1.introduce[?intr+'dju:s]vt.
1)make persons known by name to one another:介紹,表示“把……介紹給……”常用下列結(jié)構(gòu):introduce sb. to sb. ,其中“to sb. ”也可省略。例如:
①He introduced a new teacher to us at the welcome meeting.
在歡迎會(huì)上,他給我們介紹了一位新老師。
②At the beginning of the class, the teacher usually says, “Let me introduce myself to you first. ”
在一開(kāi)始上課時(shí)老師通常說(shuō):“讓我先來(lái)做一下自我介紹!
③When one friend was introduced to another, they often say“How do you do?”to each other.
當(dāng)一個(gè)朋友被介紹給另一個(gè)朋友的時(shí)候,他們常常時(shí)互致“你好?”。
④I'd like to introduce my teacher Miss Zhang to you here.
我想把我的老師張小姐給你們介紹一下。(注意:本句中 Miss Zhang 是my teacher的同位語(yǔ)。)
2)bring into use:引用
① He introduced a new method in teaching.
他在教學(xué)上引用了一種新的方法。
3)bring in for the first time 第一次引進(jìn)
① Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.
土豆是從南美傳入歐洲的。
② Coffee was introduced to England from the Continent.
咖啡是從歐洲大陸引進(jìn)到英格蘭的。
【注意】introduce的名詞形式是introduction,意為“介紹”。例如:
①This is a letter of introduction. 這是一封介紹信。
②I'm very glad to have an introduction at the beginning of the class.
一開(kāi)始上課,我很高興做一下介紹。
2.nice[nais] adj. good, pleasant, kind:美好的;令人愉快的;友好的
① a nice day(book, taste, etc. )好天氣(書(shū),味道等)
②The weather is very nice here. 這兒的天氣很好。
③ a nice trip to the Great Wall去長(zhǎng)城的一次暢游
④It's nice of you to invite us. 你邀請(qǐng)我們真是太好了。
⑤They are very nice to us. 他們對(duì)我們很友好。
【注意】nice的副詞形式是 nicely;最高級(jí)形式為 nicest,意為“最令人愉快的”。例如:
①This job fits me nicely. 這項(xiàng)工作很適合我來(lái)做。
②What is the nicest part of your holidays?
你假期中最愉快的是哪一段時(shí)間?
3.everyday['evridei]adj. happening or used daily: 每天的,日常的
① Knowing some everyday English will be helpful.
會(huì)一些日常英語(yǔ)會(huì)有所幫助的。
② The film is about the everyday life of the people in the U. S. A. 這是部關(guān)于美國(guó)人日常生活的電影。
【注意】 everyday 僅僅用作定語(yǔ);當(dāng)其分開(kāi)寫(xiě)成 every day時(shí),是名詞短語(yǔ),意為“每天”,在句中用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:
① Every day they went to the road nearby and stood there begging.
他們每天到附近的路上,站在那里要飯。
4.employ[im'pl&:i]vt. 雇用
①He employs four men during the vacation. 假期期間他雇了四個(gè)人。
② Li Ming is employed in a restaurant. 李明受雇于一家飯店。
③Do you know the man who employed two children?
你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)雇傭了兩個(gè)童工的人嗎?
【注意】
1)employer n. 雇主;雇用者。
2)employee n. 受雇者;雇員
3)employment n. 雇用;職業(yè);工人(不可數(shù))。如:
He is looking for employment. 他在找職業(yè)。
4)unemployed adj. 失業(yè)的
5)unemployment n. 失業(yè)。又如:
① The employer is a person who employs others. 雇主是雇傭別人的人。
②In China the people who are unemployed are called laid-off workers.
在中國(guó)失業(yè)的人員被稱為下崗職工。
5.more [m&:]
1)adj. greater in number,quantity,quality,degree,size,ect;additional:數(shù)目更多的;更大量的;更佳的;程度更高的;更大的;附加的。例如:
①M(fèi)ore than one person has made the suggestion.
不止一個(gè)人提出這個(gè)建議。
②Instead of fewer accidents there are more.
事故不但沒(méi)減少,反而增加了。
③ He has more money (chance,etc. )than ever.
他的錢(qián)(機(jī)會(huì))比任何時(shí)候都多。
【注意】more為many或much的比較級(jí)形式。
①many----more----most修飾可數(shù)名詞。
②much----more----most修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
2)n. a great account or number 更大的量或數(shù)
----What more do you need?你還需要什么?
