目標(biāo)要求：
1． 高考詞語(yǔ)
交際用語(yǔ)
2． 語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目
3． 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
1） fall off/ fall down
2） for a while
after a while
in a while once in a while
3) cut off
cut up
4) stay up
5) at the time of
6) in all one’s life = in one’s whole life = all through one’s life = through out one’s life
7) on the morning of
in the morning
8) reach as many as
9) at the speed of
10)lose one’s home
11) in the center of
in the middle of
12) ten times morn than
重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)解析
1. “許多、大量”的表示方法
1) 只能修飾可數(shù)名詞: a large / great number of, many, many a, a good /great many
2) 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞: a large amount of, much, little, a little
3) 兩者皆可:lots of/ a lot of, plenty of, enough, a large quantity of/ quantities of, a great deal of.
4) Plenty of 通常只用于肯定句中,疑問(wèn)和否定句中用enough.
5) Large quantities of修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)根據(jù)quantities來(lái)定,故用復(fù)數(shù).
2. cut的搭配短語(yǔ)
cut off切斷\剪下\刪去
cut down 砍倒＼砍死
cut up 切碎、齊根割掉
cut in插嘴、突然插入
cut through 剪斷、鑿穿
The line was cut off whiole we were talking by telephone.
He often cut in with a few remarks while we discussing the problem.
I’m cutting this tree up.
The army was called in to cut through the fall trees and help clean the roads and paths.
3. sound/ noise/voice
sound指能夠聽(tīng)到的各種聲音；voice指人的說(shuō)話聲和唱歌聲；noise指大的雜亂或令人討厭的吵鬧聲。
Sound系動(dòng)詞，意為“聽(tīng)起來(lái)”，常接形容詞、介詞、或從句。
Sound為及物動(dòng)詞，意為“發(fā)出聲音”、“發(fā)音”；不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“發(fā)響”、“響”。Sound作形容詞，意為“健康的、完好的、正確的、徹底的”。如：
We all heard the sound the breaking glass.
She has a sweet voice.
You should not make so much noise!
Your cough sounds better.
It sounds as if the government dosen’t know what to do.
The bell sounded for dinner at eight o’clock in the morning.
She sounded the fire alarm in a hurry.
After the hard work, she had a sound sleep.
1) We shouted at the top of our _____. ( voices)
2) We could not hear them because of the _____ (noise) from the river.
3) He opened his mouth but no _____ (sound) came out of it.
4) He had a loud ___ (voice).
4. destroy/ damage/harm/hurt/injure/wound
1) destroy毀滅，消滅。通過(guò)，某中有力的或粗暴的手段使之毀滅或無(wú)用，一般不能修復(fù)或很難修復(fù)，有時(shí)可用于比喻意義。
The earthquake destroyed the whole city.
All his hopes were destroyed by her letter of refusal.
2) damage傷害，損傷。主要對(duì)價(jià)值和功能的破壞，多用語(yǔ)無(wú)生命的東西，一般還可以修復(fù)。
Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of the disease.
They managed to repair thr house that had been damaged.
3） harm傷害，損害。主要用于有生命的東西，偶爾也用于無(wú)生命的事物，常指?jìng)耙粋�(gè)人或其健康、權(quán)利、事業(yè)等。
Smoking seriously harmed his health.
They had their hearing harmed by the loud noise of the machine.
5) hurt指精神或肉體上“創(chuàng)傷、傷害”。不及物動(dòng)詞意思是“痛“。
His words hurt me/ my felling.
He fell off the tree and hurt his leg.
My shoes ate so tight that my feet hurt.
5) injure指意外傷害或事故造成的傷害，有危及功能發(fā)展之薏。
Several children were injured in the accident.
6) wound一般指刀傷、槍傷、戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷，也可指對(duì)感情的傷害，后跟的賓語(yǔ)是人而不是受傷部位。
He got wounded in the battle.
