一、單元考點提示
1.重點單詞
handshake agreement
Asian guest
custom proud
manner disagree
comfortable nod
wave fist
manage distance
composition type
juice rose
check magazine
fix hand
rail chief
event immediately
develop add
lorry weekly
suitable speed
daily
2.重點短語
take…for example 以……為例
accept…as 認為……是
kiss sb.goodbye 吻別
obey the customs 遵守習俗
keep a certain distance 保持一定的距離
face to face 面對面地
take a photograph 照……相
get down 開始（認真做某事）
as well as 也，又
be popular with sb. 受某人歡迎
work on 從事
3.重點句型
What (How)about…?
make oneself understood
while表對比
either…or;not… but…
They are said to be very good.
There is no more time left for adding new stories.
4.交際英語
Can /shall I help you?
Would you like some help?
Would you like me to do…?
Where is the best place to meet?
Shall we meet at six?
What time shall we meet?
Do you know what they are?
5.語法
部分否定；
with + n. + 補足成分構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；
動詞不定式作主語時的形式主語it；
疑問詞后跟動詞不定式；
動名詞作主語和賓語。
二、考點精析與拓展
1.manage vt.經(jīng)營；設法；對付
She managed the house very well.她把家管理得很好。
We managed to finish the work ahead of time.
我們設法提前完成了任務。
I shan’t be able to manage without help.
沒有人幫助，我無法辦到。
[辨析] manage to do sth. /try to do sth.
manage to do sth.強調(diào)已達到目的或出現(xiàn)了結(jié)果，含“成功”之意。try to do sth.意為“試圖或盡力做某事”，多表示一種企圖或決心，而不表示一定成功。如：
we’ve managed to make up for the lost time.
我們設法把失去的時間補了回來。
He tried to pass the examination,but failed.
他努力想通過考試，但沒成功。
2.pleasure n.榮幸；愿意
It’s my pleasure to help you.愿意為你效勞。
It’s a pleasure for me to be invited to the party.
應邀參加晚會我深感榮幸。
3.
You can take it for example that he always helps the old.
你可以把他幫助老人這件事作為一個例子。
Take Peter as an example, he is brave and kind.
以彼得為例，他既勇敢又善良。
4.not…but … 不是……而是……
Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer.
莎士比亞不是音樂家而是作家。
Not the students but the teacher is hoping to visit the Great Wall.不是學生而是老師希望去參觀長城。
He can’t read or write in English,but can speak English fluently.
他不能讀英語和寫英語，但能流利地說英語。
They neet not money but time.
他們所需要的不是錢，而是時間。
5．[辨析] for example / such as
for emample 用來舉例說明，例子通常是一個。它可放在所舉例子的前面，也可放在后面；such as 用來列舉事物，只能放在所列舉的事物的前面。另外，只列舉有代表性的事物，并不全部列出。如：
Some students are often late for school, Li Ling ,for emample .
有些學生上學經(jīng)常遲到，例如李玲。
He can speak several foreign languages, such as English, Janpanese,
German and so on.
他會說好幾種外語，比如英語、日語、德語等。
6.distance n.距離；遠處
When they finish their talk, the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were standing.當談話結(jié)束時，兩個人離他們原來站的地方可能有相當一段距離了。
The waterfall can be heard at a distance of two miles.
在兩英里外就能聽到這瀑布聲。
Hills are blue in the distance.遠處的山呈藍色。
The lion looks dangerous, so I decide to keep a distance away from it.獅子看起來很危險，所以我決定離它遠點兒。
What’s the distance between Beijing and Shanghai?
北京到上海之間的距離是多少？
7.[辨析] chief/ main
兩者都有“主要的”、“首要的”之意，但有區(qū)別。
chief 主要用于人，表示“為首的，有最高地位或權(quán)力的”。
main一般說明事與物，可指某些具體的或抽象的東西。如：
He is the chief policeman. 他是警長。
This is our main teaching building. 這是我們的主教學樓。
8.[辨析] event/ accident/ incident
event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然發(fā)生的事故，特別是不幸的、有損害性的事故。incident相對于accident來說，顯得不很重要，指“小事件”，它還可以用來表示“事變”，如叛亂、爆炸等。如：
The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on current events.
廣播員正在播報時事新聞。
He was badly injured in the traffic accident.
