Warming up
What kind of entertainment did they have?
他們有什么樣的娛樂（活動(dòng)）？
點(diǎn)撥：entertainment作為名詞，有以下含義:
1.表示“娛樂，游藝，技術(shù)表演”。
e.g.Jenny is interested in the news of entertainment.
詹妮對(duì)娛樂新聞感興趣。
2.表示“招待，款待”。
e.g.1.This hotel is famous for its entertainment.
這家旅館因?yàn)橐笄诖投雒?/p>
e.g.2.He gives numerous entertainments to his friends.
他常常宴請(qǐng)很多客人。
entertainment tax娛樂稅
entertainment的動(dòng)詞形式是entertain，它作為及物動(dòng)詞，表示以下含義：
1.使娛樂，助興
e.g.We were all entertained by his tricks.
大家對(duì)他的把戲都很感興趣。
2.款待，招待
e.g.He plans to entertain his friends to dinner.
他計(jì)劃設(shè)晚宴招待他的朋友們。
3.心存，考慮
e.g.1.to entertain an idea/to entertain a hope
懷有一個(gè)主意/懷有一個(gè)希望
e.g.2.I refused to entertain such a foolish idea.
我拒絕考慮這樣愚蠢的主意。
entertain作為不及物動(dòng)詞，表示的意思是“招待客人”。
e.g.She loves to talk,dance and entertain.
她喜歡說話，跳舞和招待客人。
entertainer作名詞，含義是“招待人，款待人；表演娛樂的人”。
entertaining 是形容詞，意思是“娛樂的，有趣的”。
e.g.We spent an entertaining evening at the theatre.
我們?cè)谶@家劇院度過了一個(gè)有趣的夜晚。
entertainingly 是副詞。
Where were they unearthed and where can you go and see them?
它們是在哪兒出土的以及你在哪兒可以參觀到這些出土文物？
點(diǎn)撥：unearth 作為動(dòng)詞的含義主要有以下幾種:
1.表示“發(fā)掘”的意思。
e.g.They unearthed a buried city.
他們發(fā)掘了一座埋在地下的城市。
2.表示“破獲”的含義
to unearth a plot
揭穿一個(gè)陰謀
3.還可以表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)”等含義。
e.g.The historian has unearthed some new facts about Napoleon’s life.
那位歷史學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)拿破侖一生的新的事實(shí)。
unearth 由un-加上名詞 earth構(gòu)成，類似的詞語(yǔ)主要有以下幾個(gè)。
unhand 意思是“放手，松手”。
e.g.Please unhand me!
別拉著我。
unglove 的含義是“脫下的手套”。
e.g.Her hand,when ungloved,glitters with heavy rings.
她脫下手套的時(shí)候，許多戒指在她手上閃爍。
unhair 的意思是“拔掉頭發(fā)”。
unmask 的意思是“揭除面具或者偽裝”。
unglue 的意思是“取掉（粘著之物），剝”。
e.g.1.to unglue a stamp from an envelope by steaming
借著蒸氣來(lái)取掉信封上的郵票
e.g.2.to unglue the children from a TV set
使孩子們離開電視機(jī)
Speaking
Student A talks about a topic he or she is interested in,while Student B gives suggestions.
學(xué)生A談?wù)撍?或她)感興趣的話題,學(xué)生B給出建議。
點(diǎn)撥：suggest作為動(dòng)詞，其意思主要是“建議，提出（建議）”和“表明，說明，暗示”等。
當(dāng)它表示“建議，提出（建議）”含義的時(shí)候，主要有以下的用法：
1.后面跟名詞或者是代詞
e.g.1.I suggested one or two books which they might read.
我提出一兩本他們可以看的書。
e.g.2.I will come any time you suggest.
你說什么時(shí)候來(lái)，我就什么時(shí)候來(lái)。
2.后面跟從句，在從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，也可以由should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。
e.g.1.They suggested we visit a class right away.