There twenty wounded it the field hospital.
He received a serious wound in the battle.
5. discover/find out/ find/ invent
Paper was fisrt invented by Chinese.
I found a coin on the street.
Please find out when the ship sails for Shanghai.
6. be made into/ be made of/ be made from/ be made out of/ be made up of
In many parts of the world corn is made into powder.
We can make galss into different kinds of things.
The desks and chairs are made of wood.
This kind of wine is made from rice.
The article is made up of four parts.
The sports team is made up of twenty members.
7. turn out/ turn in /turn up/turn on/turn off/ turn down
The project turned out to be a failure. The day turned out to be fine.
I hope that everything will turn out fine/well/right.
He promised to come, but so far he hasn’t turned up yet.
I hope the missing watch will turn up one day.
Don’t turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.
He turned the key in the lock.
Turn over the page.
The doctor turned him over anf looked at hios back.
Turn it round and let me see the other side.
Your father is sleeping, you’d better turn down the light/radio.
I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?
8. prepare
1) prepare sth 準(zhǔn)備某事（強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程）
Mother is preparing a meal while we were doing our homework.
He is preparing his speech for tomorrow’s meeting. Don’t interrupt him.
The teacher is preparing the students for the coming ezamination.
2) prepare for st … 為… 作準(zhǔn)備 = prepare to sth
Willyou help me prepare for the evening party?
The farmers are busy preparing for the autumn harvest.
3) be prepared for … 為… 作好思想準(zhǔn)備
I’m not prepares to listen to your excuse.
He is noe prepared to accept other’s ideas.
The students are well prepared for the sports meeting.
They were not at all prepared for the bad news.
4) He getting prepared for the exam.
He is trying to prepare himself as a basketball player.
5) We have made preparations for the party.
Are you making preparations for the class meeting?
6) The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.
7) be ready for/ get ready for/be ready to do
we are ready for the exam.
We are ready at all times to beat our competitor.
He is always ready to help others.
9. 倍數(shù)表示方法
1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+…+times+形容詞比較級(jí)+ than +別比較的內(nèi)容.
My books are three times more than yours.
This river is three times longer than that one.
2) 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+…+times+as +形容詞原級(jí)+ as =被比較的內(nèi)容
We have got four times as many people as we expected.
This river is three time as long as that one.
3) 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+。。。times +the size( amount,length, wideth, height,…)+of+被比較的內(nèi)容
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This river is three times the length of that one.
4)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+by+…+times.表示增加的程度
Compared with that of last year, our coal output has increases by three times.
5) 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+…times + upon/ over…
The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.
6) This year we have produced twice as much grain as we did last year.
He is double my age.
10. be afraid of害怕某人或某物
be afraid to 不敢做某事，害怕做某事
be afraid that恐怕
Don’t be afraid of asking for help. Don’t be afraid of dogs.
We are never afraid to lay down our lives for our great revolutionary cause.
I’m afraid that I am late.
11. center/middle
1) They were in the ____ of the dinner when I arrived. ( middle)
2) He placed the roses in the ____ of the dinning-room table. ( center)
3) He died in the ____ of May. ( middle)
4) Beijing is the _____ of government, economy and culture. (center)
5) He stopped in the ___ of the road. ( middle)
Center中心；middle中間。Center中心、中央，該詞大體上接近于幾何概念，即一個(gè)圓或一個(gè)球內(nèi)的一點(diǎn)，這一點(diǎn)與周圍的任何一點(diǎn)的距離相等，也可喻為政治商業(yè)中心。Middle表示的中間，是相對(duì)而言，籠統(tǒng)的中部包括了中心再加上中心周圍部分，middle可用于空間、時(shí)間或某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)中間。
12． Offer
1) 提供，~sth
~sb sth
~to do
2) 要價(jià)，索價(jià)
We offered him $ 20.000 for the house. 我們出價(jià)20。000美圓買他的房子。
We offer him the house for $20.000. 我們出價(jià)20000美圓賣給他那棟房子。
12. 有關(guān)“準(zhǔn)備”的短語(yǔ)
prepare
常見(jiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 練與析
一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分必須是對(duì) that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，如果把
"It is (was)...that "去掉，該句應(yīng)該意思完整，不缺任何句子成分：
1. Is it _____ who wants to see you.
A. him B. he C. his D. himself
2. It was _____ who respected all their teachers.
A. them B. their C. they D. themselves
3. --- What is Mary ?