在那起交通事故中，他嚴重受傷。
There was an incident on the bus: a man fought with the conductor.
那輛公共汽車上發(fā)生了一件事，有個人和售票員打了起來。
Have you heard of Xi’an Incident?
你聽說過“西安事變”嗎？
9.fix vt.安排；修理；準備；安裝；固定
We have fixed the time and date of the party.
我們已經(jīng)確定了聚會的日期和具體時間。
Something has gone wrong with my tape-recorder. I must have it fixed.
我的錄音機壞了，我得請人修一下。
Mother decided to fix them something to eat.
母親決定給他們準備點吃的。
It’s not polite to fix your eyes on others.
盯著別人看是不禮貌的。
It is necessary for a child to form the habit of fixing his attention on/ upon what he is doing.
孩子養(yǎng)成專心做事情的習慣是很有必要的。
10.[辨析] work on/ work at
work on與work at可通用，表示“忙于……”。但在work on sth.中，sth是work的具體對象；而在work at sth.中，sth. 只說明所從事工作的性質(zhì)，即時間、精力用在某一方面的事情上，而不在于說明正在做什么。如：
He is working on/ at a novel.
他正在專心寫一部小說。
They have worked at this subject for many years.
他們從事這項課題的研究已經(jīng)好多年了。
Bob worked hard on organizing other singers to sing for him for free.鮑勃積極地組織其他歌唱家為他義務演唱。
11.[辨析] take photograph of/take photograph for
take photograph of 表示拍照的內(nèi)容。 take photograph for 表示拍照的目的。如：
He took some photographs of these beautiful flowers.
他拍了一些這些美麗的花的照片。
He took some photographs for the foreigners.
他為那些外國人拍了一些照片。
12．[辨析] as well/ as well as
as well 表示“也”，是副詞短語，用作狀語，通常放在句末，也可放在主語之后，相當于too,但一般無標點符號與句子隔開.as well as 通常看作一個復合并列連詞,連接兩個成分相同的詞、短語或句子，表示“既……又……，不但……而且……”當它連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與第一個主語保持一致。如：
The children learn to read, write and they play games as well.孩子們學習讀書寫字，他們也做游戲。
With television,we can see a picture as well as hear sound.
利用電視,我們既能聽到聲音,又能看到圖像.
Tom,as well as his parents,likes pop music.
湯姆以及他的父母都喜歡流行音樂。
8。[辨析] besides/except/but
besides用作介詞時,表示“除……以外還有”之意，即所除去的東西要包括在內(nèi)。用作副詞時，表示“此外，而且”
except表了“除……之外”所除去的東西不包括在內(nèi)。
but只能用在no,all,nobody,anything,anywhere等詞之后。
如：Besides knowing some Greek,she was fluent in Italian.
她除了懂些希臘語之外，意大利語也說得很流利。
Do you play other games besides tennis?
除網(wǎng)球之外，你還進行其他的運動嗎？
It wasn’t a good hotel;besides,it was very expensive.
這不是一家好旅館，況且房價也很貴。
Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.
哈利森什么事情都考慮到了，惟獨沒有考慮到天氣。
Under the soil there is nothing except/but sand.
土壤下面只有沙子。
三、精典名題導解
題1（NMET 2000）
_________production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
A.As B.For C.With D.Though
分析：C. production 之后為up,它是一個副詞，for不能位于句首且常引導原因狀語從句。A、Ｄ不適于“介詞＋賓語＋賓補”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。
題２（NMET 1997）
I would love_____________to the party last night.But I had to work extra hours to fnish report.
A.to go B.To have gone
C.going D.having gone
分析：B.動詞不定式的一般式to go表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后；to have gone是動詞不定式的完成式，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。這里有“愿做某事但未做成之意”。
題３（上海 1999）
She can’t help___________the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A.to clean B.cleaning
C.cleaned D.being cleaned
分析：Ａ.此題的句意是：她不能幫忙打掃房子，因為她忙于做蛋糕。can’t help cleaning是“忍不住要打掃”，與下文矛盾。
題4（NMET 1999）
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _______ it more difficult.