他們建議我們馬上去聽課。
e.g.2.He suggested that we (should) come another day.
他建議我們改天再來(lái)。
e.g.3.It is suggested that we put on a short play.
有人建議我們?cè)谕頃?huì)上演出一個(gè)短劇。
3.后面跟動(dòng)名詞
e.g.1.I should suggest putting the meeting off.
我建議會(huì)議延期。
e.g.2.We have much to do.I don’t suggest going away.
我們有這么多的事情要做，我建議別走了。
e.g.3.I have written him a letter and suggested his sending it to the Ministry of Culture.
我給他寫了一封信，建議他把它寄給文化部。
4.當(dāng)它表達(dá)“說明，表明”和“暗示”等含義的時(shí)候，常常與從句連用。
e.g.1.Her expression suggested that she was angry.
她的表情表明她正在生氣。
e.g.2.The work had been only on a small scale but it suggested a solution.
這項(xiàng)工程只是小規(guī)模進(jìn)行，但是表明了一個(gè)解決的方法。
考考你：
I think it’s better for her to follow her suggestion that he to see the doctor as soon as possible.
A.went B.go C.goes D.going
答案：B
What I’d really like to find out is whether people would sometimes want to go on a holiday,as we do. That sort of thing.
我真正想發(fā)現(xiàn)的是人們是否有時(shí)候會(huì)和我們一樣想去度假那一類事情。
點(diǎn)撥：表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞的后面，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句的表語(yǔ)，一般的結(jié)構(gòu)是:主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句�？梢赃B接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有:be,seem,look,appear,sound,taste,feel,remain等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞主要有that,whether,連接代詞和連接副詞。另外，還有常用的“as if”和“as though”等結(jié)構(gòu)。
e.g.1.It seems that (as if) it is going to rain.
看來(lái)要下雨了。
e.g.2.The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
問題是我們能否贏得大多數(shù)人的支持。
e.g.3.This is how Jane lives.
珍妮就是這樣生活的。
e.g.4.That is why Jack got scolded.
這就是杰克受訓(xùn)斥的原因。
e.g.5.The reason why (that) he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.
他被開除的原因是工作馬虎，不負(fù)責(zé)任。
e.g.6.The reason he did not come is that he was ill.
他沒來(lái)的原因是他病了。
考考你:
1.Is this museum they visited last week?
2.Is this the museum they visited last week?
3.Is this farm you used to work?
A.where B.that C.in which D.the one
答案:1.D 2.B 3.A
句1,句2是定語(yǔ)從句。句1中的the one是先行詞，后面省略了關(guān)系代詞that；句2中的關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中作visited的賓語(yǔ)，此句還可以用which或者是省略關(guān)系代詞。句3中的where引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。
點(diǎn)撥：as在這里是連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。 請(qǐng)看以下由as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句的例子：
e.g.1.You’d better do as I did.
你最好按照我做的去做。
e.g.2.As what she said before,it was really difficult to persuade him to go with us.
正如她過去所說的，說服他和我們一塊走是一件很困難的事情。
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
e.g.1.Twelve days later,millions more Indians lined the railway tracks as a slow train took the jar containing his ashes 584 kilometers to a place by the river.
十二天后，當(dāng)一列慢車將盛有甘地骨灰的壇子駛向584千米外，靠近恒河的一個(gè)地方時(shí)，又有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人排列在鐵路兩旁，夾道送行。
e.g.2.Three million people watched as the ashes of this great man were gently poured into the brown waters of the river that would carry them to the ocean.
還有300萬(wàn)人守望著這位偉人的骨灰緩緩撒入褐色的恒河，河水把他的骨灰送向大海。
辨析:as,when 和while
這三個(gè)連詞都可以連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，但有差別:如果主句和從句的時(shí)間相同，以選用as較宜，表示隨著……；而when只有一般時(shí)間意義，還可以表示at that time的含義；while是個(gè)連詞，它所表達(dá)的時(shí)間通常是指整個(gè)一段時(shí)間或過程，相當(dāng)于during which time的用法。從句中常常使用進(jìn)行時(shí)，還可以表示主從句的對(duì)比。
e.g.1.They came up stair as we went down.他們上樓，我們下樓。
e.g.2.As one grows older，one becomes more experienced.