--- Was it _____ that you were referred to ?
A. he B. she C. her D. they
4. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .
A. was B. are C. were D. had been
5. It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.
A. must have B. will be C. might have been D. may have had
6. ---Was that new school master who walked by ?
--- _____.
A. It must be that B. It must have been C. He must be D. This must have been
【題解】強(qiáng)調(diào)部分如果是人稱代詞，應(yīng)根據(jù)句子需要選擇它的主格或賓格形式：如第⒈ ⒉⒊ 小題。注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與整個(gè)句子語(yǔ)境的一致性：如第⒋⒌ ⒍ 小題。
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)：
7. _____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life ?
A. Why was it that B. Why is it that C. Why is it D. Why it is that
8. Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now ?
A. that B. who C. when D. when
9. _____ you met the foreigner from Canada ?
A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that
【題解】強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞時(shí)，該強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型結(jié)構(gòu)與特殊疑問(wèn)句句型相 同，即：“疑問(wèn)詞 + 一般疑問(wèn)句”
【答案】7. B 8. A 9. C
三、強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為 " not ... until " 句型：
10. It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home .
A. which B. when C. that D. how
11. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.
A. which B. when C. that D. since
12. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when ; that B. until ; that C. until ; when D. when ; then
【題解】注意 " not ... until " 句型的變化。比較下列三個(gè)句子：
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.
Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
【答案】 10. C 11. C 12. B
四、復(fù)合句中的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：
13. I can't quite remember _____ you started doing the work .
A. that it was when B. when it was that C. when was it that D. that was it when
14. She wants to know if it is 600 miles an hour _____ the newest plane can go.
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
15. Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn't come to school yesterday .
A. although B. that C. because D. since
16. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty .
A. until B. that C. then D. so
17. _____ he came back home that we knew what had happened .
A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was it
18. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer.
A. what ; that B. that ; what C. that ; which D. which : that
19. It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me at that time.
A. what ; that B. that ; that C. what ; what D. that ; what
【題解】當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為從句或含從句的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)首先確定它在句子中的作用。第⒔ ⒕ 小題為賓語(yǔ)從句；第⒖ ⒗ ⒘ 小題為狀語(yǔ)從句,此時(shí)不能對(duì) for, as , since , although 引導(dǎo)的從句表示強(qiáng)調(diào); 第 ⒙ 小題的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分又被一個(gè)由 which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修 飾; 第⒚ 小題的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分則為 what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。
【答案】 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. A
五、強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為介詞短語(yǔ)：
20. It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
21. It was _____ great care that they did the job. A. for B. about C. with D. in
22. It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .
A. which B. when C. as D. that
23. Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died ?
