Teaching objectives and demands:
1. Words and expressions:
Café; menu; oxen; waitress; wipe; ham; hot dog; sauce; pie; jam; regret; now and again; help oneself to; goose; geese; farmland; day by day; agricultural; irrigate; salty; pest; storage; ruin; damp; in a word; loss; whichever; ownership; politician; in debt; repay; cash crop; raise; butcher; hilly; mountainous; make sense; jar; solve; spoon
2. The daily expressions in communication:
What would you like to…?
Would you like something to eat?
I’d like…
Help yourself to some…
I’m full, thank you.
3. Grammar: Noun Clause.
4. Language use: The students are supposed to learn something about the food problem; the shrinking of the farmland; the population problem and the like.
Teaching time: 5 periods
Lesson 13
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Find out how much the Ss know about western food.
What kind of food do people eat in the west? Tell me the words for some western food.
Hamburger, ham salad, chocolate, sandwich, bread, ice cream, jam juice, apple pie, steak, beef, hot dog, pizza, pasta, French fries, potato salad, fried chicken,
Step 2. Presentation
SB Page 19, Part 1. Tell the students to talk about the picture and ask the students where they think Wang Bin and Carl were.
Step 3. Listening
Now listen to the dialogue and find out this information:
What are Wang Bing’s plans for the future? (He’s going to start work at the Farm Institute next month)
Step 4. Reading
Now read the dialog and find the answers to the questions:
Where were they? (In a restaurant)
What was Wang Bing going to eat? (Hot dog and potato salad)
Where was Wang Bing going to work? (At a Farm institute)
What does Wang Bing ask Carl to do before he moves? (Invite him to dinner at his house)
Step 5 Language points
(1) Have you ordered yet? 您點(diǎn)菜了嗎？
I’ll take your order. (= write down which food you want and pass it to the kitchen)
請您點(diǎn)菜。
Shall we order our dinner now? 訂飯菜
(2) Yes, I sure am.
在美國英語中sure或surely常用來表示“當(dāng)然（可以）”的意思，相當(dāng)于英國英語中的of course或certainly。如：
----Can I borrow your bicycle? --------我可以借用你的自行車嗎？
----Sure／Surely!--------當(dāng)然可以。
----Is he tall? --------Yes, he sure is. (=Sure/ Surely, he is.) ≠ He is sure.
上句sure為副詞，下句sure為形容詞。
(3) went without breakfast= didn’t have breakfast
Some of the students often get up late and go without breakfast.
(4) All the same. = Even though雖然；還是；仍然
It was raining hard, but we got there in time all the same. 但我們還是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里。
Thank you, all the same.盡管如此，還是要謝謝你。
(5) （every）now and again ／then“不時(shí)地；偶爾”，可與from time to time換用。
I still see her for lunch every now and again ／then，but not as often as I used to．
我午餐時(shí)還偶爾看見她，不過不像從前那樣經(jīng)常了。
(6) fix a date確定日期，例如：
The scientists fixed the date of an excavation. 科學(xué)家確定出土文物的時(shí)期。
Let's fix a date for the meeting.讓我們決定會(huì)期。
Step 5. Practice
SB P19, Part 2. Tell the students this part is compiled to practice the expressions usually used between a customer and a waiter or a waitress.
Step 6. Consolidation
WB Ex.1, get the students to do this exercise orally in pairs to consolidate the dialogue that we learned in Part 1.
Step 7. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 13, Exx.2 and 3. Get the students to do the exercises individually and then check the answers with the students.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 13 in the workbook.
(2) Preview the next lesson if the students have time.
Lesson 14 Feed the World (1)
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the key points of Lesson13.
Step 2. Background information
In 1994, Professor Pimentel of Cornell University warned of the following problems in providing enough food for the world’s growing population:
*By 2100 the population will be 12-15 billion, or seven times its sustainable level. *Farmers are abandoning 25 million acres each year because of soil loss or water logging. *The declining fertility of the soil will lower food production by 20% in the next 25 years. *Topsoil is being lost 40 times faster than it can be replace. *Crop losses destroyed by pests have increase four times in the last 50 years.