A.not make B.not to make
C.not making D.do not make
分析：B.空白處以后部分與to make life easier為并列成分，因此后面也用不定式。
題5（NMET 1999）
Robert is said___________abroad,but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A.to have studied B.to study
C.to be studying D.learning
分析：Ａ.從studied in可知不定式的動作指過去，應用完成時。
題6（NMET 1997）
She __________his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.
A.looked up B.took for
C.picked out D.picked up
分析：Ａ.句意為“查閱電話號碼”。
題7（上�！ �1997）
-What do you think made Mary so upset?
- __________her new bicycle.
A.As she lost B.Lost
C.Losing D.Because of losing
分析：Ｃ.從問句看，問的是made的主語。上述選項中只有動名詞可作主語。
題8（上海 2001春）
Ｗhen you turn on the TV set ,clear picture will______________appear on the screen.
A.rapidly B.hurriedly
C.lately D.immediately
分析：Ｄ.“立即，馬上”指時間。相當于soon。
四、課后鞏固訓練
第一卷（三部分，共115分）
第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）
第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）
1. How much did each dinner cost?
A. $16. B. $8. C. $32.
2. What does the woman want to know?
A. Where Sally lost her money last week. B. What Sally had done to break her arm. C. How Sally was feeling.
3. Which dress did the woman wear?
A. The prettier one. B. The new one. C. The more comfortable one.
4. Who is the woman?
A. Ann Robinson’s sister. B. Ann Robinson’s sister. C. Ann Robinson’s friend.
5. What will happen if the man does shopping?
A. The woman will cook. B. He will dine out. C. He will have to buy some food for the dinner.
第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）
聽第6段材料，回答第6-7題。
6. What are they talking about?
A. Where to spend their holiday. B. How to drive a tractor. C. Their summer vacation.
7. Where did Jane spend her summer holiday?
A. On a farm. B. At home. C. In a fruit garden.
聽第7段材料，回答第8-11題。
8. Where did the man go this morning?
A. His own garden. B. A playground. C. The Summer Palace.
9. Did the man often go there early in the morning in the past?
A. No, this is the first time for him. B. Yes, often. C. No, only several times.
10. Who did the man see sitting under a tree?
A. Two old women. B. Two old men. C. Two young girls.
11. What kind of sports is Taijiquan?
A. Proper sports. B. General sports. C. National sports.
聽第8段材料，回答第12-14題。
12. Where is the man calling?
A. A train station. B. A park. C. A theatre.
13. What are the prices of the tickets he wants?
A. $3.50. B. $5. C. $7.50
14. What time does he have to collect the tickets?
A. Before 7:50 B. Before 7:45 C. Before 7:15
聽第9段材料，回答第15-17題。
15. What is the man doing?
A. He is painting a picture. B. He is painting the house. C. He is painting the fence.
16. What is the woman going to help the man with?
A. She is going to clean the house. B. She is going to buy a carpet. C. She is going to make some curtains.
17. Why does the man say sorry to the woman?
A. Because he made a mess in the house. B. Because he dropped some paint on the carpet.
C. Because he used a colour that woman doesn’t like.
聽第10段材料，回答第18-20題。
18. What did the man do at about 4 o’clock?
A. He drove to have supper with his daughter. B. He drove to fetch his daughter.
C. He drove back home with his daughter.
19. What did the man stop off at a shop for?
A. To get something for his car. B. To get some gas. C. To buy some fruit and bread.
20. What happened according to what you hear?
A. His car fell off the bridge. B. An earthquake happened. C. There was something wrong with his car.
第二部分：英語知識運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）
第一節(jié) 單項填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）
21. -When will your group go for the spring journey, next week or the week after? -____
A. Yes, we will. B. At the end of the year, I think C. That depends. D. It’s my pleasure.
22. -Why not join us in the game? -_____
A. Oh, that’s all right. B. Sure, please do. C. No, you do the same. D. Ok, coming.
23. -I can’t find my umbrella. -You _____ it on the bus.
A. must forget B. must leave C. must have forgot D. must have left
24. That was the day, I think _____ I’ll never forget in my life.
A. the one B. when C. on which D. in which
25. If you don’t _____ him and his advice seriously, you may feel regret for this some day.
A. keep B. take C. accept D. receive
26. -Why do you drink so much tea? -Well, _____it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights.