人長(zhǎng)大了，經(jīng)驗(yàn)就更豐富了。
e.g.3.When one man is in difficulty，the thousands come to his aid.
一人有難眾人幫。
e.g.4.The weather was fine while we were in Shanghai.
我們?cè)谏虾５娜兆永铮鞖馇缋省?/p>
e.g.5.We were watching TV while they were playing chess.
我們?cè)诳措娨�，而他們�(cè)谙缕濉?/p>
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,表示以下含義。
1.表示“（用于比較）與……一樣”的意思。
e.g.1.She works in the same building as my sister.
她和我的妹妹在同一棟大樓上班。
e.g.2.This is the same as it was before.這個(gè)與以前一樣。
2.表示“諸如”的意思。
e.g.such animals as cats and dogs 諸如貓、狗之類的動(dòng)物
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
e.g.As the weather is fine,let’s go fishing.
既然天氣變得好起來(lái)了，咱們?nèi)メ烎~吧。
辨析:because,since,as 和for
because，since，as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:
because 引導(dǎo)的從句表示直接的、根本的原因，用來(lái)回答why 提出的問題，為全句重心所在。since引導(dǎo)的從句表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“既然”。主句是全句意思的重心，從句次之。as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，與since沒多大區(qū)別。它們引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，其原因已很明顯，不必加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。由as表示的原因，語(yǔ)氣最弱，往往譯成漢語(yǔ)的“由于”。
for 是個(gè)并列連詞，引導(dǎo)并列句，是對(duì)前句內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充說明。
as還可以用作關(guān)系代詞，其含義是“正如”請(qǐng)看以下例子。
e.g.As you know，we have the right to vote.正如你知道的，我們有權(quán)選舉。
辨析:as和which
首先，這兩個(gè)詞意義不同。前者表示正如，后者沒有意義，只起連接作用。
其次，前者構(gòu)成的從句既可以前置又可以后置，而由后者構(gòu)成的從句則只能后置，不能前置。
再次，當(dāng)從句中有the same,such,so 時(shí)，只能用as。
比較:It is no use arguing with them,as we all see.和他們爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的，正如我們所看到的。（既可后置）
As we all see，it is no use arguing with them.（又可前置）正如我們都看到的,和他們爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的。
It is no use arguing with them,which we all see.
我們都看到了，和他們爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的。（只能后置）
as還可以用作介詞，其含義是“作為”。指處于某種狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、情況、工作等之中。請(qǐng)看以下例子。
e.g.1.He works as a driver.他以開汽車為業(yè)。
e.g.2.The kitten uses that box as a bed.小貓把那盒子當(dāng)作床。
辨析:as和like
當(dāng)作介詞的時(shí)候，as只用于以下情況：
1.用作“作為”講的時(shí)候。
2.用來(lái)舉例，比如用來(lái)代替for example的時(shí)候；
3.用來(lái)引導(dǎo)某些動(dòng)詞，如:look upon，regard，consider，treat，think of等的賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的時(shí)候。
e.g.1.As a writer，he has no equal.作為一個(gè)作家，他是首屈一指的。
e.g.2.Languages（such）as English，German，Dutch belong to the same family.
像英語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、荷蘭語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言都屬于同一個(gè)語(yǔ)系。
e.g.3.The teacher considered your son as being too small.
老師認(rèn)為你的兒子太小了。
比較:The prisoner was hanged like a murderer.這個(gè)囚徒像殺人犯那樣被處以絞刑（=…as if he were a murderer）。
e.g.4.The prisoner was hanged as a murderer.這個(gè)犯人作為殺人犯被處以絞刑。（這個(gè)犯人就是殺人犯）
考考你：
1.I didn’t feel just you.