WORLD POPULATION
It is generally agreed that only 5,000,000-10,000,000 humans (i.e., one one-thousandth of the present world population) were supportable before the agricultural revolution of about10,000 years ago. By the beginning of the Christian era, 8,000 years later, the human population approximated 300,000,000. The world population, which did not reach its first 1,000,000,000 until about 1800, added another 1,000,000,000 persons by 1930, the third was added by 1960, the fourth by 1974, and the fifth before 1990. On October 12, 1999, the world population reached 6 billion.
Step 3. Scanning
Now get the students to read the text and answer the following questions:
① Why is the area of farmland in the world getting smaller?
(It is being built on; it is being lost by the actions of the wind and the rain; land is becoming too salty)
② What are some of the ways of increasing food production?
(You can increase the area of farmland by irrigation;
You can build dams and water your fields;
You can pump water from low-lying areas;
You can develop new plants which produce heavier crops;
You can develop new plants which grow in poor soil;
You can develop new plants that are less likely to be attacked by pests and diseases.)
Step 4. Note making
Tell the students to read the text more carefully to find out the specific information. Then fill in the blanks with appropriate information from the text.
Notes:
a. FAO: The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations was founded in 1945 and has its headquarters in Rome. It has 158 members. The purpose of the organization is to improve rural conditions, agricultural production and distribution, and to raise nutritional levels.
b. In storage: while it is being stored.
c. Damp= fairly wet. The atmosphere can be very damp during the rainy season and grain can start to go bad.
d. Starve to death: die because they do don not have enough to eat.
e. Low-lying arrears: many of these areas are below sea level.
Step 5. Reference
SB P20, Part 4. Get the students to tell which words and phrases do the words printed in bold in the text referred to. Do orally with the class if time permits.
Step 6. Consolidation
Ask Ss to say what is happening about farmland and food production in China. Get them to give specific examples, for example the Three Gorges project and other changes in Changde. Are there any other reasons why food production is increasing or decreasing?
Step 7 Language points
1. It is thought that one billion people, that is half the world's workers, earn their living by farming. 據(jù)認(rèn)為有十億人，也就是全世界勞動(dòng)人口的一半，是靠務(wù)農(nóng)謀生的。
① 本句的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是 It is thought + that-clause。
It is thought + that-clause 的意思大體相當(dāng)于 People think + that-clause。（人們認(rèn)為......，據(jù)認(rèn)為......）。例如：
It is thought that our basketball team will certainly win. (= People think that our basketball team will certainly win.) 據(jù)認(rèn)為（人們認(rèn)為），我們的籃球隊(duì)肯定會(huì)獲勝。
It is thought + that-clause 句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞 think 還可以換用下列動(dòng)詞：
believe, know, report, say, suggest等，構(gòu)成 It is believed / known / reported /said / suggested + that-clause 句型，分別相當(dāng)于 People believe/know/report/say/suggest + that-clause的意思。
② earn one's living 是“謀生”、“掙錢過活”的意思。例如：
He began to earn his living at the age of twelve. 他12歲就開始自謀生活。
They earned their living by hunting. 他們靠打獵謀生。
She earned a hard living (by) washing ten hours a day.
