1.介詞between和among的用法及區(qū)別
1)between(prep)“在(兩者)之間”;一般只指在兩者或兩部分之間。例如:
①There is a profound and lasting friendship between China and Korea.
中朝兩國之間有深厚和永恒的友誼。
②The Yalu River flows between China and Korea.
鴨綠江介于中朝兩國之間。
【注意】偶爾between也可用來指三個或三個以上之間,這種情況實際上
仍是指其中一個和其他中間的一個之間的關(guān)系。如:
③Laos lies between China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
老撾位于中國、緬甸、泰國、柬埔寨和越南之間。 ④The friendly relations between the peoples are profound and lasting.
各族人民之間的友好關(guān)系是深厚的和永恒的。
2)among(prep)“在……中間”;表示在三個或三個以上的人或物中間,后面通常接集體名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
①I saw him among the crowd. 我看見他在人群中。
② He came from a village among the hills. 他來自群山中的一個村莊。
2.while[wail]的用法
1)while可以用作并列連詞,表示對比意義,譯為“而”,“卻”。例如:
①Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens, while hens could. 他反而問他父親為什么他不能孵小雞,而母雞卻能。
②Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red.
珍妮穿藍(lán)色衣服,而瑪麗卻穿紅色衣服。
2)while還可以用作從屬連詞,作“在……期間”,“當(dāng)……時候”講,使用時應(yīng)注意它與用作從屬連詞的when的區(qū)別:
when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,即可表示“一段時間”,又可表示“一點時間”,因此從句的謂語動詞既可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是非延續(xù)性的。如:
①I hope to see you when(while)I stay in Beijing on business.
(一段時間)當(dāng)我出差北京時,希望見到你。
②When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.
(一點時間)當(dāng)鐘敲響十二下時,燈全部熄滅了。
【注意】while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句只能表示“一段時間”所以 while從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)是延續(xù)性動詞(或狀態(tài)動詞)。例如:
①While I stayed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times.
我在上海期間見到她三次。
如果從句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性的,可以用while也可以用when。例
如:
②While(When) we were having a meeting, a stranger came in.
我們在開會時,一個陌生人走了進(jìn)來。
3.still, yet和already的用法比較
1)still表示某事仍在進(jìn)行中,意為“仍然”,“還”。例如:
①I am still busy, I have not finished my work yet.
我仍然很忙,我沒有干完這個活兒。
②How to take some useful things out of the waste materials and use them again is still a big problem. 怎樣從廢料中提取有用的東西并加以重新利用
仍然是個大問題。
2)yet作“已經(jīng)”解時,通常用于疑問句或否定句;作“還,仍然”解時,與not 連用,表示還沒有。
3)already的意思是“已經(jīng)”,通常用于肯定句。例如:
①They have already made full use of the waste water.
他們已經(jīng)充分利用了廢水。
4.助動詞do的用法
在肯定句中,為了避免重復(fù)出現(xiàn)前面已經(jīng)用過的某個動詞時,通常用
助動詞do。例如:
①It's important to listen to people carefully, and I usually do.
仔細(xì)傾聽別人的意見是重要的,我通常也是這樣做的。
5.over和across和區(qū)別
1)over和across都可用來表示“向(或在)某一長形物體如街道、馬路、河流的另一邊!
①We walked over/across the road. 我們走過馬路。
②He lives just over/across the river? 他就住在河對面。
【注意】over可用于水面上動作,不能用于水中動作。
③How long will it take to swim across the river?
游過這條河需要多久。(不能用over)。
2)over和across都可用來表示“在某一高形物體的另一邊”,表示狀態(tài)。
④If we can be over/across the mountain before sunrise, there will be hope to win. 如果日出前我們能翻過那座山,就有希望獲勝。
【注意】表示“越過”某一高形物體,用over與動詞搭配,不用across。
⑤When I saw him, he was climbing over the fence.
我看到他時,他正翻過圍墻。(不用across)
3)across可用來表示從某一范圍的一邊到另一邊,如田野、沙漠、房間等。
⑥It took him six weeks to walk across the desert.
他花了六個星期走過沙漠。(不用over)
⑦He walked across the room, smiling strangely.
他走到房間的另一邊,臉上掛著令人捉摸不透的微笑。(不用over)
6.however的用法
作副詞時可放在句首,句中或句尾,但是要用逗號隔開。在句首時逗號與在它后面,在句尾時逗號在其前面,在句中時,其前后均用逗號隔開。
與but的區(qū)別是:but語氣不如however強(qiáng),且不需要加逗號隔開。例如:
①It's raining hard. However, I think we should go to school on time. 雨下得很大,但我認(rèn)為我們?nèi)匀灰磿r去上學(xué)。
②She waited, however, for no answer.