A. although B. as soon as C. as long as D. while
27. With _____ she needed _____, she left the store.
A. something, to buy B. anything, having bought C. everything, to buy D. everything bought
28. I can _____ some noise while I am reading, but I can’t stand loud noise.
A. put up with B. keep up with C. get along with D. catch up with
29. I don’t think there’s _____in what you’ve said.
A. anything interest B. anything of interest C. interest of anything D. interesting anything
30. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the courtyard because the light happened to _____.
A. be turned on B. be put up C. go out D. give in
31. They were not yet aware of the hopelessness of their situation, _____the lack of fresh water on the lifeboat.
A. giving B. given C. to give D. being given
32. _____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A. Not until long afterwards that B. It was not until long afterwards that
C. Not long until afterwards D. It was long afterwards until
33. Hello! I ____ you _____ in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know, were B. haven’t known, are C. didn’t know, were D. hadn’t known, are
34. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.
A. much white hair B. a little white hair C. a few white hairs D. a white head of hairs
35. Chaplin, for ____ life had once been very hard, directed a film about life in an American factory.
A. whom B. whose C. that D. which
第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題：每小題1.5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36-55各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
I made a promise to myself on the drive down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I 36 try to be a loving husband and father. Totally 37 . No ifs, ands or buts.
The idea had come to me as I listened to a commentator 38 my car’s tape player. He was 39 a passage about husbands being 40 of their wives. 41 he went on to say, “Love is an act of 42 . A person can choose to love.” To myself, I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband 43 our love had been dulled by my own insensitivity (感覺遲鈍) . In unimportant ways, really; scolding Evelyn for her tardiness (拖拉); 44 on the TV channel I wanted to watch; throwing 45 day – old newspapers that I knew Evelyn still wanted to read. Well, for two weeks all that would 46 .
And it 47 . Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said, “That new yellow sweater looks 48 on you.” “Oh, Tom, you noticed,” she said, surprised and 49 , maybe a little puzzled.
After the long drive, I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn 50 a walk on the beach. I started to refuse, but then I thought, “Evelyn’s been alone here with the children 51 week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.
So it went. Two weeks of not calling the Wall Street investment (投資) firm 52 I am director; a visit to the shell museum, 53 I usually hate museums (and I enjoyed it); 54 my tongue while Evelyn’s getting ready for a late dimmer for us. Relaxed (輕松) and happy, that’s how the whole vacation passed. I made a new promise to keep on 55 to choose love.
36. A. used to B. would C. should D. could
37. A. loving B. lovely C. lovable D. loved
38. A. at B. with C. on D. on
39. A. thinking B. writing C. believing D. reading
40. A. helpful B. useful C. thoughtful D. hopeful
41. A. Instead B. Then C. Otherwise D. Thus
42. A. play B. will C. promise D. story
43. A. that B. but C. when D. if
44. A. insisting B. hanging C. sticking D. suggesting
45. A. about B. up C. away D. in
46. A. happen B. change C. develop D. forbid
47. A. would B. had C. did D. was
48. A. great B. big C. sorry D. tight
49. A. frightened B. anxious C. took D. pleased
50. A. asked B. suggested C. took D. began
51. A. all of B. all C. all of a D. all a
52. A. which B. what C. where D. that
53. A. if B. but C. as D. though
54. A. stopping B. preventing C. keeping D. holding
55. A. reminding B. requiring C. repaying D. remembering
第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題；每小題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
A
The “standard of living” of any country means the average person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its ability to produce wealth. “Wealth” in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: “goods” such as food and clothing, and “services” such as transport and entertainment.
A country’s ability to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well as the U. S. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from wars, and for this and other reasons was unable to develop her resources. Stable political conditions and freedom from foreign invasion(侵略) , enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency (效能) of a country’s people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up a lot of skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are laregely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.