2. For one thing, two thirds of the earth's surface is water, although this does provide a lot of food in the form of fish. 首先，地球表面的三分之二是水，盡管水的確提供了大量的可作食物的魚類。
for one thing 作“首先”，“一則”解，用來列舉理由。后面有時(shí)跟 for another （其次，再則）。例如：I can't go. For one thing, I have no money; for another, I have no time. 我去不成。一則沒有錢，再則沒有時(shí)間。
We should invite Jenny to the party. For one thing, she is fond of dancing and singing.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)邀請珍妮來參加晚會(huì)，理由之一是她喜歡唱歌跳舞。
I don't want to buy the coat. For one thing, I don't like the colour, and for another, the price is too high.我不想買這件外衣。一來我不喜歡這個(gè)顏色，再說價(jià)格也太貴了。
3. And the area is becoming smaller day by day.
day by day表示“逐著每天（變化）的”。例如：
The young tree grows taller and thicker day by day.長得一天比一天高/粗了。
Her mother grows older and weaker day by day.她母親一天一天地衰老了，【注意】day after day意為“一天又一天地”，表示每天都要重復(fù)。例如：
We have taught middle school English day after day.我們天天教中學(xué)英語。
I have given lectures day after day.我天天都去講課。
4.First, it is being built on. 第一，在耕地上搞建筑。
本句中的 it 指上文的 farmland, is being built 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(be + being + p.p.),后跟介詞 on。全句的意思相當(dāng)于Various kinds of buildings are being built on the farmland.
注意：原句中的介詞 on 不可省略。類似的例句如下，其中的介詞不可省略。
All the most urgent matters are now being attended to. (= We are now attending to all the most urgent matters.) 最緊急的事情現(xiàn)在全都在處理中。
This question is being much talked about. (=People are talking much about this question.)人們對這個(gè)在議論紛紛。
5. In a word, hunger is a big problem in the world today.
1）in a word作“總之”，“簡言之”，“一言以蔽之”解。如：
In a word, we should work harder than ever. 總之，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)比過去更加努力工作。
In a word you didn't fully understand the teacher's explanation, so you made quite a few mistakes in your written work.總之，你沒有完全理解老師的解釋，所以你的作業(yè)有很多錯(cuò)誤。
2）in words意為“用語言”。如：
He couldn't express his gratitude in words.他無法用語言來表達(dá)他的感激之情。
I don't want you to promise me in words that you'll be good.
我不想要你們用話來向我保證你們會(huì)變好。
3）in other words表示“換言之，“換句話說”。如：
In other words, we can finish the work on time only in this way.換句話說，只有這樣我們才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作。
In other words, you have broken the law.換言之，你違法了。
4）注意記住并區(qū)別由word構(gòu)成的詞組以及這些短語中word一詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
keep one's word to sb.（對某人）信守諾言，break one's word失信，eat one's words承認(rèn)說錯(cuò)話have a word with sb., 與某人談話，have words with sb，與某人口角。如：
I'll never break my word. 我決不食言。
I want to have a word with him.我想跟他談?wù)勗挕?/p>
Jack often has words with his neighbours.杰克經(jīng)常與他的鄰居發(fā)生口角。
I said yesterday that you had stolen my car. Now I'm eating my words.
昨天我說你偷了我的車，現(xiàn)在我收回這話并向你道歉。
He is an honest man who always keeps his word.他是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人，很守信用。
Never break your word, or no one will trust you.不要食言，否則沒有人會(huì)信任你。
Step 7. Workbook
Get the students to do the wb exercises individually and then check the answers with the class.
Homework
Lesson 15 Feed the World (2)
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Ask Ss to tell 10 things that they have learnt so far in this unit.
Step 2. Presentation
In which country or countries in the world are people hungry today? (Africa, EU, DPRK, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Angola, Afghanistan)
Why are people hungry in the world?
Because there is not enough farmland to produce enough food, and what makes it worse is that the limited farmland is being lost. There are wars, natural disasters; The world population is increasing too fast. All this leads to starvation.
You’re going to read a text about world hunger. How many countries or groups of countries are mentioned in the text? (Five kinds of countries.)
Read the passage quickly to find out the answers.
Step 3.Reading
Tell the students to read the text carefully and answer the questions on Wb P87. Do orally with the class.
Reasons for hunger
In EU: 1) Farmers are paid not to grow crops.
