從詞法和句法入手巧解短文改錯(cuò)題
相對(duì)于單句改錯(cuò)而言,短文改錯(cuò)較難。因?yàn)閺慕鼛啄耆珖?guó)各省市中考短文改錯(cuò)題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)來(lái)看,短文改錯(cuò)不僅考查基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí),而且考查文段的行文邏輯,因此短文改錯(cuò)與完形填空、閱讀理解一樣注重強(qiáng)調(diào)整體理解,從宏觀上把握。因此,同學(xué)們解題時(shí)如能從詞法和句法入手,則能化繁為簡(jiǎn),取得事半功倍的效果。
一、從詞法入手
1. 冠詞考查分兩個(gè)方面:一是冠詞的缺省或多余,考生要注意關(guān)于含有冠詞(不含冠詞)的用法以及加冠詞與不加冠詞的區(qū)別。如:in front of與in the front of, in hospital與in the hospital的區(qū)別。二是冠詞the, a, an (定冠詞和不定冠詞)之間的相互誤用。
2. 名詞主要考查單數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)名詞,這主要是受東西方文化差異的影響,英語(yǔ)中除了不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)名詞用單數(shù)外,可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3. 代詞主要有人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞、反身代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、復(fù)合不定代詞、指示代詞,要注意代詞的各人稱之間和單復(fù)數(shù)之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞which, that之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞that與疑問(wèn)代詞what之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞which與關(guān)系副詞when, where以及what與how的誤用等。
4. 動(dòng)詞是短文改錯(cuò)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),因?yàn)樗婕暗絼?dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用(主要是現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞之間的誤用,動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的添加,動(dòng)詞原形變成動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的形式等),動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作、結(jié)果與狀態(tài)之間的誤用(例如:listen與hear;look與see;watch與notice等),以及動(dòng)詞的誤用。
5. 對(duì)形容詞與副詞的考查主要涉及它們之間的相互誤用和它們的比較等級(jí)的誤用。另外,考生應(yīng)該注意形容詞與名詞或代詞的位置關(guān)系,副詞與動(dòng)詞的位置關(guān)系,以及形容詞與副詞的位置關(guān)系。
6. 連詞主要有兩類,即并列連詞和從屬連詞,考查點(diǎn)主要是并列連詞(分遞進(jìn)式、轉(zhuǎn)折式、選擇式和因果式四種)之間的誤用(主要是but與so/and之間的誤用),從屬連詞之間的誤用以及并列連詞與
從屬連詞之間的誤用等。
7. 介詞主要涉及到相關(guān)介詞的誤用,例如:John went to school through a bridge three times a day. (through改為across)
二、從句法入手
A. 一致性問(wèn)題
1. 主謂一致。如:
What are your favourite sports?
【分析】 are改為is。這是對(duì)疑問(wèn)句主謂一致的考查。
Playing football not only makes us grow up tall...
【分析】 Play改為Playing。動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞形式,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞makes一致。
2. 時(shí)態(tài)一致。如:
It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me home.
【分析】 drove改為drive。連詞and連接的是兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)作meet和drive。
They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing.
【分析】 have改為had。上文記述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,故下文也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。
Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher.
【分析】 learn改為learned。"從老師那兒知道",是過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為,故用過(guò)去時(shí)。
My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
【分析】 was改為am。整篇文章描述現(xiàn)在的情況,用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致及名詞與冠詞搭配。如:
He sat down and asked me lots of question.
【分析】 question改為questions。question為可數(shù)名詞,用在lots of后面,應(yīng)加-s。
We study quite a few subject, such as maths...
【分析】 subject改為subjects。a few后面應(yīng)跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
【分析】 schoolmate應(yīng)改為schoolmates。此處"同學(xué)"為復(fù)數(shù)概念,應(yīng)加上-s。
As everyone knows, it's famous mountain with different kinds of plants and animals.
【分析】 在famous mountain前加a。
4. 代詞的"性"、"數(shù)"一致 。如:
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
【分析】 his改為their。主語(yǔ)The Smiths用以指代一家人或夫婦倆,后面的代詞應(yīng)該用their。
5. 語(yǔ)意一致。如:
She was smiling but nodding at me.
【分析】 but改為and。微笑和點(diǎn)頭在語(yǔ)意上是并列的關(guān)系。
B. 詞義的重疊。如:
Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to...
【分析】 這一題是考查英漢不同的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。漢語(yǔ)的"第一次訪問(wèn)",英語(yǔ)說(shuō)my first visit即可,time是多余的。
First, let me tell you something more about myself.
【分析】 作者在這里是第一次向?qū)Ψ浇榻B自己的情況,不存在更多,故應(yīng)刪去more一詞。
Whenever I see them, I often think of my English teacher.
【分析】 此題易受漢語(yǔ)的影響,造成語(yǔ)意上的重疊。"每當(dāng)我看見(jiàn)它們,我總會(huì)想起我的英語(yǔ)教師。"但英語(yǔ)中whenever之后一般不用often。
C. 邏輯關(guān)系及習(xí)慣用法。如:
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
【分析】 where 改為which?疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的用法。此處where應(yīng)改為which, 因?yàn)樗诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
I'd like to your pen friend.
【分析】在I'd like to 后加be或become。
It was very kind for you to meet me at the railway station.
【分析】 將本句中for改為of。
【范例】
Mary was reading the newspaper. The newspaper say, 1.________
"Write a story about what your Mom is the best Mom. 2. ________
A ten best stories will win a nice present for Mom. 3. ________
Sending your stories to us." 4. ________
Mary wrote to her Mom,"My Mom loves us. She listens to 5. ________
our problems. She helps us feel better when we are 6. ________
sad. Even though she works, she spends times with 7. ________
Tom, Mike and I each night. She reads to us and 8. ________
help us with our homework. She is teaching us to be 9. ________
kindly and to work hard." Do you think Mom won? 10. ________
【答案與分析】
1. 該行從時(shí)態(tài)角度去考慮。首先,newspaper是第三人數(shù)單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞say不應(yīng)該是原形;其次,這篇短文以陳述一件事為主,這句應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),故應(yīng)將原形動(dòng)詞say改為過(guò)去式said。
2. 該行從詞語(yǔ)搭配角度去考慮,應(yīng)將what改為why。這句話的意思是"為什么你媽媽是最好的媽媽",故what放在這兒是解釋不通的。
3. 該行從冠詞用法去考慮。"十篇最好的故事"應(yīng)該是特指,故應(yīng)把"A"改為定冠詞"The"。
4. 該行從句子結(jié)構(gòu)角度去考慮。祈使句用動(dòng)詞原形。Sending改為Send。
5. 該行從上下文角度去考慮。write to somebody是寫(xiě)給某人,而這句的意思是寫(xiě)有關(guān)媽媽的事情。to改為about。
6. ?菁 7. 改行從詞義角度去考慮。time作"時(shí)間"解時(shí),是不可數(shù)名詞,這句的意思就是媽媽每晚都和孩子們共度時(shí)光。應(yīng)去掉-s。
8. 該行屬人稱代詞錯(cuò)用。with是介詞,應(yīng)該用人稱代詞賓格來(lái)充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)。I改為me。
9. 該行屬主謂搭配不當(dāng)。and并列連接了兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ):reads to us 和helps us with our
homework。help改為helps。
10. 該行屬形容詞和副詞混用。kindly是副詞,應(yīng)改為kind, 作be 的表語(yǔ)。