A.as B.like C.such D.so
2. a teacher,I have to set a good example for my students.
A.Like B.Be C.As D.Have
3.It must have rained yesterday the ground is wet.
A.as B.since C.because D.for
答案：1.A 2.C 3.D
Reading
He was buried on his left side with his face to the north.
被埋葬時(shí)，他側(cè)身向左，臉朝北。
點(diǎn)撥：with his face to the north是一個(gè)with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，它由with+名詞 his face+介詞短語(yǔ)to the north 構(gòu)成。with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成是with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞（或者是過去分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞以及副詞等）。其中，現(xiàn)在分詞（或者是過去分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞以及副詞等）與名詞有密切的關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作或者是情況，是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作定語(yǔ)或者是狀語(yǔ)。當(dāng)它作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，可以表示伴隨情況或者是原因。
with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ):
e.g.1.My aunt lives in the room with the window facing south.
我姑媽住在那間窗戶朝南開的房間。
e.g.2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his sister.
懷里抱著嬰兒的那位婦女是他的姐姐。
e.g.3.A little boy with two of his teeth missing ran into the house.
一個(gè)缺兩顆門牙的小男孩跑進(jìn)屋里。
e.g.4.I live in the house with the lights on.
我住在那座亮著燈的房子里。
with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ):
e.g.1.The thief was brought to the front with his hands tied.
那個(gè)小偷手被綁在后面，被帶到前面。
e.g.2.With their homework finished,the children ran out for a swim.
作業(yè)做完后，孩子們跑出去游泳了。
e.g.3.You should read with the radio off.
你看書的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該把收音機(jī)關(guān)掉。
考考你：
I like to do some reading in my little study .
A.with the window close B.with the window closed
C.have the window close D.have the window closed
答案：B
From tests on his teeth,it is certain that he spent his childhood in central Europe,perhaps Germany.
根據(jù)對(duì)其牙齒的測(cè)試,很肯定的是他的少兒時(shí)期是在中歐度過的,很可能是德國(guó)。
點(diǎn)撥：本句中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)含有it的主語(yǔ)從句。在含有it的主語(yǔ)從句中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，that后面的從句是真正的主語(yǔ)。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:It+is+形容詞/過去分詞+that從句。that不能夠省略。
e.g.1.It’s said that he had been dismissed.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)被解雇了。
e.g.2.It’s believed that they can finish the task ahead of time.
人們相信他們能夠提前完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
e.g.3.It is clear/obvious that he doesn’t like to be laughed at.
很明顯他不喜歡被別人嘲笑。
比較：
1. is well known to us all,the earth goes around the sun.
2. is well known to us all that the earth goes around the sun.
A.That B.As C.It D.Which
答案:1.B 2.C
句1是由as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，代替后面的整個(gè)句子。
句2是it引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that引導(dǎo)的從句。
Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried.
墓穴里發(fā)現(xiàn)的部分物品讓我們對(duì)于他當(dāng)時(shí)的穿著有了一個(gè)了解。
點(diǎn)撥：.dress作為及物動(dòng)詞，后面只能夠接人或者是反身代詞，而不能接物或者是衣服作為賓語(yǔ)。
e.g.1.Today when I got home,I was excited to find that my little nephew could dress himself.
今天當(dāng)我回到家的時(shí)候，我驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)小外甥自己能夠穿衣服了。
e.g.2.To be a baby-sitter,you should be very patient to dress the babies every day.
作為一個(gè)保姆，要有耐心每天給孩子穿衣服。
2.be dressed in后面可以接具體的衣服或者是表示顏色的詞，表示穿……樣的/顏色的衣服。
e.g.1.Today she is dressed in red,which is quite unusual.