----I don't need any more. 我不再要了。
3)adv. 放在多音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞前,構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)形式。
例如:
more useful----wonderful----beautiful;
more easily----slowly----foolishly
4)與more有關(guān)的一些短語(yǔ):
(1)and what is more 更重要者;再者;更有甚者(=more important;serious)
① He told his classmates the matter, and what is more, he even told the teacher about it. 他把這件事告訴了他的同學(xué),尤為嚴(yán)重的是,他還 將此事告訴了老師。
(2)more or less大致;差不多(=about;or so)。例如:
① It is five days'work more or less. 大概得做五天左右。
② It is an hour's ride more or less from here to the centre of the city.
從這兒開(kāi)車(chē)去市中心大約需要一個(gè)小時(shí)。
(3)no more 再也不(=no longer)
①He broke away from our company last year,since then I have seen him no more. 他去年脫離了我們公司,此后,我再也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
(4)no more than 僅僅(=only)
①His whole school education added up to no more than one year.
他的整個(gè)學(xué)校教育加起來(lái)僅僅一年。
(5)not more than 不多于;不超過(guò)(=at most;just not as…as)。例如:
①There are not more than twelve people in the meeting room.
會(huì)議室至多不超過(guò)十二個(gè)人。
(6)more and more 越來(lái)越多(=increasingly)。例如:
①Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.
我們國(guó)家正變的越來(lái)越美麗。
②It seems that I spend more and more money on books.
我好像在買(mǎi)書(shū)上花的錢(qián)越來(lái)越多。
(7)once more 再一次(=again)
①Would you please tell the story once more?
請(qǐng)?jiān)僦v一遍這個(gè)故事好嗎?
6.water['w&:t+]
1)n. the liquid in rivers, lakes, seas, etc. 水
①Fish can't live without water. 魚(yú)兒沒(méi)有水就不能生活。
② sea-water海水
③mineral water 礦泉水
【注意】當(dāng) water用作復(fù)數(shù)(waters)時(shí),意為“水域或海域”(=the body of water)。例如:
The waters in Changjiang rivers broke some of the banks. 長(zhǎng)江的洪水在有些地方?jīng)_破了大堤。
2)v. give water to sth. or produce water
“澆水,灌溉;加水;淚水流出;流口水”。例如:
① It's very dry, and we must water the vegetable garden. 天很干,我們應(yīng)該澆菜園了。
② They were watering the streets. 他們正在街上灑水。
③Our ship watered at every port we visited.
我們的船每到一港口,就加水一次。
④ The smoke made my eyes water. 煙使我眼睛流淚。
⑤ The smell from the kitchen made my mouth water. 廚房的氣味使我直流口水。
7.a(chǎn)long[+'l&R]
1)prep. following the line of:沿著……
along常跟road,street,river,line等表示狹長(zhǎng)的名詞連用。例如:
①I(mǎi) saw her running along the street. 我看見(jiàn)他沿著大街奔跑。
② After supper we usually take a walk along the river.
晚飯后我們通常沿河散步。
2)adv. forward:向前
along常跟walk,move,run等表示位移的動(dòng)詞連用。例如:
①He shouted aloud as he ran along. 他一邊往前跑,一邊高聲的呼喊。
②Come along, please. 請(qǐng)過(guò)來(lái)吧。
8.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have to表示客觀需要做的事情,意思是“必須”,“不得不”。后跟動(dòng)詞原形;而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示說(shuō)話人的主觀的看法。例如:
①Oh, I have to wash all my clothes, clean the floor, and keep everything clean and tidy. 噢,我只得洗我所有的衣服,清理地板,而且使一切干凈整潔。
②I must be off/leaving now. 現(xiàn)在我必須走啦。
③I must stop and get some sleep. 我必須停下來(lái),睡上一會(huì)兒。
9.partner['pa:tn+]n. 搭檔,合作伙伴;舞伴。例如:
①Yang Mei is the partner of Zhou Lan's oral practice.
楊梅是周蘭口語(yǔ)練習(xí)的伙伴。
②We have been partners for many years since we knew each other.
我們從相識(shí)以來(lái),是好多年的合作者了。
10.vacation[v+'keiM+n]為美國(guó)英語(yǔ),用作名詞,意為“休假,假期”(=a time of rest from work),在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中用holiday。例如:
① They are on vacation in Auckland. 他們?cè)趭W克蘭度假。
② I took a vacation at Qingdao last summer. 我去年夏天在青島度假。
【注意】 請(qǐng)病假不用 vacation或 holiday,而使用 take a day off。例如:
③ Tang Lin took a day off yesterday because of illness.
