科目 英語
年級(jí) 高一
文件 high1 unit24.1.doc
標(biāo)題 The Secret of Farming
章節(jié) 第二十四單元
關(guān)鍵詞
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【 拋磚引玉 】
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ . 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
be busy with , loaf , fork , farming , keep , knock out of , condition , point out , turn over , gardening , go against , year after year , agree to do sth . , now and then , give a talk , grain , experience , rough , wine , steel , flour , develop , plough
Ⅱ . 交際英語
談?wù)撎鞖?/p>
1 . It's a beautiful day today .
2 . It's going to be dry and sunny for the next two days .
3 . What's the weather going to be like at the weekend ?
4 . They say it's going to be wet and windy .
Ⅲ . 語法學(xué)習(xí)
直接引語變成句間接引語的幾種句型
1 . 直接引語是陳述句
如果引用的句子原來是一個(gè)陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，在引語的開頭用連詞 that 來引導(dǎo) ( 在口語中 that 常省去 ) ，要注意從句中人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、代詞、狀語等相應(yīng)變化。如：
“You are really my best friend , ”Tom said to me . → Tom said that I was really his best friend .
“I will come here again tomorrow , ”he said . → He said he would go there again the nest day .
He said : “the best seed - heads should be hung up to dry . ”→ He said that the best seed-heads should be hung up to dry .
2 . 直接引語是疑問句
①如果引用的句子原來是一個(gè)一般疑問句，變成間接引語時(shí)，須用從屬連詞 if 或 whether 來引導(dǎo) ( 不再用 that 作連詞 ) 。
②直接引語如果特殊疑問句，變成間接引語時(shí)，原疑問句中的疑問詞 who , whose , what , which , where , why , how 等就成了引導(dǎo)間接引語的連詞。
③原直接引語中的疑問語在間接引語中變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
④直接引語中的問號(hào)變成了句號(hào)。
⑤人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、狀語等也相應(yīng)變化。如：
He asked , “Is it raining now ? ”他問，“現(xiàn)在在下雨嗎 ? ”→ He asked whether / if it was raining then . 他問當(dāng)時(shí)是否在下雨。
The man asked me , “How old are you ? ”→ The man asked me how old I was .
They asked him , “When do you harvest the wheat ? ”→ They asked him when he harvested the wheat .
I asked the man , “Who are you ? ”→ I asked the man who he was .
The teacher asked her , “Why did you come ? ”→ The teacher wondered why she had come .
3 . 直接引語是祈使句
如果引用的句子原來是一個(gè)祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，須將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式。并在動(dòng)詞不定式前用 tell ( 命令 ) ，ask ( 請(qǐng)求 ) , order ( 命令 ) 等及物動(dòng)詞加賓語。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式前面加 not 。如：
He said to the girl , “Do it at once . ”→ He ordered the girl to do it at once .
“Be quiet ! ”I told the children . → I told the children to be quiet .
He said to farmers , “Do things at the right time of the year . ”→ He told farmers to do things at the right time of the year .
“Don't grow plants in the same place year after year . ”the farmer said . →The farmer told me not to grow plants in the same place year after year .
He said , “Don't talk ! ”→ He told us not to talk .
4 . 有些句子雖以疑問形式出現(xiàn)，但并非提出詢問，而是表示請(qǐng)求、建議、勸告等意思。這種問句通常也采取 ask , advise + 賓語 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)來轉(zhuǎn)為間接引語。如：
“Could you lend me a bike ? ”he said . → He asked me to lend him my bike .
“Would you mind waiting a moment ? ” → He asked me to wait a moment .
“Why don't you go there by plane ? ” → He advised me to go there by plane .
What about having a walk ? → He suggested having a walk .
【 指點(diǎn)迷津 】
教材中的雙重介詞結(jié)構(gòu)
先請(qǐng)看 SEFC IB Lesson 91 中的一句話：Today you can either fly to Abu Simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake . 今天你既可以乘飛機(jī)去阿布辛波古廟，
也可以從湖的對(duì)岸乘小船過去。
該句中“from across the lake”為“介詞 + 介詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)是英語介詞用法中較為特殊的現(xiàn)象，其目的主要是為了使所表達(dá)的意思更確切、更全面。一般語法書對(duì)此很少涉及，但我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中時(shí)常碰到。現(xiàn)將常見的“介詞 + 介詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說明如下。
1 . from + 介詞短語。
“from + 介詞短語”是“介詞 + 介詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的一個(gè)，其后可接的另一個(gè)介詞短語至少有十個(gè)以上。
The old man looked at me from above his glasses .