A. that B. in which C. in where D. which
24. It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class .
A. that B. which C. where D. why
【題解】強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，①應(yīng)特別注意能引起誤解的干擾選項(xiàng)，如第20小題； ②表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，如第24小題。
【答案】 20. D 21. C 22. D 23. A 24. C
強(qiáng)調(diào)句用法一覽
強(qiáng)調(diào)句是一種修辭，是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式，下面簡(jiǎn)單歸納它的幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：
1．用助動(dòng)詞“do（does／did）＋動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：
He does know the place well．他的確很熟悉這個(gè)地方。
Do write to me when you get there．你到那兒后務(wù)必給我來(lái)信。
2．用形容詞very，only，single，such等修飾名詞或形容詞來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣：
That's the very textbook we used last term．這正是我們上學(xué)期用過(guò)的教材。
You are the only person here who can speak Chinese．你是這里唯一會(huì)講漢語(yǔ)的人。
Not a single person has been in the shop this morning．今天上午這個(gè)商店里連一個(gè)人都沒(méi)有。
How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？
3．用ever，never，very，just等副詞和badly，highly，really等帶有－ly的副詞來(lái)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)：
Why ever did you do so？你究竟為什么要這么做？
He never said a word the whole day．一整天，他一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)。
You've got to be very，very careful．你一定得非常、非常小心。
This is just what I wanted．這正是我所要的。
He was badly wounded．他傷得很嚴(yán)重。
I really don't know what to do next．我的確不知道下一步該怎么做。
4．用in the world，on earth，at all等介詞短語(yǔ)可以表達(dá)更強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)氣（常用于疑問(wèn)句）：
Where in the world could he be？他到底會(huì)在哪兒？
What on earth is it？它究竟是什么？
Do you know at all？你到底知不知道？
5．用感嘆句來(lái)表示強(qiáng)烈的感情，突出說(shuō)話人的情感：
How interesting a story it is！這是一個(gè)多么有趣的故事��！
Oh，what a lie！啊，真是彌天大謊！
6．用重復(fù)來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：
Why！why！The cage is empty！��！�。∠渥邮强盏�。
They walked for miles and miles．他們走了好多英里。
7．用倒裝句（也就是將要強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子或被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首）來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣：
On the table were some flowers．桌上擺著一些花。（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)）
Many a time have I climbed that hill．我多次翻過(guò)那座山。
Only in this way，can we solve this problem．只有這樣，我們才能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
8．用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：“It is（was）＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人的意愿：
It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有這一切發(fā)生在周一晚上。
It's me that he blamed．他怪的是我。
9．用If來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：
1）If從句＋I(xiàn) don't know who／what，etc．does／is／has，etc．；主語(yǔ)部分也可以用nobody does／is／has，etc．或everybody does／is／has，etc．來(lái)代替（這里的if從句往往是正話反說(shuō)，反話正說(shuō)）：
If he can't do it，I don't know who can．要是他做不了這件事，我不知道還有誰(shuí)能做。（強(qiáng)調(diào)只有他能做）
If Jim is a coward，everybody is．要是吉姆是個(gè)膽小鬼，那么人人都是膽小鬼。（強(qiáng)調(diào)吉姆不是膽小鬼）
2）if從句＋it be主句（此用法可看成是第8中強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的變形，即把所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容放在it be的后面，把其它內(nèi)容放在由if引導(dǎo)的從句中）：
If anyone knew the truth，it was Tom．如果說(shuō)誰(shuí)了解事實(shí)的真相，那便是湯姆。
If there is one thing he loves，it is money．如果說(shuō)世界上還有他愛(ài)的東西，那便是金錢。
10．用破折號(hào)、黑體字也可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣：
It's because of hard work-ten years of hard work．那是因?yàn)槠D苦的工作---十年艱苦的工作！
He began the work in late May．他在五月底開(kāi)始的這項(xiàng)工作。（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間）
江蘇 陳力銘 崔 艷
Revision for Attributive Clause
1. 學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句的意義
定語(yǔ)從句是中學(xué)階段英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中十分重要的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。它在句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。對(duì)正確理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。
2. 定語(yǔ)從句的定義
先看例子：
The dictionary that I want to buy is an English one.
The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.
The house where he lived is now a library.