今天她穿紅色的衣服，真是太不尋常了。
e.g.2.She is always dressed in brown.Do you think it is her favorite colour?
她總是穿棕色的衣服。你認(rèn)為棕色是她最喜歡的顏色嗎？
考考你:
Do you know the man in the blue shirt?He is the new principal.
A.dressing B.to dress C.dressed D.dress
答案：C
辨析：在英語(yǔ)中，表示穿戴的詞和詞組還有以下幾個(gè):
1.wear可以接任何穿或者是戴的東西作為賓語(yǔ)，如衣服，手套，首飾等等。而且，wear常常用來(lái)表示穿著的狀態(tài)。
e.g.1.She likes to wear a diamond ring,which is the gift from her boy friend.
她喜歡戴一只鉆石戒指，那是她男朋友送給她的禮物。
e.g.2.The watch I used to wear is out of order.
我常戴的那只手表壞了。
2.put on 強(qiáng)調(diào)穿的動(dòng)作。
e.g.1.He put on his hat and left without any word.
他戴上帽子，二話沒說就走了。
e.g.2.Please put on the overcoat.It is very cold outside.
請(qǐng)把這件外套穿上，外面非常冷。
3.pull on 和put on的用法差不多，但是，pull on多指含有拉，拽的動(dòng)作，如“穿襪子，戴手套”等等。
e.g.She found a hole in it when she pulled on her stockings.
她穿長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)襪的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)上面有一個(gè)洞。
4.have on 表示穿著的狀態(tài)。
Close to his head were two pots made of clay,tools and materials to make arrows,a bow and arrows for hunting and a second,smaller copper knife.
靠近他的頭部有兩個(gè)由黏土制成的罐,還有造箭所需要用的工具和材料,以及用于打獵的弓和箭,還另有一個(gè)銅制的較小的刀子。
點(diǎn)撥：本句是倒裝句。正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是:Two pots made of clay,tools and materials to make arrows,a bow and arrows for hunting and a second,smaller copper knife were close to his head.類似的倒裝句還有:
e.g.1.On the shelf are two piles of books,heavy and old.
架子上有兩堆書，又舊又重。
e.g.2.In front of the river lies a beautiful house with a small garden at the back.
河的前面是一座美麗的房子，房子后面有一個(gè)小花園。
e.g.3.Next to me sat Professor Lee,an expert on chemistry.
在我旁邊坐著的是李教授，他是一位化學(xué)專家。
要注意，在這種倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上要和介詞短語(yǔ)后面真正的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
e.g.1.Near my school are many small shops,including a book store.
我們學(xué)校附近有很多商店，其中有一個(gè)書店。
e.g.2.Here comes the bus.
汽車來(lái)了。
The biggest stones weigh 20 tons and came from a place not very far.
最大的石頭重約20噸，它們來(lái)自于一個(gè)不遠(yuǎn)的地方。
點(diǎn)撥：weigh作為動(dòng)詞，主要表達(dá)以下幾種含義：
1.表示“稱（重量）”。
e.g.1.Let me weigh it.It’s quite a bit overweight.
讓我來(lái)稱稱它。超重還不少呢。
e.g.2.The goods were carefully weighed at the time of shipment.
貨物在裝運(yùn)的時(shí)候都是仔細(xì)稱過的。
2.表示“某物有（多少）重量”。
e.g.1.A giant panda can weigh as much as 150 kilos when fully grown.
一只大熊貓長(zhǎng)大了，重量可以達(dá)到150千克。
e.g.2.Some of the fish already weigh ten kilograms.
這些魚有的已經(jīng)有10千克重了。
3.表示“壓（在上面）”的含義。
e.g.1.The matter weighed heavily on my mind.
這件事情沉重地壓在我的心上。
e.g.2.The decision has been weighing on my mind all the week.
這項(xiàng)決定整整一個(gè)星期都?jí)涸谖业男纳稀?/p>
4.意思是“考慮”。
e.g.1.All the difficulties and risks had to be carefully weighed.