她仍在等,盡管沒有回音。
③The students thought they had done everything as the teacher did. They were mistaken, however. 學(xué)生們認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)按老師的要求做到了,然而他們錯了。
重要詞組短語
1.in English意為“使用英語”,in表示“用某種語言”。例如:
②Can you speak in Japanese? 你可以用日語講話嗎?
②This article was written in American English.
這篇文章是用美國英語寫成的。
2.written English意為“書面英語”;spoken English意為“口語英語”;Englishspeaking country意為“講英語的國家”;spelling differences意為“拼寫差異”。例如:
①He is good at written English. 他的書面英語很好。
②They practise speaking in English in order to improve their spoken English.
他們練習(xí)用英語講話,以提高英語口語水平。
③The USA, Canada, Australia, England and New Zealand are all English-speaking countries. 美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、英國、新西蘭都是講英語的國家。 3.more or less 意為“或多或少”,“在一定程度上”,表示自己的意見不那么肯定。例如:
①We hope our explanation will prove more or less helpful.
希望我們的說明多少能有些幫助。
②I must have given him a hundred pounds more or less.
我給他的錢大約有一百英鎊了。
③His teaching method has more or less improved.
他的教學(xué)方法多少有些改進(jìn)了。
④The repairs to the house will cost¥5,000 more or less.
修理這座房子將花費大約5,000元。
4.for example與such as的用法及區(qū)別
1)for example和such as都可當(dāng)作“例如”解。但such as用來列舉事物,插在被列舉事物與前面的名詞之間。例如:
①The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and rice.
這個農(nóng)場種植各種各樣的莊稼,例如麥子,玉米,棉花和稻米。
【注意】
(1)such as一般不宜與and so on連用。
(2)對前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞部分起列舉作用,一般不全部列出。故不可以說:
He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, French and German. 應(yīng)將such as改成namely, 后面加逗號。即:He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, French and German.
2)for example意為用來舉例說明,有時可作為獨立語,插在句中,不影響句子其他部分的語法關(guān)系。例如:
①A lot of people here, for example, Mr John, would rather have coffee.
這兒的許多人,例如約翰先生,寧愿喝咖啡。
5.由come構(gòu)成的重要短語
觀察以下例句中come所構(gòu)成的短語,理解其意思,掌握其用法。
①How did these differences come about. 這些區(qū)別是怎樣產(chǎn)生的呢?
②I came across an old school friend in the street a few days ago.
幾天前我在街上碰見一個老同學(xué)。
③Have you ever come across anything like this before?
你以前碰到過這樣的事情嗎。
④She came along with us. 她是和我們一起來的。
⑤The bear came at the man. 熊朝那個人撲去。
⑥Have they came to any agreement? 他們達(dá)成協(xié)議了嗎?
⑦The soldier came to himself in the end. 那戰(zhàn)士終于醒了過來。
⑧Your wishes will come true one day. 你的愿望總有一天成為現(xiàn)實。
⑨Stories about the Nile have come down to us.
有關(guān)尼羅河的故事傳到了我們這一代。
⑩Will the colour come out if the shirt is washed?
這件襯衫洗后會不會褪色?
(11)The temperature has come down to the freezing point. 溫度已降到了冰點。
(12)He said he wasn't coming back for the holiday.
他說他不準(zhǔn)備回來度假了。
(13)He came over to meet us. 他跑過來迎接我們。
(14)Now let's come to the text. 現(xiàn)在我們來學(xué)課文。
(15)He came up and asked me the way to the school.
他走到我跟前,打聽去學(xué)校的路。
(16)Who came first in the exam? 這次考試誰得第一?
(17)Oh, come on, Mary, do sing us a song,
來吧,瑪麗,給我們唱首歌吧。
(18)I'm sure the machine will come into use one day.
我相信總有一天這種機(jī)器會被廣泛使用的。
(19)The meeting came to an end at ten. 會議十點結(jié)束。
(20)Several questions came up at the meeting.
好多個問題在大會上被提了出來。
(21)Won't you come over/round and meet my family.
過來見見我的家人好嗎?
(22)A button has come off my coat. 我的上衣丟了個扣子。
(23)The seeds haven't come up yet. 種子還沒有發(fā)芽。
(24)Leaves and flowers come out when spring comes.