在復(fù)合句中，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。
從定義必須明確三點(diǎn)：
1.定語(yǔ)從句在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，是修飾名詞的一個(gè)從句。
2.定語(yǔ)從句必須有先行詞（所修飾的名詞或代詞），并且應(yīng)盡 量靠近先行詞。
3.在定語(yǔ)從句中，引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)一定的成分。
III.關(guān)系詞的作用
1.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
2.代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
理解和牢記這兩條概念，弄清關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從 句中充當(dāng)什么成分，是掌握定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。
關(guān)系詞的選擇完全取決于先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中 所充當(dāng)?shù)氖裁闯煞帧?/p>
IV.定語(yǔ)從句的分類總結(jié)
1.1--8為引導(dǎo)詞為關(guān)系代詞的情況:
A.先行詞為人時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞用who,whom,that.(ex1,2,7,8)
先行詞為物時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞用that,which. (ex3,4,5,6)
B.引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)。
C.引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視先行詞而定
(ex1,2,4,5,7,8)
D.引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。(ex3,4,6)
E.what 不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。(ex4,5,6)
2.9-10為whose作引導(dǎo)詞的情況:
A.whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示引導(dǎo)詞與whose后的名 詞為所屬關(guān)系。又如：
Here comes the man whose English is very good.
That is the book whose cover is blue.
B.whose常用of which替代。上句可變?yōu)椋?/p>
This is the book of which the cover is blue.
This is the book the cover of which is blue.
( 用of短語(yǔ)修飾的名詞前應(yīng)有“the”；而whose 修飾詞前則無(wú)）
(Ask Ss to change the two sentences in the paper)
3.11-15為引導(dǎo)詞只能用that的情況:
A.最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞如the most,the last,the first（ex12,14)
B.不定代詞everything,something,nothing,anything,none
C.any,no,much,little,all作先行詞或修飾先行詞。
D.the only,the same,the very修飾先行詞。如：
The only thing that I want to do is to study English well.
It is the very book that I want to buy.
E. 先行詞為人＋物時(shí)，如ex6
F. 主句中有who ,which, 如：
Who that knows him would trust him.
Which of these two trains is the one that goes to Paris?
4.16-17為介詞+引導(dǎo)詞的情況：
A.介詞如在定語(yǔ)從句后，引導(dǎo)詞如1。
B.介詞如放在引導(dǎo)詞前，引導(dǎo)詞不能用that
C.固定搭配的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞不能提前。如：
This is the boy who you should look after.
He often talks about the people and the things that he heard of.
He is the person to whom I want to give this book.
The Chinese team won 16 gold medals,of which 12 were won by women.
5.18-23為when,where或先行詞為時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)時(shí)介詞+關(guān)系代詞的 情況：
A.when和where在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
B.when=in(at...)which; where=in(at...)which 如：
That is the day when/ on which he was born.
That is the day which he was born on.
I know a place where/ in which we can have a talk.
6. 24為way的情況：
way為先行詞后跟定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞有如下四種情況：
that, in which，how,或不用引導(dǎo)詞，又如：
He showed me the way how/that/in which/--he made money.
Ｖ.Consolidation
Do exx II in ex-paper
VI.Homework
Do the paper given
關(guān)系代詞 who 和 that 的用法區(qū)別
在定語(yǔ)從句中，若先行詞指人。其關(guān)系代詞可用 who，whom , 也可用 that。
The girl who ( that ) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor .
※ 在下列情況下多用或須用 who。
1 . 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用 who。
Do you know the man who spoke just now ?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced .
2 . 先行詞 all , anyone , one , ones 等時(shí)，多用 who。
All who heard the news were excited .
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished .
3 . 先行詞為 those 和 people 時(shí)，多用 who。
Those who want can see sometimes act just as foolishly .
4 . 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中須用 who。
Tom's father , who is over sixty , still works hard .
Mr Green , whom you saw in the library yesterday , will teach us physics next term .
5 . 在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中須用 who。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .
6 . 在以 there be 開(kāi)頭的句子中多用 who。
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster .
7 . 一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞是 that , 另一個(gè)須用 who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very
hard .
※ 使用 that 的幾種情況。
1 . 若先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。
He is the finest comrade that I have ever worked with .
