將叫人搬運(yùn)你的行李)
→主要?jiǎng)釉~的賓語someone，做不定式to carry邏輯上的主語。
The doctor advised me not to drink too much.(醫(yī)生勸我不要喝太多酒)
→主要?jiǎng)釉~的賓語me，做不定式to drink邏輯上的主語。
(3)由句子前后關(guān)系可知不定式之邏輯上的主語時(shí)。
I found that to talk with him was a waste of time.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)和他說話是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間)
→由句子前后的關(guān)系可知I是不定式to talk邏輯上的主語。
He found that to leave the house unobserved was easy.
他發(fā)覺讓房子空著，沒有人看守是容易的
→由句子前后的關(guān)系可知He是不定式to leave邏輯上的主語。
(4)在一些諺語、格言或一般眾所周知的事。
To err is human, to forgive is divine.(犯錯(cuò)是人，寬恕是神)
It is better to give than to receive.(施比受更是福)
It is wrong to tell a lie.(說謊話是錯(cuò)誤的)
2)、表明其為不定式邏輯上的主語時(shí)，用下列表示方式：
(1)for+賓語(邏輯上的主語)+不定式
It is difficult for you to read this book.(你要讀這本書是困難的)
=For you to read this book is difficult.
It’s bad for him to live alone.(他獨(dú)自生活是不好的。)
It is impossible for her to give up drinking.(要她戒酒是不可能的。)
When will it be convenient for me to call?(我何時(shí)去拜訪方便呢？)
(2)It is +形容詞+of+賓語(邏輯上的主語)+不定式(對(duì)of后的賓語稱贊或責(zé)備時(shí)，用此句型)
It is silly of you to say so.(你這樣說實(shí)在太傻了。)
=You are silly to say so.
It is unwise of you to live alone.(你很愚蠢要獨(dú)自生活。)
It was bold of her to row up the river.(她很大膽敢向上游劃船。)
It is very kind of you to do so.(承蒙你這樣做，實(shí)在太好。)
(3)for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
3、不定式邏輯上的主語之省略：
不定式邏輯上的主語泛指一般人，或一般事物時(shí)，邏輯上的主語可省略或表明。It is important to work hard.(努力是重要的。)
→不定式to work hard邏輯上的主語應(yīng)是anyone，所以若要將邏輯上的主語表明即為：
It is important for anyone to work hard.
It is time to go to school.(是上學(xué)的時(shí)間了。)
→不定式to go 邏輯上的主語是我(或我們，你等)，所以若要將邏輯上的主語表明即為：It is time for me to go to school.
4.不定式邏輯上的賓語：
1)、主要?jiǎng)釉~的主語即不定式邏輯上的賓語。
The river is dangerous to bathe in.(在這條河里洗澡很危險(xiǎn)。)
=It is dangerous to bathe in the river.
This house must be comfortable to live in.(住在這幢房子里一定很舒適。)
=It must be comfortable to live in this house.
Your question is difficult to answer.(回答你的問題是很困難的。)
=It is difficult to answer your question.
2)、被不定式修飾的名詞或代名詞即該不定式邏輯上的賓語。
This is a hard question to answer.(這是一個(gè)很難回答的問題。)
=This question is hard to answer.
=It is hard to answer this question
She has no one to depend on.(她沒有可以依靠的人。)
=She has no one whom she can depend on.
明察秋毫
1.不定式之前已有邏輯上的賓語，其后就不得有文法上的賓語。
That question is difficult to answer it.(誤) to answer.(正)(那個(gè)問題很難回答)
2.不定式之前沒有邏輯上的賓語，則其后應(yīng)有文法上的賓語。
It is hard to please her son.(想要討好她的兒子不容易。)
→不定式to please之前沒有邏輯上的賓語，所以它的后面必須有文法上的賓語her son.
5. 不定式的用法：
(1)作主語，不定式短語作主語時(shí)，往往放在謂語 之后，用it作形式主語。
To see is to believe． 眼見為實(shí)。
It is right to give up smoking. 戒煙是對(duì)的。
(2) 作賓語， 不定式短語作賓語時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補(bǔ) 足語之后，而用it作形式賓語。
He wanted to go． 他想走。
I find it interesting to work with him． 我發(fā)現(xiàn)和他一起工作有趣
(3) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語
He asked me to do the work with him． 他叫我跟他一起做這個(gè)工作。
注意：1) 在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch， have，1et，make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語 中，不定式不帶to。但是這些句中如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，就必須帶to。
2) 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but，except，besides 后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞 do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則要帶to。
例如：
She could do nothing but cry． 她只會(huì)哭了。
What do you like to do besides swim? 除游泳外你還喜歡什么?