56. A country’s wealth lies in _____.
A. its standard of living B. its ability to develop its natural resources
C. its ability to provide goods and services D. its ability to provide transport and entertainment
57. The word “for most” means _____.
A. most importantly B. firstly C. largely D. for the most part
58. Which of the following is true?
A. China does not have the ability to turn all its resources to use.
B. U. S. is wealthy just because it has a vast land.
C. According to the passage, water is not a kind of natural resource.
D. With rich natural resources, people can live better.
B
At 2:30 on December 5, 1945, five US Navy training planes took off in clear weather from the base Lauderdale, Florida. The planes flew east over the coast…and disappeared. The group was Flight 19, on a run between Florida and Bahamas. Tailor was the group leader. At about 3:40, Tailor reported that his compasses were not reading properly. The other planes followed their leaders aimlessly, first east, then west, then northeast over the ocean, as Tailor tried to make sure of the direction by radio. Then, suddenly Tailor was heard to give orders to dive…
Quickly, two giant Martin seaplanes were sent up to search for Flight 19. Several hours later, the wind became strong and visibility (能見度) dropped. A return to base was ordered. But only one of the Martin seaplanes landed. Four days later, the Navy and Coast Guard combed a 100,000 square miles area with more than 100 planes and ships. No sign was ever shown of the missing planes.
Today, people have noted the disappearance of many ships and planes in the southwest part of the North Atlantic and began to call this area the Bermuda Triangle (百幕大三角區(qū)).
The points of the triangle are Bermuda, Puerto Rico and a spot in the Gulf of Mexico, west of Florida. It is a two – faced water world of tiny islands, bright beaches and beautiful waters. Yet thick fogs, powerful currents (激流) and sudden storms are hidden behind this smiling surface.
59. Why did Flight 19 disappear?
A. Because the wind became strong and visibility dropped.
B. Because Tailor was given wrong orders to dive.
C. Because Tailor couldn’t read his compasses correctly.
D. Because something unknown made the compassed unable to work as usual.
60. In what position did Flight 19 disappear?
A. In the southeast part of the Atlantic Ocean. B. In the northeast part of the Atlantic Ocean.
C. To the southwest of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. D. To the northeast of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean.
61. How many planes disappeared altogether that day?
A. Five. B. Six. C. Two. D. Only one.
62. The word “comb” in the passage means _____.
A. cover with B. fly over C. do up one’s hair with a comb D. search all over
63. Which of the following shows the correct position of the Bermuda Triangle?
(F=Florida, Bm=Bermuda, PR=Puerto Rico, Bh=Barhamas, MG=the Gulf of Mexico, Atl =the Atlantic Ocean, B=Base)
It could happen to you
Many people think there is no need to take special care over home safety.
I’m all right, I’m insured (投保).
Maybe – if you’re fully insured. Even then you can never recover the value you place upon your possessions. But you can’t insure against the suffering of mind that we all feel if our homes are torn apart by some stranger, our windows and doors broken, our possessions ruined.
“It won’t happen to me.”
Won’t it? A house is broken into every three minutes of the day. Loss of all kinds, including cars and things stolen from cars, happens every 3 seconds.
“I’ve nothing worth stealing.”
You may think not. But in fact everyone has something worth a thief’s attention. And we all have things of personal value, even if they’re worth little or nothing in hard cash.
“I’m only a tenant (房客) here.”
Most thieves are on the lookout for easy pickings. They are soon discouraged by houses they can’t get into quickly and easily. So do pay special attention.
“This booklet will help you ……”
it’s based on the practical experience of police forces throughout the country. Most of the suggestions will cost you only a few minutes extra time and thought. A few may cost some expense, but this is small compared with the loss and sadness you might otherwise suffer.
If you are in any doubt, ask for free advice from the Crime (罪犯) Prevention Office at your local police station.
64. The text mainly tells us about _____.
A. how to escape being caught B. how to take special care of ourselves
C. how to hire a safe house in the country D. how to protect your home
65. We can learn from the text that_____.
A. it’s impossible to prevent a house from being broken into
B. we all have something that a thief thinks worth stealing
C. most thieves are good at stealing thing from cars
D. you can’t afford to get advice from your local police station
66. If a house if difficult to get into, _____.
A. the thief may give up trying B. the thief will steal car or things from cars
C. the owner may think extra safety fittings are necessary D. the owner may think there is no need to take special care
D
Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that comes across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate (淘汰) themselves,” he says.
“Resumes (求職書) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,” Crossley concludes, “If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”
Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco. “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.”
Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off – course 90 percent of the time, says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact position of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments (調(diào)節(jié)) as necessary. “Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.”
Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break, But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.
67. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected _____.
