高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)圍繞兩大主題展開(kāi), 第一: 從句部分(定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句)；第二：動(dòng)詞部分（動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬、倒裝），其中前三部分為復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) --- 基本概念
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.
A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw
正確選項(xiàng)為C, 說(shuō)話人此時(shí)指目前一個(gè)經(jīng)常性的行為。
例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
正確選項(xiàng)為B, 說(shuō)話人此時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，而是東西的性質(zhì)，即收音機(jī)的質(zhì)量不好。
基本概念: 指經(jīng)常性的行為或強(qiáng)調(diào)東西的特性，而忽略時(shí)間概念。
特殊用法: 主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（如強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）。
例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.
2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.
3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.
(注意：主句是祈使句時(shí)，動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此看成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)
2. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
基本形式:
A. will (shall) do B. be going to do
兩種形式有時(shí)可以互換，但A 更強(qiáng)調(diào)意愿；B更強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃和安排。
例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.
2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.
其它可表將來(lái)時(shí)的形式
1) 表運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的進(jìn)行時(shí)--- 表計(jì)劃或安排
* He’s arriving tomorrow.
2) be to do --- 表計(jì)劃或安排
* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.
3) be about to do … --- “… 馬上就要…”
* The train is about to leave.
be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”
* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。)
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
以上兩種時(shí)態(tài)是時(shí)態(tài)部分難點(diǎn)，首先，為什么要將這兩種時(shí)態(tài)放在一起討論？
例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?
2. When did he leave?
3. She often came to help us. （他過(guò)去常來(lái)幫我們。）
4. I didn’t know you were so busy. （我沒(méi)想到你這么忙。）
以上各句中用的都是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，顯然，說(shuō)話的人是強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
5. How many pages have you covered today?
6. I haven’t seen him for many days.
7. I’ve always walked to work.
8. The students have already left.
9. The city has taken on a new look.
10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.
以上各句用的都是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，可以看出，與一般過(guò)去時(shí)一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作也是發(fā)生在過(guò)去（說(shuō)話以前），但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是：
1）動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到說(shuō)話這一時(shí)刻（例5---7）
2）過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有某種影響（例8---10），說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在如何。
注意在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一種用法中，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用for…; since…短語(yǔ)（從句）
如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.
此時(shí)（主句）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：
* He has left home for many years.（錯(cuò)誤）
* He has been away from home for many years. (正確)
* He has died since 1990. （錯(cuò)誤）
* He has been dead since 1990.(正確)
兩種時(shí)態(tài)的比較練習(xí):
1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.
--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
Key:
1. B 前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是I put it right here(just now).
2. C 說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane 目前的狀況.
3. D didn’t know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見(jiàn)面前原不知道.
4. C 全句含義為 “我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)比預(yù)期的(強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去)提前完成任務(wù)( 強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在).
5. D 為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 強(qiáng)調(diào)that 從句的內(nèi)容現(xiàn)在已被發(fā)現(xiàn),為人所知.
6. B 注意when I was at college 是指過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間,動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí); I have forgotten 是指現(xiàn)在的情況.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而且目前還在進(jìn)行。
這里需要注意兩點(diǎn)：
1）有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如：work, study, live, teach等）用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的意思是無(wú)大的區(qū)別的， 如：
* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.
* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.
在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更多些, 如：
2）大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，
* I’ve been writing an article. (還在寫(xiě))
* I’ve written an article. (已完成)
練習(xí)：
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
2. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from
C. had heard from D. hears
Key: 1. C (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)，而非動(dòng)作的結(jié)果)
2. B ( 非強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，A錯(cuò)；不是指目前一般的情況，D錯(cuò)；是指從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況，故B對(duì)。)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(2) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) --- 基本概念 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 基本概念: 指目前(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間) / 過(guò)去(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正確選項(xiàng) C, 指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正確選項(xiàng)B, as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)將來(lái)的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí); what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正確選項(xiàng)C, was working 指 at that time 正在發(fā)生的行為.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正確選項(xiàng)A, 句中went 是說(shuō)話人給定的時(shí)間, work 和leave發(fā)生的時(shí)間都要看它們與went 的時(shí)間關(guān)系, work 與went動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做,用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí); leave 在went之前發(fā)生, 應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí).) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正確選項(xiàng)B, 對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.) 6. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 比較下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信寫(xiě)完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在寫(xiě)信，但不一定寫(xiě)完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我正在寫(xiě)) 從以上例句可以看出，一般過(guò)去時(shí)常常用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生2）動(dòng)作在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生，無(wú)論哪一種情況都不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it. 推斷，他去年正在寫(xiě)。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正確選項(xiàng)為A. slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正確選項(xiàng)為B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正確選項(xiàng)為D(道理同上)。 7. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 基本概念: A) 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前有結(jié)果的行為 * She said she had seen the film. 這里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是發(fā)生在said之前的行為，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正確選項(xiàng)為A, 因?yàn)閐ied是發(fā)生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行為；died 是站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看過(guò)去，是強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生了的事情，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在如何，因此D錯(cuò)，B錯(cuò)（過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是站在過(guò)去的時(shí)間角度看過(guò)去的將來(lái)）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正確選項(xiàng)為A(道理同上)。 B) 表延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的行為 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正確選項(xiàng)為B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正確選項(xiàng)為C。 8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 基本概念: 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后將要發(fā)生的行為（過(guò)去的將來(lái)）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正確選項(xiàng)為B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我們?cè)谝话銓?lái)時(shí)中討論的將來(lái)時(shí)的多種形式均可靈活地運(yùn)用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)中。
9. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
基本概念:
在討論了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)之后，我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到：完成時(shí)的概念其實(shí)就是兩條1）表結(jié)果 2）表延續(xù) ，站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看，就是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；時(shí)間移到過(guò)去就是過(guò)去完成是；時(shí)間移至將來(lái)就是將來(lái)完成時(shí)，因此，將來(lái)完成時(shí)
A) 表到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間前要完成的行為
* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的行為
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
以上我們討論了動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)，與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也有相同的各種時(shí)態(tài)。因此，我們只要關(guān)注被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)形式上為主動(dòng), 表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(3) --- 基本概念檢測(cè)
(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài))
Choose the right answer
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had
2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. ---Is this raincoat yours?
--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung
6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
7. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.
A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed
9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
11. However much _____, it will be worth it
A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs
12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.
A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won
13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A. finish what I did B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing
14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
21. --- Have you moved into the house?
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝視) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
26. --- _______ my glasses?
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?
--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?
--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared
32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
35. --- Have you heard about the new school?
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
36. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.
A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy
39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
41. --- Why did you come by taxi?
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.
A. since B. still C. yet D. then
46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
48. --- How are you today?
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
Key:
1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD
21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC
41---45ABCBA 46---50DDDAD ?