I have no choice but to go． 我不得不走。
(4)。作定語
I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書供給你讀。
注①：作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。
例如：
He is looking for a room to live in ． 他在找一個(gè)房間住。
There is nothing to worry about． 無什么可擔(dān)心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with． 請給我把刀子來切東西。
但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。
例如：
He had no money and no place to live． 他沒錢沒地方住。
注②：當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其意義有所不同。
試比較：
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什么東西要寄嗎?(不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?
(不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
(5) 作狀語，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。
例如： I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (結(jié)果)
To look at him，you would like him． (條件)
目的狀語還可以用in order to或so as to來表示。
例如：
In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard． 為了考試及格，他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。
We ran all the way so as not to be late． 為了別遲到我們一路上跑來的。
不定式也可以在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。
例如：
I am very glad to hear it. 聽見這事我很高興。
The question is difficult to answer． 這個(gè)問題難回答。
“too+形容詞或副詞+不定式”也作狀語。 例如：
He is too old to do that．他太老不能做這事了。
另外句子中有enough這個(gè)詞時(shí)，常用不定式作狀語。例如：
The room is big enough to hold us．這間屋子夠大能盛得下我們。
(6) 作表語
My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是幫助病人。
(7)作獨(dú)立成分
To tell the truth，I don't agree with you． 說實(shí)話，我不同意你的觀點(diǎn)。
(8) 不定式與疑問詞who，which，when，where ,how，what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語表語、賓語等。
例如： He didn't know what to say. (賓語) 他不知道說什么。
How to solve the problem is very important ?（主語）
如何解決這個(gè)問題很重要。
My question is when to start．(表語) 我的問題是什么時(shí)候開始。
注意:在與why連用時(shí),只用于why或 why not開頭的簡短疑問句中,后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。 例如：
Why not have a rest?
6. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
1） 一般式表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2） 完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
很抱歉，給你添了那么多的麻煩。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。
3） 進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。
4） 完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過去開始并延續(xù)至說話的時(shí)候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
我們知道她研究這問題有好幾年了。
7. 不定式的語態(tài)
1）當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。
例如：
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．
2） 不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)，多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的，但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜，請注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
A) 不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往
用主動(dòng)形式。
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
B) 不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。
I have got a letter to write．
He needs a room to live in．
C) 不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定
式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為 形容詞后省去了for one或for people．
例如：
He is hard to talk to．
The book is difficult to understand
但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者時(shí)，亦可用不定式被動(dòng)句。
例如：
The handwriting is very difficult to be read．
這字太難認(rèn)讀了。
The box is to heavy to be lifted．
這箱子太重舉不起來。
D) 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式，如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。
There is a lot of work to do．
(Somebody has to do the work．)
There is a lot of work to be done．
(The work has to be done．)
請注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義是不同的：
There is nothing to do．
意為無事可做，感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done．
意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復(fù)正常。
8.特殊詞精講
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事， stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
2. forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事， forget doing 忘記做過某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著，他忘記關(guān)了。（沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作）
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。（已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作）
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
3. remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事， remember doing 記得做過某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
4. regret doing/to do
regret to do 對(duì)將要做的事遺憾， regret doing 對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。
5. cease doing/to do
cease to do 長時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事，
cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個(gè)系已不復(fù)存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們在老師走過時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。
6 .try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事， try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
7 .go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事，
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)
8 .be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"，
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。例如：
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著，不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 .be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事，
interested in doing 對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。（想了解）
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? （一種想法）
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想， mean doing 意味著。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工資意味著增加購買
11 .begin（start） doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1） 談及一項(xiàng)長期活動(dòng)或開始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你幾歲時(shí)開始彈鋼琴？
2） begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我開始生起氣來。
3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我開始明白真相。
4） 事物作主語時(shí)。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪開始融化了
12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do
感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，+doing 表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí)）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
I felt the car move. (我感到車子動(dòng)了。)
I felt car moving. (我感到車子正在動(dòng)。)
I like to hear her sing. (正)singing.(誤)(我喜歡聽她唱歌。)
Last night when I passed her room, I heard her Singing. (正)Sing. (誤)
(昨晚當(dāng)我經(jīng)過她的房間時(shí)，聽見她在唱歌。)
典型例題
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
動(dòng)詞不定式專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
1. With a lot of different problems __________ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
2.Professor Li is often seen ___________ something in his office.