2) Food is bought and thrown away
In Indian: Land is owned by rich landowners
In less-developed: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops
Western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle
Notes:
a. The European Union: The EU, previously known as the EEC (European Economic Community) and later the EC (European Community), was originally formed in 1967. It comprises a group of European countries that is still being enlarged. The main aspects of the EU are a common external tariff, a common agricultural policy, a monetary policy, and the absence of customs controls on trade between member states.
b. The right to sell their crops to the EU: In an attempt to balance supply and demand, the EU guarantees prices of certain crops to farmers, even if there is a surplus.
c. Paid by the EU for not growing crops: This scheme is called set-aside. The purpose is to compensate farmers who take land out of food production in a situation where more food is produced than is consumed.
d. Cash crop: a crop that is sold rather than to be used by the people growing it, such as, tobacco, sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, cotton, soybean and so on.
Questions:
1. What do farmers in the EU do if they provide too many crops? What happens to the crops? (sell their crops to the EU and the EU throws them away)
2. What can farmers receive from the EU if they leave some of their fields free and do not plant anything? What do you think of the policy?
(money: 1) lose interest in planting; 2) lead to the reduction of food production; 3) make people go hungry; 4) make the countries poor)
3. Is it possible to grow crops in hilly, dry or mountainous areas? How can we make good sense of them? (impossible; keep sheep or goats)
4. What can you do to help people who’re hungry?
(First, help them with the advanced agricultural technology to develop new plants which produce heavier crops;
Second, save every grain of rice. When you throw away the food which you don’t eat up, please think that many people in the world are hungry. Form the habit of saving everything.)
Main idea:
Par 1: Human beings have made some incorrect decisions.
Par 2: In EU and the USA, food is too much and some is thrown away.
Par 3: Farmers in some countries are not masters of the land they farm. So they
lack initiative.
Par 4: Many less-developed countries are in debt and the farmers are forced to
Grow cash crops to pay off the government’s debts.
Par 5: Too much grain is used to raise beef cattle.
Step 4. Language points
1. What can be done in order to make sure that no one in the world goes hungry?
為了確保世界上沒有人挨餓，人們可以做些什么呢？
go hungry 作“挨餓”解。 go + adj. 表示“轉(zhuǎn)變成......”，go 是連系動(dòng)詞，作“變得”解。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常表示變壞。例如：
The machines go wrong. 機(jī)器出了毛病。
He went almost mad when he heard the news. 他聽到這個(gè)消息時(shí)幾乎發(fā)瘋了。
His illness is going worse. 他的病情正在惡化。
2. 在課文的第三段有二個(gè)含有虛擬語氣的句子：
If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher. 倘若農(nóng)民能夠自己種田，那么糧食產(chǎn)量就會(huì)高得多。
They would not vote to lose their land and wealth, even if it resulted in a fairer society.使自己的土地和財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受損失的事，他們是不會(huì)投贊成票的，即使這樣做的能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)更為公平的社會(huì)。第二個(gè)句子都使用了虛擬語氣，即：對當(dāng)前的情況作相反的假定。在這種句子中，條件從句的謂語用一般過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞用were），如第1)句中的 could farm, 第2)句中的 resulted in, 第3)句中的 were grown; 主句用 would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：
I'm busy. If I had time, I would go. 我現(xiàn)在很忙。如果我有時(shí)間，我是會(huì)去的。
So you have to leave. How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer!
那么你不得不走。 要地你能多呆一會(huì)兒該多好！
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.