春天到來時,就會長出樹葉,開出花朵。
(25)When will your father's book come out?
你爸爸的書什么時候能出版?
6.a(chǎn) great many等表示“許多”的詞語
英語中有許多詞語可用來表示“許多”,根據(jù)性質(zhì)可分為三大類。
1)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的有 many, a good/great many, quite a few, a large (或great)/small number of等,其后的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
①A great/good many words and expressions have come into the language from American English. 美國英語中的許多單詞和短語進(jìn)入了這門語言。
②Many have come to visit the old temple. 許多人來是為了看看古廟。
③Quite a few people didn't understand this. Very few would accept it.
有許多人不明白這一點。很少有人愿意接受。
④A great/small number of new factories have been set up in my hometown.
我們家鄉(xiāng)建立了許多新的工廠。
▲many和few, a few在句中可作定語、主語,但不能作表語。如只能說I have many/few books, 而不能說 My books are many/few.
▲very many相當(dāng)于a great/good many, 在程度上比many要強(qiáng)。
▲a number of修飾主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,the number of…作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如:
⑤A number of students have done the work well. 許多學(xué)生作業(yè)做得很好。
⑥The number of the students in our school has risen this year.
今年我們學(xué)校學(xué)生的數(shù)量上升了。
句⑤的 A number of作定語修飾主語 students。句⑥的介語短語 of the students in our school作定語,修飾前面的主語 the number, 表示特指,students 前的冠詞the不能省。
2)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of等。其后的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
①He has spent much/quite a little/a great deal of/a large amount of money on his new house. 他在新房子上花費了許多錢。
②Much/A great deal/Quite a little has been done to stop the noise.
已采取了許多措施來制止污染。
▲much, a great deal和 many一樣,可作定語或主語,而不能作表語,我們一般說 He has much/a great deal of money, 而不說 His money is much(或a great deal)。
▲a great deal后面不接名詞時,不能用介詞of。
3)既能修飾可數(shù)名詞,又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of等,謂語動詞根據(jù)主語是可數(shù)或不可數(shù)決定單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: ①There are a lot of/lots of people in that room. 那個房間里有許多人。
②There's a lot of/lots of rice in the bag. 那只口袋里有許多大米。
③They don't have plenty of(=enough)rooms to live in/food to eat.
他們沒有足夠的房間住/沒有足夠的食品吃。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1.“主語+ have +(修飾語:no, little, some, much, great)等+difficulty/trouble +in + doing sth.”是一個常用的句型。例如:
①Everyone in the town knew him so we had no trouble/difficulty in finding his house. 鎮(zhèn)上誰都認(rèn)識他,因而我們毫不費事地找到了他的家。 ②We had great difficulty in building the house. 我們建房子費了很大勁。
③The students had some trouble in answering the question.
同學(xué)們回答這個問題有些困難。
④Do you have any trouble in finishing the work within two days?
兩天內(nèi)你完成這項工作有困難嗎?
【注意】在使用這一句型時應(yīng)注意以下四點:
1)difficulty/trouble為不可數(shù)名詞,意為“困難”。
2)修飾語主要有no, little, some, much, great等。
3)句中介詞為in,有時可省略。
4)介詞in后必須跟動詞的-ing形式。 2.I'd like to do something.是一個表示“愿意做某事”的常用句型。使用這一句型,應(yīng)注意:
1)'d like是 should like和 would like的縮略式。常用來表示“愿意”之意,尤其是禮貌地提出邀請或愿意提供幫助時。like后可接名詞或帶to的動詞不定式,但不接動詞-ing形式。如:
①Would you like some bananas? 你想吃香蕉嗎?
②Would you like to go there with me tomorrow?
明天你愿意和我一起去那兒嗎?
【注意】用這種邀請句時,肯定回答用:“Yes, I'd love to.”否定回答用:
“I'd love to, but…”
③I'd like to see your ten-speed bicycle. 我想看看你們的十速自行車。
④Would you like to go to see the film this evening?
今天晚上你愿意去看電影嗎?
⑤I'd love to, but I have a lot of work to do.
我愿意去,但是我有很多事要做。
2)除would, should外,had也?s寫成'd形式。例如:
①You'd better put on your coat. It's rather cold outside. (had的縮略式)
你最好穿上大衣,外面很冷的。
②He'd rather die than give up his beautiful wife.
他寧死也不放棄他漂亮的妻子。(would的縮略式)
【注意】would rather do something或would like to do something均表示主語的意愿,而had better do something則表示說話者的意愿。