所有的困難和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都要仔細(xì)考慮。
e.g.2.They weighed the matter seriously.
他們認(rèn)真考慮了這件事情。
It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument,or in helping transport and pull up the stones.
巨石陣之王很有可能和石頭有聯(lián)系：他可能參與過巨石陣的設(shè)計(jì)，或者幫助過巨石的運(yùn)輸。
點(diǎn)撥：在英語(yǔ)中，may,might,can,could和must幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都可以用來(lái)表示對(duì)事情的猜測(cè)。must的意思是“肯定，一定”，語(yǔ)氣很有把握。may,might,和could的意思是“可能，也許”，語(yǔ)氣把握性不大。can的意思是“肯定，也許”，常常用在否定句和疑問句中。這幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于表示猜測(cè)的時(shí)候，其后面可以跟三種不同的動(dòng)詞形式。
1.跟動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的猜測(cè)。
2.跟表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情的猜測(cè)。
3.跟表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的猜測(cè)。
e.g.1.You are Jack’s best friend.You must know where he is.
你是杰克最好的朋友，你一定知道他在哪兒。
e.g.2.Can you hear the loud voice?They must be quarrelling.
你能聽到那聲音嗎？他們?cè)诔臣堋?/p>
e.g.3.If you had come earlier,you might have been told the good news.
你早來(lái)一會(huì)兒，就會(huì)聽到那條好消息了。
e.g.4.There is no light in the room.They might have gone out for a walk.
屋里沒開燈，他們可能出去散步啦。
考考你:
1.Jack yet,otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A.mustn’t have arrived B.shouldn’t have arrived
C.can’t have arrived D.need not have arrived
2.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-Oh,did you?You with Barbara.
A.could have stayed B.could stay
C.would stay D.must have stayed
3.-There were already five people in the car,but they managed to take me as well.
-It a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be
C.mustn’t be D.couldn’t have been
答案:1.C 2.A 3.D
At first it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but it is now believed to have happened through trade and cultural links.
起先人們認(rèn)為這些金屬工具是在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或武力沖突中產(chǎn)生的，但是現(xiàn)在確信是在貿(mào)易和文化交流中產(chǎn)生的。
點(diǎn)撥：1.through指從內(nèi)部通過。
e.g.1.The thief came in through the window.
小偷從窗戶進(jìn)來(lái)。
e.g.2.The troops marched through the town.
軍隊(duì)從城中走過。
e.g.3.Fish swim through the water.
魚游于水中。
e.g.4.The men cut a tunnel through the mountain.
那些人穿山鑿了一條隧道。
2.表示“遍及，經(jīng)歷”的意思。
e.g.1.He traveled through Europe.
他游遍歐洲。
e.g.2.Other birds and animals stay with you,but you will not see all the animals all through the winter.
另一些飛禽和動(dòng)物留下來(lái)了，但是整個(gè)冬天你不會(huì)看到所有的這些動(dòng)物。
3.表示“由于，因?yàn)椤钡暮x。
e.g.1.It was all through your being late that we lost the train.
我們沒有趕上火車，完全是因?yàn)槟銇?lái)晚了。
e.g.2.It happened,through no fault of mine.
這件事情之所以發(fā)生，并非是我的過錯(cuò)。
4.表示“藉，由”的含義。
e.g.1.He became rich through hard work.憑著努力的工作，他致富了。
e.g.2.I obtained my position through a friend.
我靠一位朋友的幫忙而得到了這份工作。
5.表示“從頭到尾”
e.g.1.He worked from dawn through the day and into the night.
他從天亮一直工作到晚上。
e.g.2.He read through the novel carefully.
他細(xì)心地讀完了這本小說。
e.g.3.The rain lasted through the night.雨下了一夜。
比較：through和across的用法
through和across都作“穿過”講，across指的是從一個(gè)空間內(nèi)的一端到另一端或者是成十字交叉而過。through著重指從物體的中間或者是空間穿過。
e.g.1.Last week,we started our trip across this country.