倘若每個(gè)國民都懂急救，那么許多人的生命是可以得救的。
If I were you, I would not give up. 如果我是你，我就不會(huì)放棄。
What would happen if she were told about it? 如果她知道這事，會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況呢？
3. even if it resulted in a fairer society.
result in和result from的用法區(qū)別
1）result in可用來表示“引起、導(dǎo)致或造成（某種結(jié)果）”，如：
The traffic accident resulted in three deaths.這起交通事故造成三人死亡。
Hard work results in success.努力工作就能成功。
2）result可以與from連用，意為“作為……的結(jié)果”，表示原因。如：
Sickness often results from eating too much. 疾病往往因?yàn)槌缘锰唷?/p>
The accident resulted from carelessness.事故因粗心而產(chǎn)生。
4. Many less-developed countries are in debt because they borrowed money from richer countries in order to develop industry.許多不太發(fā)達(dá)的國家都欠了債，因?yàn)樗鼈儚妮^富裕的國家借了錢來發(fā)展工業(yè)。
① less-developed 是一個(gè)“副詞 + 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，作定語。
② (be) in debt 作“欠債”解。例如：
He was in debt when he was poor, but has been out of debt since he got rich.
他窮的時(shí)候欠過債，但變富以來就不負(fù)債了。
They owe everybody money, so they are badly in debt. 他們負(fù)債太重。
【注意】類似的有：in trouble（處在困境中），in danger（處在危險(xiǎn)之中），in charge（管理，負(fù)責(zé)），in common（共有，共同），in detail（詳細(xì)地），in general（通常，一般地說），in fact（事實(shí)上），in line（站隊(duì)），in love（相愛），in mind（意欲，心想），in need（需要），in order（有秩序地），in surprise（驚奇地）， in tears（在哭泣）， in touch（保持聯(lián)系）， in pubic（公開地，當(dāng)眾）等。例如：
5. Many western countries raise and butcher a large number of beef cattle. 許多西方國家飼養(yǎng)并屠宰大量的肉牛。
句中 raise 作“養(yǎng)育子女”，“飼養(yǎng)（牲畜）”解。例如：
Both the husband and wife had to work hard to raise their children.
夫妻二人不得不辛勤勞動(dòng)來養(yǎng)育他們的孩子。
A large number of pigs and ducks are raised on this farm.飼養(yǎng)了大量的豬和鴨子。
6. it makes very good sense to keep sheep or goats.
make sense意為“有意義”（=have a meaning that can be understood）；“講得通”。
What you say doesn't make sense.你的話毫無意義。
This sentence doesn't make any sense.這個(gè)句子完全講不通。
Step 5. Practice---- grammar revision
SB P23, Part 2~4,
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 15, Ex. 2~3.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 15 in the workbook.
(2) Revise the grammar of noun clauses.
Lesson 16
Teaching procedures
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises. (2) Revise the previous two lessons.
Step 2. Listening
(1) Pre-listening: Tell the students turn to Page 136 and read the instructions to get a gist of the listening passage.
(2) While-listening:
① Play the tape for the students to answer the questions. ② Check the answers with the students.
(3) Post listening activity: get the students to talk about the listening passage.
Step 3. Checkpoints
Go through Checkpoint 4 with the students. Get the students to make up sentences using the useful expressions if time permits.
Step 4. Word study
SB P24, Part 2. Read the instructions and get students to fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Check the answers with the students after they finish them.
Step 5. Writing
SB P24, Part 3. Read the instructions and tell the students to develop a paragraph by completing the notes from the text. Assign the work as their homework.
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 16. Ex. 1~3. Get the students to do the two exercises and then check the answers with the students.
Homework
(1) Finish off the wb exercises of Lesson 16.
(2) Revise the key points of this unit. (3) Writing: See Step 5.
典型例題分析
例1 單項(xiàng)選擇：
______ she was chosen head of the factory made news.
A．Which B．That C．What D．It
分析 此題中正確答案是B(That)，句中that(conj.) 引導(dǎo)主語從句出現(xiàn)在句首�？赊D(zhuǎn)換為It made news that she was chosen head of the factory.選項(xiàng)A中的which不可作連詞，不能引出主語從句。選項(xiàng)C中的what和選項(xiàng)D中的it都不符合題意。如：
That the prisoner had escaped was not made known.(=It was not made known that the prisoner had escaped.）囚犯逃跑的消息沒有公開。