The first person ( that ) I visited there was Mr Green .
2 . 先行詞前有 the same , the only 等修飾時(shí)。
She is the same teacher that was praised the other day .
She is the only person that understands me .
3 . 當(dāng)主句是以 who 或 which 開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句須用 thet，以免與先行詞
重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now ?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this ?
4 . 若先行詞兼指人與物時(shí)，須用 that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about .
5 . 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)，一般須用 that。
He is not the man that he used to be .
He is not the naughty boy that he was five years ago .
【動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手】
單元能力立體檢
. 定語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)詞有幾個(gè)？一共有9個(gè)：who , whom , whose, that, which , when , where, why, as
關(guān)系詞 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 說(shuō) 明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性從句
which 物 物 × × √
who 人 × × × ×
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,結(jié)構(gòu)中。
2. 引導(dǎo)詞的功能有哪些？
⑴引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。�、拼嫦刃性~在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
3. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是什么？
判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。根據(jù)充當(dāng)?shù)某煞诌x擇相應(yīng)的引導(dǎo)詞。
4. 只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有哪些情況？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】
現(xiàn)行詞前為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時(shí)．
先行詞前有：all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等不定代詞修飾時(shí)．
先行詞被敘述詞修飾時(shí)．
先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)．
先行詞前only, just, very, last有等修飾時(shí)．
先行詞是表示人和物混雜的兩個(gè)名詞時(shí)．
主句是以who, which,開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句或先行詞是疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)．
在修飾時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等先行詞時(shí)，只有用that代替when, where等引導(dǎo)詞。
例：I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?
先行詞為reason, way (意為"方法")時(shí)，常用that 代替why, which, in which，
也可省略．
引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用that引導(dǎo)．
先行詞是主句表語(yǔ)時(shí)．
例：It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)以there be 開(kāi)頭時(shí)．
當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞時(shí)．
同一個(gè)復(fù)合句里有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)用which，另一個(gè)通常用that．
5. reason后面用什么引導(dǎo)？way 后面用什么引導(dǎo)？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】
reason后面的定于從句用why引導(dǎo)。
way 后面定語(yǔ)從句用in which 或 that引導(dǎo)that可以省略。
6. when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于什么引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句？【適合于高二, 高三】
when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于 介詞+ which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
7. where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于什么引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句？【適合于高二, 高三】
where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于 介詞＋which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
8. one of 和 the (only) one of 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在主謂一致問(wèn)題上應(yīng)注意什么？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】
前者引導(dǎo)的定于從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；后者用單數(shù)。
9. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有和區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】
限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句不可缺少的一個(gè)部分，缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，不要從句對(duì)主句意義無(wú)多大影響；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前后有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。而且非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不能用that。
10. as 和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在用法上有什么區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】
as和 which 都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句．都可以代替主句中的整個(gè)內(nèi)容或某一成分．
as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以位于句首，并常和know, see, expect等詞連用．意為："正
如．．．"．而which不能位于句首．
11. as 可以用于哪些結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句？【適合于高二, 高三】
such... as the same... as so ... as..
12. the same．．．a(chǎn)s和 the same ．．．that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句如何區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】
the same．．．a(chǎn)s 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指的是相同事物，強(qiáng)調(diào)同類．the same．．．that 引
導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指的是同一物．
This is the same pen as I bought yesterday. （相同）
This is the same pen that I borrowed from Mr. Li. (同一物)
13. such．．．a(chǎn)s ．．．和 such．．．that．．．如何區(qū)分？【適合于高二, 高三】
such．．．a(chǎn)s ．．．引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句．a(chǎn)s必須代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)
成分．such．．．that．．．引導(dǎo)的從句是狀語(yǔ)從句．that只是引導(dǎo)從句并不在其引
導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)成分．在選擇填空練習(xí)題中，首先看從句中是否缺句子成分，
如果缺成分就要考慮是定語(yǔ)從句；如果不缺成分就要考慮是狀語(yǔ)成分．
14. whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有那些注意點(diǎn)？【適合于高一, 高二, 高三】
whose 作定語(yǔ),后面跟名詞.一般有三種表示形式. 例:
This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.