A. because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume
B. because of their limited education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume
C. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their application
D. because they eliminated their names from the applicants’ list themselves
68. The word “perfectionists” refuse to those who _____.
A. demand others to get everything absolutely right
B. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances
C. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
D. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do
69. The example of Apllo II moon launch is given to illustrate that _____.
A. minor mistakes may not be noticed in achieving major objectives
B. failure is the mother of success
C. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work
D. keeping one’s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked
70. The best title for this passage would be _____.
A. Don’t Be a Perfectionist B. Importance of Adjustments
C. Details and Major Objectives D. Hard Work Plus Good Luck
E
Though salivation (分泌唾液) is natural, Pavlov noticed that a dog would salivate not just when it was eating, but also when it saw the man who usually fed it. In Pavlov’s early experiments he simply showed the dog some bread, enough to make the dog salivate. We cannot call this a natural reflex because a dog does not normally salivate at the sight of man. It is what psychologists call a ‘ conditioned response’(條件反射反應). The dog has been taught, or ‘ conditioned’, to salivate when he sees the man.
Having decided to study this, Pavlov developed scientific methods for doing so. In order to make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog and experimenter were put in separate rooms. Pavlov even put the dog in a kind of frame to make it stand still. He invented a system of tubes for giving the dog food, and watched what happened from outside the room. He found that he could condition the dog to salivate at almost any event – when a bell rang or a light flashed, for example – as long as this event was followed by food.
The American psychologist Skineer developed this idea of conditioning. He could condition animals to do quite complicated things by using a technique he called ‘shaping’. He could teach pigeons, for example, to play table tennis. At first he gave them a reward for knocking the ball a short distance in the right direction. Slowly he increased the distance they must knock the ball before getting the reward, and eventually they received it only when they knocked the ball past their opponent (對手).
71. Which of the following is not the experimenters’ aim?
A. To make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog. B. To invent a system of tubes.
C. To condition the dog to salivate at almost any event. D. To teach pigeons to knock the ball in the right direction.
72. In order to make the dog salivate, Pavolv did not ____.
A. ring the bell B. give the dog food C. beat the dog D. put the dog in a frame
73. During experiments, Skinner ______.
A. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball into the hole
B. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball in opposite direction
C. decreased the distance because pigeons must knock the ball
D. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball past their ‘opponent’
74. An example of a ‘conditioned response’ is that _____.
A. a dog s mouth waters when it is eating B. a dog is conditioned to salivate when he sees the man
C. a dog is trained by an experimenter D. a dog is taught how to drink water
75. The underlined word “psychologist” means _____.
A. 心理學家 B.生理學家 C.物理學家 D.動物學家
第四部分：寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）
第一節(jié) 短文改錯（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）
The former White House cook stopped working last April. He cooked
in traditional French way. His food tasted well, but contained a 76. ________
lot of fat. Doctors say this is not healthier. Welter Scheib. 77. ________
the new chief cook, will have a medical doctor as adviser. 78. ________
Dr Dean Ornish is a heart specialist and writer. He says foods 79. ________
can be low in fat and still delicious. The President’s wife 80. ________
Hillary Clinton chose Mr Scheib after tasted his cooking. She 81. ________
wanted fewer fat in the food she ate in the White house. 82. ________
She wanted to eat more fresh vegetables, and including vegetable 83. ________
pies without the use of chemical. The First Lady would also 84. ________
like the White House to serve more America food. 85. ________
第二節(jié) 書面表達（滿分25分）
最近，你校同學正在參加某報社組織的一場討論。討論的主題是：中國是否應大力發(fā)展家用小汽車？請你根據(jù)下表所提供的信息，客觀地介紹這兩種不同的意見。
60%的同學認為： 40%的同學認為：
1．應大力發(fā)展 2．促進國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 3．增加就業(yè)機會 4．提高生活質(zhì)量；方便、省時 1．應有限度地發(fā)展 2．增加城市交通擁擠，交通事故 3．修路占用土地 4．空氣和噪音污染
注意：1．信的開頭已為你寫好。2．詞數(shù)：100左右 3．參考詞匯：國民經(jīng)濟-the national economy
About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.