例2 單項(xiàng)選擇：
____that the troops have already crossed the border.
A．People are believed B．It believed C．It is believed D．It was believing
分析 此題中正確答案是C（It is believed），句中先行詞it是形式主語，代替真正主語that-clause，意思相當(dāng)于People believe + that-clause。選項(xiàng)A用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，顯然錯(cuò)誤，選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)D都不對。結(jié)構(gòu)中believe可換用think, say, know, report, suggest等動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成It +be +thought／said／known／reported／suggested +that-clause句型。如：
It is thought that we are facing a great problem to feed the world.(=People think that we are facing a great problem to feed the world.)據(jù)認(rèn)為（人們認(rèn)為），我們正面臨著解決世界人口吃飯的大問題。
例3 單項(xiàng)選擇：
So you have to leave, how nice it ______ if you could stay a bit longer.
A．would be B．be C．is D．was
分析 此題中正確答案是A(would be)，使用的是虛擬語氣，表示和現(xiàn)在情況相反的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去式，主句用would，謂語由could／might +動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。因此B，C，D都是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.如果每個(gè)國民都懂得急救，那么許多人的生命就可以得救了。
例4 單句改錯(cuò)：
----Is he handsome?
----Yes, he is sure.
分析 此題中he is sure. 應(yīng)改為he sure is. 或者Sure, he is, sure是副詞。表示當(dāng)然英俊的意思。而he is sure. 中的sure是形容詞，作“肯定”，“有把握”解。如：
----Are you tired?你累了嗎？
----Yes, I sure am.當(dāng)然，我的確很累。
例5 單句改錯(cuò)：
All the most urgent matters have been attended.
分析 此題中attended后應(yīng)加上介詞to，短語動(dòng)詞attend to意為處理，辦理，照看。短語動(dòng)詞和固定搭配中的介詞或副詞是不可缺少的組成部分，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可遺漏介（副）詞。如：
Children are taken good care of in the nurseries. 孩子們在托兒所里受到很好照管。（不可遺漏介詞of）
Comrade Lei Feng was brought up by the Party.雷鋒同志是黨培養(yǎng)起來的。（不可遺漏副詞up）
We should first find a room to live in.我們應(yīng)首先找房間居住。（不可遺漏介詞in）
例6 單句改錯(cuò)：
No matter whichever road you take, the drive won't be more than an hour.
分析 此題中No matter whichever中應(yīng)去掉no matter，單用whichever或者用no matter which引出讓步狀語從句，意為無論哪一個(gè)，不管哪一個(gè)。如：
Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied.(=No matter which side wins, I shall be satisfied.)不論哪一方取得勝利，我都滿意。
高考真題選講
題1 ----When shall we meet again?
----Make it ______ day you like, it's all the same to me.
（96年高考題）
A．one B．a(chǎn)ny C．a(chǎn)nother D．some
分析 one day表示“某一天”，可用在一般過去時(shí)，當(dāng)它用在將來時(shí)的句中，可與some day互換，another day指另一天。原題中it's all the same to me 和you like暗示，只能選any day“即你喜歡定在哪一天都行或隨便哪一天都行”。例如：
I think he will succeed one day(some day).
You can take any book you like.
答案 選B。
題2 It was only when I reread his poems recently ______ I began to appreciate their beauty. （98年高考題）
A．unitl B．that C．then D．so
分析 本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是狀語，只用that，不用where或when。例如：
It was in the classroom that we held the meeting.
It was not until he came back that I went to bed.
答案 選B。
題3 I hate ______ when people talk with their mouths full.
（98年高考題）
A．it B．that C．these D．them
分析 本題考查代詞it的用法，it作代詞，可用于指人、天氣、距離、時(shí)間等等，但是代詞it用于某些習(xí)語中，沒有什么特別的意思。例如：
①That's the best of it.那最好了。
②Keep at it =Keep at whatever you're doing.繼續(xù)下去，別放棄。
③Now, you'll catch it!(You'll be punished. etc) 現(xiàn)在你可倒霉了！
答案 選A