= This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.
= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.
B. 名詞性從句
不能用關(guān)系代詞 Which 的幾種情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which.
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball. There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which.
This is the best novel that I have ever read. Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
That is the very thing that we can do. It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
You can take any room that you like. There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "," 正象..." 之意時(shí), 用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中間,而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
23. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句如何區(qū)別？【適合于高二, 高三】
同位語(yǔ)從句前的名詞是一個(gè)含有內(nèi)涵的名詞。從句就是其內(nèi)容。that在從句中不
充當(dāng)成分。而定語(yǔ)從句中一定缺某一個(gè)成分，引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)該代替先行詞在從句中
充當(dāng)句子成分。 24. 何為"就從不救主"原則？【適合于高二, 高三】
"就從不救主"原則是指在名詞性從句中，當(dāng)主句中差賓語(yǔ)同時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句中差主語(yǔ)，在選擇whoever, whomever或 who, whom 時(shí)，必須首先滿足從句中的主語(yǔ)，故稱之為"救從不救主"．
25. reason 后面有幾種從句？如何判斷？【適合于高二, 高三】
定語(yǔ)從句： 由for which, why引導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)詞必須代替先行詞在其從句中充當(dāng)成
分．如：What is your reason why (for which) you were late?
同位語(yǔ)從句：由that引導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分．如：The reason that
he didn't come her this morning is not clear.
表語(yǔ)從句： 由that引導(dǎo)，在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分．如：The reason is that he
doesn't like being laughed at in public.
定語(yǔ)從句or同位語(yǔ)從句
先看這樣一道題：
Finally came the day __ he had to begin his study for the next term.
A.till B.that C.since D.which
讓我們來(lái)分析這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是一個(gè)倒裝句，還原應(yīng)為：The day came finally,中間he had to begin his study for the next term為the day引導(dǎo)出的一個(gè)從句。這道題考查的目的就是看學(xué)生對(duì)從句的掌握情況如何，能夠在名詞后跟從句的只有兩種，即定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，假如這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞the day就該由關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)為when或on which，但沒(méi)這兩個(gè)答案，這就只可能是同位語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句只是對(duì)前面的名詞the day進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，就可用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，答案為B。
如何區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句呢？
關(guān)鍵看名詞或代詞后的引導(dǎo)詞是否在從句中充當(dāng)成分，如若引導(dǎo)詞代前面的名詞或代詞，在后面的從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分（如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)），而且又起著連接主句和從句的橋梁作用，那就是定語(yǔ)從句；若引導(dǎo)詞在后面從句中沒(méi)充當(dāng)成分，而又不代前面的名詞或代詞，它只起聯(lián)系主從句的作用，這一定是同位語(yǔ)從句，例：
I have heard of the news that he would come to China.
I have heard of the news that he got.
正確區(qū)分和判斷這兩種從句后，解題也就沒(méi)什么困難了。
定語(yǔ)從句（一）
●關(guān)系詞的意義及作用
定語(yǔ)從句是中學(xué)階段英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中十分重要的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。它在句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。對(duì)正確理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。定語(yǔ)從句分為：限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
定語(yǔ)從句一般都緊跟在它所修飾名詞后面，所以如果在名詞或代詞后面出現(xiàn)一個(gè)從句，根據(jù)它與前面名詞或代詞的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷是否是定語(yǔ)從句。
被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做“先行詞”。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫“關(guān)系詞”。關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用：
一、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
二、代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
理解和牢記這兩條概念，弄清楚關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)什么成分，是掌握定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。
●關(guān)系詞的選用與判斷
在前一節(jié)中我們講到正確選擇關(guān)系詞是掌握定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)系詞的選擇完全取決于先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)氖裁闯煞帧ｊP(guān)系詞一共有九個(gè)，它們?cè)趶木渲兴洚?dāng)?shù)木渥映煞忠?jiàn)下表。
關(guān)系詞 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 說(shuō) 明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性從句
which 物 物 × × √
who 人 × × × ×
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,結(jié)構(gòu)中。
二、關(guān)系詞的選用
1.先行詞為all,everything,nothing等不定代詞，代替物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句that用引導(dǎo)。
注：something后一般用which。
Is there anything that you want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.