上個(gè)星期，我們開始了橫跨這個(gè)國(guó)家的旅行。
e.g.2.We can’t travel through the forest by road,because there aren’t any roads.
我們不能從陸路穿越森林，因?yàn)槟抢锔緹o(wú)路可走。
考考你：
1.The boy is so good at swimming that he can swim the sea.
2.He walked the forest and disappeared into the valley.
答案：1.across 2.through
Integrating skills
Since then, archaeologists have found more than a thousand cultural relics,including gold,jade,bronze and stone objects as well as nearly a ton of ivory that must have belonged to at least 500 elephants.
從那時(shí)起，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了一千多件遺物，包括金子、翡翠、青銅、石器和近一噸的象牙，這些象牙至少來(lái)自500頭大象。
點(diǎn)撥:include是動(dòng)詞，其含義是“包括”。
e.g.1.You’ll find the plan include most of suggestions.
你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)計(jì)劃當(dāng)中包括了大部分的建議。
e.g.2.We watched a performance which included a puppet show and acrobatics.
我們觀賞了一場(chǎng)表演，表演包括木偶戲和雜技。
常用現(xiàn)在分詞including引起一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，也可以用過去分詞included，但是，included要置于修飾詞的后面。
e.g.1.The city has dozens of factories,including a cement works and a textile will.
這個(gè)城市有很多工廠，包括水泥廠和紡織廠。
e.g.2.Everyone had something to say,me included.
每個(gè)人都有話要說，包括我。
考考你：
All of the class went to visit the factory,the twins .
A.including B.include
C.included D.includes
答案：C
For example,a gold mask and a bronze statue of a man remind visitors of the bronze masks and big bronze statues at Sanxingdui because of their similar style.
例如，人的金面具和青銅雕像使游覽者們想起了三星堆的青銅面罩和大青銅雕像，因?yàn)樗鼈兊臉邮胶芟嗨啤?/p>
點(diǎn)撥：remind作為動(dòng)詞，表示以下幾個(gè)意思:
1.表示“使想起”，常常跟of引起的句子。
e.g.1.What he had done reminded me of the days when I was in the army.
他所做的一切使我想起了我在部隊(duì)的那些日子。
e.g.2.Thanks for your gift-it will always remind me of you.
非常感謝你的禮物--它會(huì)使我經(jīng)常想起你。
表示“使想起”的含義的時(shí)候，也可以跟從句。
e.g.1.They reminded me that they had promised to buy me a car.
他們使我想到，他們?cè)S諾過給我買車。
e.g.2.His words reminded me that she had finished her schooling and would soon come back home from abroad.
他的話使我想起來(lái)，她已經(jīng)完成了學(xué)業(yè)，即將從國(guó)外回來(lái)。
2.表示“提醒”的意思，跟帶不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；也可以跟about或者of引起的短語(yǔ)。 e.g.1.We write to remind you to send us your samples.
我們來(lái)信是為了提醒你們給我們把貨樣寄過來(lái)。
e.g.2.Be sure to remind her to come back early.
你一定要提醒她早回來(lái)。
e.g.3.We must send a letter to remind him of the deadline of the task.
我們必須寫信提醒他任務(wù)的期限。
The Sanxingdui Ruins Site covers 12 square kilometers.
三星堆遺址占地面積大約12平方千米。
點(diǎn)撥：cover作為動(dòng)詞，有很多含義。
1.表示“覆蓋，鋪蓋”。
e.g.1.He covered himself with a blanket.
他給自己蓋上一床毯子。
e.g.2.A rather cold north west airstream will cover our province.
一股偏冷的西北氣流將覆蓋我省。
e.g.3.When he returned,his body was covered with bruises.