唐林昨天因病請(qǐng)了一天假。
11.hope和wish的用法區(qū)別
1)hope用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面可接不定式或 that從句,但不能接“賓語(yǔ)+不定式”。
①We hope to see you again. =We hope we can see you again.
我希望再次見(jiàn)到你。
② I hope you can help me with my maths. 希望你能幫助我學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)。
(不能說(shuō):I hope you to help me with my maths. )
2)wish后面接不定式或“賓語(yǔ)+不定式”都可以,其意義相當(dāng)于“想要”,“希望”(=would like或 want)。wish接that從句時(shí)一般表示某種強(qiáng)烈而又難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的“愿望”,而hope表示的是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)或能達(dá)到的“希望”。
例如:
① I wish to place an order right now. 我想馬上訂購(gòu)。
②I wish him to make progress. 我希望他取得進(jìn)步。
③I wish I could fly like a bird. 但愿我能象鳥(niǎo)一樣飛。
(從句中的could表示其動(dòng)作不可能實(shí)現(xiàn),不能用can。)
▲試比較:I hope he can do that. 我希望他會(huì)干那件事。
(這句中can不能用could。)
3)wish可表示良好的“祝愿”,后面接“賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)(形容詞或名詞)”,而hope不能這樣用。
② I wish you happy. 祝你幸福。
② I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。
【注意】不能說(shuō) I hope you happy/a pleasant journey.
4)在簡(jiǎn)略句中,如要表示希望某事不會(huì)發(fā)生時(shí),應(yīng)說(shuō) I hope not,而不說(shuō)Idon't hope so。表示希望某事會(huì)發(fā)生時(shí),說(shuō) I hope so。
12.grow,plant,keep和raise的用法區(qū)別
1)grow和plant都可表示“種植”,如種植草、樹(shù)、苗、花卉、糧食等植物。
plant著重指“種植”這一行為,grow著重指種植以后的栽培、管理過(guò)程。
某人plant之后樹(shù)是死是活不一定管,但某人grow a tree 則包括培育管理,使其生長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。試比較:
① The students are planting trees on the hill.
學(xué)生們正在山坡上栽樹(shù)。(不用)
② How many trees have you planted this year?
你們今年植了多少棵樹(shù)?(不用grow)
③The farmer grows wheat in this field.
那位農(nóng)民在這塊田里種植的是小麥。(不用plant)
④People grow bananas in Hainan.
海南種植香蕉。(不用plant)
⑤He grows many kinds of flowers in his back garden.
他在他的后花園里種植了各種各樣的花。
2)keep可表示“贍養(yǎng)”,后面可接表示人或動(dòng)物的名詞。不用來(lái)代替 plant 或grow。如:
① He has a wife and three children to keep.
他要養(yǎng)活妻子和三個(gè)孩子。
②My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶養(yǎng)豬養(yǎng)雞。
③ My uncle has a large family to keep.
我叔叔有一大家子人要養(yǎng)活。
3)raise除表示“詞養(yǎng)”(動(dòng)物)以外,還可用來(lái)表示“養(yǎng)育”(子女);“培育”(植物)。
①We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.
今年我們種的西紅柿長(zhǎng)得很好。
②My grandmother raised a family of five.
我祖母養(yǎng)育了五口之家。
③ Where were you raised?你是在哪兒長(zhǎng)大的?
④ He raised some flowers in the back garden.
他在后花園里種了一些花。
⑤ That was how the Chinese first raised silkworms.
中國(guó)人就是這樣開(kāi)始養(yǎng)蠶的。
【注意】raise強(qiáng)調(diào)從小精心培養(yǎng)到大,通常指培養(yǎng)花卉以及較難管理的植物。
⑥ Let's grow/raise some flowers in the garden. 咱們?cè)诨▓@里種些花吧。
⑦ We grow rice,wheat and cotton in my hometown.
在家鄉(xiāng),我們種植水稻、小麥和棉花。(不宜用raise)
13.drive -詞的用法
1)=travel or go in a car意思是“駕車(chē)旅行”。如:
① I didn't drink,because I had to drive home after the party.
我沒(méi)喝酒,因?yàn)橥頃?huì)以后我得開(kāi)車(chē)回家。
② He drove me to the station. 他開(kāi)車(chē)送我到車(chē)站。
③I drove eight hours/400 kilometres yesterday.
昨天我駕車(chē)行駛了八個(gè)小時(shí)/400公里。
④The policeman drove my car to the police station.