A. to write B. write C. wrote D. written
3.Do you still remember __________ to your hometown ten years ago?
A. taken B. to take C. to be taken D. being taken
4.She is not used _________ in the city.
A. to live B. to living C. to have lived D. live
5.Hurry up! He is sure _________ us at the gate.
A. waiting B. to wait C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for
6.Charlie Chaplin is considered __________ a great contribution to the film industry.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
7.They haven’t decided when __________ for Shanghai.
A. to be leaving B. to leave C. leaving D. leave
8.I feel like __________ a long walk. Would you like _________ with me ?
A. taking; going B. to take; going C. taking; to go D. to take; to go
9.Don’t forget __________ the letter for me when you pass by the post office.
A. post B. to post C. posted D. posting
10.In those days my family didn’t have enough room _________.
A. to live B. living in C. to live in D. living
11.She told me ________ about my lessons.
A. needn’t worry B. don’t worry C. not to worry D. not worry
12. _______the early train, you'll have to get up early and rush in a taxi.
A. Catching B. Caught C. To catch D. Catch
13.Whether it will do us harm remains_______.
A. seen B. seeing C. being seen D. to be seen
14.All work is pleasant_ ______when the habit of working is formed.
A. done B. doing C. to do D. to be done
15.People are talking about the new play _______in two weeks.
A. to be put on B. to put on C. being put on D. put on
16.I happened _______with him when he was hit by a stone.
A.I was talking B. talking C. to talk D. to be talking
17.We are not sure which restaurant _______tonight.
A. eating at B. for eating C. to eat at D. we eat
You can close your umbrella. The rain seems _______.
A. stopping B. to stop C. to have stopped D. having stopped
18.There seemed nothing else to do but ______a doctor.
A. to send for B. to call for C. send for D. to call in
19.Rather than_ ______on a crowded bus, he always prefers _______a bicycle.
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
20.The sentence needs _______once more.
A. explained B. explaining C. being explained D. to explain
21..I'm sorry I forgot_ ______him about it, so he didn't come.
A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. having told
22.She pretended ____ me when I passed by .
A . not to see B . not seeing C . to not see D . having not seen
23.She reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the side of the path .
A . to have rested B . resting C . to rest D . rest
24.Last summer I took a course on ____ .
A . how to make dresses B . how dresses be made
C . how to be made dresses D . how dresses to be made
25.This sentence needs _________. .
A. improvement B. improved C. improving D. improved
26. - The light in the office is still on .
- Oh , I forgot ____ .
A . turning it off B . turn it off C . to turn it off D . having turned it off
27.John was made ____ the truck for a week as a punishment .
A . to wash B . washing C . wash D . to be washing
28.Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening .
A . to be taken B . to take C . being taken D . taking
29.- I usually go there by train .
- Why not ____ by boat for a change .
A . to try going B . trying to go C . to try and go D . try going
30.. ________ more attention , the trees could have grown better .
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
31. I’m sorry ____ so long, I forgot to tell you in advance where I had put my key.
A. to keep you wait B. to keep you waiting
C. to keep you waited D. to have kept you waiting
32.Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer .
A . to invent B . inventing C . to have invented D . having invented
33.- I must apologize for ____ ahead of time .
- That‘s all right .
A . letting you not know B . not letting you know
C . letting you know not D . letting not you know
34.Rather than ____ on a crowded bus , he always prefers ____ a bicycle .
A . ride ; ride B . riding ; ride C . ride ; to ride D . to ride ; riding
35.The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river .
A . playing B . to be playing C . play D . to play
36.Paul doesn’t have to be made ____ . He always works hard .
A . learn B . to learn C . learned D . learning
37.We agreed ____ here but so far she hasn‘t turned up yet .
A . having met B . meeting C . to meet D . to have met
38.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him ____ .
A . not to B . not to do C . not do it D . do not to
39.The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation .
A . to eat not B . eating not C . not to eat D . not eating
40. - Alice , why didn’t you come yesterday ?
- I ____ , but I had an unexpected visitor .
A . had B . would C . was going to D . did
41.Though he had often made his little sister______, today he was made ______
by his little sister .
A. cry ; to cry B. crying ; crying C. cry ; cry D. to cry ; cry
42.Jane was made________ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
43.They knew her very well . They had seen her _______up from childhood .
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
44.They would not allow him ______across the enemy line .
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
45.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _______after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
46.Tom kept quiet about the accident______ lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
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21-25.AACAC 26-30.CAADA 31-35.DCBCA
36-40.BCACC 41-46. AAAAAB