60% of the students
參考答案
1-5 BBCBC 6-10 CBCAB 11-15 CCBCB 16-20 CBBCB 21-25 CDDAB
26-30 CDABC 31-35 BBCCA 36-40 BACDC 41-45 BBAAC 46-50 BCADB
51-55 BCDDD 56-60 CAADC 61-65 BDADB 66-70 AACDC 71-75 BCDBA
76. well 改為good 77. healthier 改為healthy 78. adviser 前加an 79.√ 80. and 改為but 81. tasted 改為tasting 82. fewer 改為less 83. and 去掉 84. chemical 改為chemicals 85. America 改為American
第四部分第二節(jié)
About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.
60% of the students think China should fully develop car industry. They believe this will speed up the development of the national economy. More workers will be employed. With cars the people’s life quality will be raised. They will save time and be more convenient in their life and work.
On the other hand, 40% of them think China should control its car industry development. Otherwise, the city traffic will be even heavier and more fraffic accidents will take place. At the same time, more land will be used for the new roads. What is more, air and noise pollution will become more serious.
聽力材料
1. W: Is it true you only spent $ 32 on two dinners?
M: No, I only spent half of that.
2. M: Sally broke her arm last week.
W: How did she do that? She’d always been careful.
3. M: I was hoping that you’d wear your new dress. It’s much prettier.
W: But this one is more comfortable for hot weather.
4. M: Excuse me, are you Ann Robinson?
W: No, I’m not. I’m her sister.
5. M: If I go to the store, will you make dinner for us tonight?
W: Bring back enough food.
6. M: Hello, Jane.
W: Hi, Harry. Did you have a good summer holiday?
M: Sure. I went for my holiday on my uncle’s farm
W: Really? What interesting things did you do there?
M: I helped get in some rice, take care of the fruit garden and drove the tractor.
W: Drove a tractor?
M: Yes. It was easy to learn. Did you go away for your holiday, Jane?
W: Oh, no. I just stayed at home. My mother has been in hospital. I had to look after her and help do some cooking and washing at home.
M: I’m sorry. Oh, it’s late. I must be off now. Bye-bye.
7. M: Guess where I went this morning? I went to the Summer Palace at 5:30.
W: You got up so early. Did you have a good time?
M: Yes. It was the first time for me to go to the Summer Palace early in the morning. And I saw many people, especially older people doing morning exercises remained very still.
W: I know what you mean. They were doing “breathing exercises”.
M: I saw two old men sitting under a tree with their eyes closed. They must have been doing the same. There were also many people in the park practicing Taijiquan.
W: Same as Taijiquan, they are national sports. A lot of people practice them every day in the early morning in a park, on a playground, by a river or along the roadside.
8. W: Palace Theatre. Can I help you?
M: Do you have seats for Saturday evening’s Romeo and Juliet?
W: Yes, we’ve got tickets at $ 3.50, $ 5or $ 7.50.
M: I’d like to reserve four tickets at $ 5, please. Can I collect them on Saturday?
W: Yes, but you must pick them up at least half an hour before the performance. Can I have your name?
M: Smith. Mr. Peter Smith.
W: Right. That’s four seats at $ 5 for Saturday, the 8th .
M: What time does it start?
W: 7:45.
M: Thank you. Goodbye.
9. W: Hello! I’m home! Tom?
M: Hi, Mum! I’m in here.
W: Oh, my God! What going on here?
M: I’ll clear it up later. I’ve nearly finished. What do you think?
W: It’s lovely. I like the roof. What a beautiful red! She’ll love it.
M: I haven’t painted the front door yet. What colour do you think it should be?
W: I think green would be nice…or yellow…or perhaps blue…Oh, I don’t know. Would you like me to make some curtains for it?
M: Oh, that would be great, Mum. Oh…by the way…I’m afraid I’ve got a bit of paint on the carpet over there. I’m terribly sorry.
W: Oh, you haven’t, Tom!
M: It’s alright. I think it will come out. If not, I’ll just paint the rest of the carpet the same colour.
10. I was driving along the road to fetch my daughter from school. We were going to go swinning together. I’d finished work at about 4 o’clock and then gone to the post office. Then I’d stopped off at a shop for some fruit and bread. We liked to have some fruit and bread to eat after our swim.
I was driving fast when suddenly I saw the cars in front of me start to move from side to side.
I slowed down. Then my car started to shake! Perhaps something had gone wrong with my car, I thought. I stopped and got out of the car. And at the same moment a big tree by the side of the road fell down onto the car in front of me. I understood it was an earthquake!