他回來(lái)的時(shí)候全身都是傷痕。
2.表示“走完（一段路程），看完（若干頁(yè)書），夠付（費(fèi)用）”。
e.g.1.They covered the distance to the place at a run.
他們一路小跑，趕到了那個(gè)地方。
e.g.2.Here is ten dollars;the extra will cover the bus fares.
這兒是10元錢，多余的可以用作坐公共汽車費(fèi)用。
3.表示“涉及，談到”的意思。
e.g.1.What are the chief points you are to cover in your talk?
你的報(bào)告主要有哪些內(nèi)容？
e.g.2.The discussion covered a wide range of subjects.
這項(xiàng)決定涉及到很多別的問題。
4.意思是“有（多少面積），包括（多大的范圍）”。
e.g.1.The city covers ten square miles.
這座城市的面積是10平方英里。
e.g.2.His burnt area covered 70 per cent of his body surface.
他全身的燒傷面積達(dá)到了70%。
5.表示“掩護(hù)”。
e.g.He ordered us to cover the other people’s withdrawal.
他下令讓我們掩護(hù)其他人撤退。
6.表示“采訪，報(bào)道”。
e.g.They sent a large number of reporters to cover the conference.
他們派遣了大量的記者去報(bào)道大會(huì)的消息。
考考你:
Our new school almost 54 square miles,making it the largest school in the province.
A.lies B.stands C.has D.covers
答案:D
Writing
寫作指導(dǎo)：
中國(guó)有著悠久的歷史。文化遺跡和重要的考古文物遍及各地。畫一張流程圖，表明發(fā)現(xiàn)地下寶藏時(shí)你應(yīng)該做的和不應(yīng)該做的事情。
建議:1.繪制一張流程圖，弄清在一個(gè)完整過程中所必須采取的步驟和決定。
2.繪圖之前，標(biāo)出所有的步驟和決定。
3.確定所要采取的步驟和決定的順序。
4.用不同的形狀表示不同的活動(dòng)。例如:用三角形表示決定，用長(zhǎng)方形表示正在進(jìn)行的事，用菱形表示人的幫助。
5.用箭頭表示流程方向。
6.檢查遺漏的步驟。
Grammar
復(fù)習(xí)代詞“it”的用法
It的用法主要有以下一些:
1.作無(wú)人稱動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、氣候、距離、狀態(tài)等。
e.g.1.It’s ten o’clock.
現(xiàn)在十點(diǎn)鐘了。
e.g.2.It is twenty miles to London.
到倫敦有二十英里。
e.g.3.She couldn’t stand it.
她真是無(wú)法忍受。
2.指代前面出現(xiàn)的事物或者是現(xiàn)象。
e.g.1.Where is my book?Have you seen it？
我的書在哪兒?你看見我的書了嗎?
e.g.2.He pretended to study,for he thought it would please his mother.
他假裝讀書,因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為那樣做可以取悅他的母親。
3.在特殊情況下指代人。
e.g.1.She got a baby and it was ten-pound.
她生了個(gè)十磅重的嬰兒.
e.g.2.A tall man stood up and shook hands with her.It was the general manager.
一個(gè)高個(gè)子男子站了起來(lái)同她握手,他就是總經(jīng)理。
4.可以用作形式主語(yǔ)。
e.g.1.It is certain that we shall succeed.
我們一定會(huì)成功的。
e.g.2.It is necessary for older people to understand what the young think and feel.
年長(zhǎng)的人有必要了解年輕人在想些什么,他們有什么感覺。
5.用作形式賓語(yǔ)。
e.g.1.You’ll find it difficult to learn Japanese.
你將發(fā)現(xiàn)日語(yǔ)很難學(xué)。
e.g.2.I make it a rule to take a walk in the morning.
我規(guī)定自己每天早上散步。
6.用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
e.g.1.It is I who am fortunate.
幸運(yùn)的是我。
e.g.2.It was three weeks later that he learnt the news.
三個(gè)星期以后他得知了這個(gè)消息。