警察把我的車(chē)開(kāi)到派出所。
2)=make people or animal go 意思是“趕”、“驅(qū)”。如:
①The farmer is driving many sheep to market.
那位農(nóng)民正把許多羊趕到市場(chǎng)去。
②The Chinese people drove their enemies from/out of their country.
中國(guó)人民把敵人從他們的國(guó)土上趕了出去。
3)=cause sb. to be in a state意思是“迫使”,“逼迫”。如:
①The loud noise of the people in the street almost drove me mad.
街上人們的喧鬧聲幾乎使我發(fā)狂。
②He was driven by hunger to steal. =Hunger drove him to steal.
他因饑餓而被迫行竊。
4)drive用作名詞主要表示“開(kāi)車(chē)”或“乘車(chē)”。如:
①The town is about half an hour's/forty minutes'/a two-hour/a 9-mile drive from here. 那鎮(zhèn)離這兒開(kāi)車(chē)(或坐車(chē))大約半小時(shí)/四十分鐘/兩小時(shí)/九英里的路途。
②Let's go out for a drive,shall we?我們出去開(kāi)車(chē)兜兜風(fēng)吧,好嗎?
14.behind -詞的用法
1)作為介詞behind主要有下面三種用法。
(1)=at the back of意思是“在……后面”,指地點(diǎn)。如:
① A dog ran from behind the tree.
一條狗從樹(shù)后面跑了出來(lái)。
②Walk close behind me. 緊跟在我后面走。
③There's a vegetable garden behind the house. 屋后有個(gè)菜園。
(2)=later than意思是“遲于”,指時(shí)間。如:
① The postman is behind his usual time today.
郵遞員今天比往常來(lái)得遲。
②In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.
我們國(guó)家的時(shí)間比北京時(shí)間遲十四小時(shí)。
(3)=not so advanced as…意思“不如……先進(jìn)”,“落后于……”,如:
①That's a small country in Africa far behind its neighbours.
那是一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于鄰國(guó)的非洲小國(guó)家。
②They are behind us in education and science.
他們?cè)诮逃c科學(xué)方面落后于我們。 2)作為副詞,behind 大致也能表示介同behind的意思。如:
①The others are a long way behind.
其他人落在后面很遠(yuǎn)。(=at the back)
②The teacher asked Tom to stay behind after school.
老師讓Tom放學(xué)后留下來(lái)。(=stay after others have left)
③If you don't work hard,you'll fall behind.
如果你不努力,你會(huì)落后的(=fail to keep up).
15.prefer的用法
prefer是及物動(dòng)詞,后面應(yīng)接賓語(yǔ),意為“更喜歡”(like better)。其過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞要雙寫(xiě)字母r,然后加ed或ing。下面就其用法作一歸納。 1)接名詞、代詞作賓語(yǔ)。如:
①----Which would you prefer,tea or coffee?
----I prefer tea.
--咖啡和茶,你更喜歡哪一種?
--我較喜歡茶。
②People in the south prefer rice while those in the north prefer food made from flour. 南方人愛(ài)吃米飯,而北方人較喜歡吃面食。
2)接不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。在沒(méi)有明確指出比較對(duì)象時(shí),用不定式、動(dòng)名詞意義大致相同。如:
① I prefer to walk there. (I prefer walking there. )我寧愿步行去那兒。
② He chose Spain,but personally I'd prefer to go to Greece. 他選了西班牙,但就我個(gè)人而言,我倒想去希臘。
3)在詞組 prefer……to…中,to是介詞,其作用是引出兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象,因此,動(dòng)詞prefer的賓語(yǔ)和介詞to的賓語(yǔ)在形式上應(yīng)一致,可以是名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞,不可用不定式。如:
①He said he preferred the country to the city.
他說(shuō)城市和鄉(xiāng)村相比,他更喜歡農(nóng)村。
②She prefers dancing to singing. 跳舞和唱歌相比,她更喜歡跳舞。
4)prefer…rather than…的結(jié)構(gòu)中,要用“prefer to do …rather than do…”意為“寧愿做……而不做……”。如:
① The soldier preferred to die rather than give in before the enemy. 這位戰(zhàn)士寧愿死,也不在敵人面前屈服。
▲另外,prefer還可接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于hope的用法;也可接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),即“prefer sb. to do…”“更希望某人干……”。如:
① I'd prefer you not to go there alone. 我倒希望你不要單獨(dú)去那兒。
②We prefer that they(should)do it in a different way.
我倒希望他們用另一種方法去做。