2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修飾時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。
This is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
3.way后面的定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有三種情況：a.在比較正式的文體中用in which；b.一般情況下用that；c.in which和that省去。
a.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.
b.Lincoin asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.
Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.
c.That's the way I looked at it.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
4.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)（country,school,room…），而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，一般用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞＋which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是which前介詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.
The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.
5.先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞（year,month,day,night…），而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一般用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞＋which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是which前介詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
在掌握第4、第5條時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意：介詞的位置變化以及相應(yīng)的關(guān)系詞的變化。請(qǐng)分析下面兩個(gè)句子。
�、倌蔷褪撬ぷ鞯拇髮W(xué)。
┏ at which he works.
┣ which he works at.
That is the college ┣ where he works.
┣ that he works at.
┗ he works at.
�、谒錾哪且惶焓�1952年8月20日。
┏ on which he was born
┣ which he was born on
The day ┣ when he was born was Aug.20,1952.
┣ that he was born on
┗ he was born on
6. 除了第4、第5條中when，where可以用介詞＋關(guān)系詞這種用法外。還有其他情況也可以用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。即：介詞＋which�；蚪樵~＋whom。請(qǐng)看下面例句：
This is the classmate with whom I'll go to the cinema.
The subject in which I'm most interested is English.
We can see the method by which the computer works.
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞與先行詞組成短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，因此介詞的選用時(shí)受到一定限制的，仍然根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定�！ �
三、關(guān)于as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題
as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的結(jié)構(gòu)中。
1.as與which都可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，并代表前面整個(gè)句子或主句中的表語(yǔ)。
He married the girl，as(which)was natural.
He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以前置，而which不行。
As was natural, he married the girl.
2.在the same…as,such…as,as…as結(jié)構(gòu)中，same,such,as之后應(yīng)是名詞或形容詞＋名詞。
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
這三種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用which改寫。但要去掉這種結(jié)構(gòu)，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分別可以改寫成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
3.the same…as與the same…that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在意義上的區(qū)別是：前者修飾的是與原物同樣的；而后者修飾的就是先行詞同樣的東西。是比較：
This is the same watch as I lost.
這和我丟失的那一只表一樣。（不是同一只）
This is the same watch that I lost.
這就是我丟失的那一只表。（同一只）
●注意事項(xiàng)
1.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，除了用定語(yǔ)從句解釋名詞或泛指外，先行詞前應(yīng)有定冠詞the。
2.在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中which,whom,that充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略。而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中從句與主句之間應(yīng)該用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
4.定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。首先看引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系詞that是否在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如果在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表，則是定語(yǔ)從句。再看that前的名詞是否是一些需要有內(nèi)容的名詞，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的從句是說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容的，（這個(gè)名詞在后面的從句中部充當(dāng)任何成分），這個(gè)從句則是同位語(yǔ)從句。
He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，又加上后面從句是說(shuō)明hope的內(nèi)容的，因此時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句。
5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。而the reason that也是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.
6.當(dāng)主句中有who,which時(shí)，而定語(yǔ)從句中也要用到who或which時(shí)，為了避免who…who,which…which等重疊，定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7.先行詞為人和物作并列成分時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8.不論人或物在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9.“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)；而“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”前有the，only或the only修飾，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.