He said hello to me from across the room .
The little boy came out from behind the door .
They came from beyond the sea .
He heard the shouting from somewhere down the corridor .
Take the kettle from off the stove .
We heard voices from over the fence .
The snake crawled out from under the table .
2 . except + 介詞短語。
except 后常接介詞 at , by , from , in , on , to 等引導(dǎo)的短語。
I never saw Mr White except at parties .
You could never have lost your way , except by your own carelessness .
I take no orders , except from the king .
I can take my holidays at any time , except in August .
No admittance , except on business .
We went nowhere , except to school .
3 . till / until + 介詞短語。
till / until 后總是接介詞 after 引導(dǎo)的短語。
I stayed till after ten o'clock .
It was not till after midnight that my visit came to an end .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【 學(xué)法指要 】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1 . loaf 一個(gè)面包，一條面包
He bought two loaves of bread .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗loaf 的復(fù)數(shù)為 loaves .
2 . grain 谷物，谷類，谷粒
China grows most of the grains of the world .
The chickens ate the grains of corn on the ground .
a few grains of rice 幾顆米 / grains of wheat 麥粒
3 . wine 酒，葡萄酒，果酒
I am no judge of wine .
Do you prefer French wine or Italian wine ?
4 . develop 發(fā)展，開發(fā)
He developed the little shop into a big store .
The city has developed into the center of industry .
We must develop the natural resources of our country .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗developing 發(fā)展中的，developed 發(fā)達(dá)的
5 . experience ( 不可數(shù) ) 經(jīng)驗(yàn)、 ( 可數(shù) ) 經(jīng)歷
He has no experience in teaching English .
She was a housewife of experience .
He had a pleasant experience .
6 . keep ( kept , kept ) 培育，飼養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)活
He made a living by keeping bees .
He keeps a large family .
7 . condition 條件，狀況
They were working in difficult conditions .
Health is one of the conditions of success in life .
The road is in good condition .
8 . rough 粗糙的，不平的
My hands are rough with work .
The road is very rough .
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1 . be made from / be made of / be made up of / be made in / make A from B / be made into
be made from “由……制成”，指從成品上看不出原材料是什么 ( 改變了本質(zhì) ) 。如：
Paper is made from wood .
Wine is made from rice .
be made of “由……制成”，指用原材料制成東西后，從成品上還能看得出原料是什么 ( 不改變木質(zhì)，只改變了形狀 ) 。如：
The bridge is made of steel .
Cloth is made of cotton , wool , silk and other materials .
A be made into B . 意為把 A 制成 B，A 指原料，B 指成品，制出的成品可以是看得出原材料的，也可以是看不出原材料的。如：
Wood can be made into paper / desk .
Now chemists make coal tar into hundreds of useful things .
be made up of -- 由……構(gòu)成 / 組成
A car is made up of many different parts .
This medical team is made up of ten famous doctors .
be made in 指“在 ( 某地 ) 制造”，如：
This TV set is made in China .
2 . knock sth . out of ……把某物從……中敲出來
In the following spring , the seeds should be knocked out of the seed-heads and sown . 到第二年春天把種子從谷穗里敲出來，然后再播種。
He knocked the gun out of the enemy's hand . 他打掉了敵人手中的槍。
The sudden blow knocked two teeth out of his mouth . 我突然的一擊把兩顆牙齒從他口里打了出來。
knock 構(gòu)成的短語還有 knock at ( 敲…… ) ，knock against ( 撞擊 ) , knock down ( 撞倒 ) ，knock over ( 撞翻 ) 等。
Who is knocking at / on the door ?
The child knocked his head against the wall .
The cow knocked the basket over .
3 . point out 指出；使注意
1 ) point out that ……
He pointed out that it was important to remove weeds before sowing seed in the soil . 他指出，播種前清除雜草是很重要的。
At the meeting , he pointed out that agriculture should be put at the first place .
2 ) point …… out 或 point out …指出 ( 某人或某事 )
He quickly pointed out a mistake .
Can you point out the finest pictures to me ? = Can you point me out the finest pictures ?
4 . turn over 翻轉(zhuǎn)
The soil should also be turned over with a fork so that the weeds would be destroyed . 我應(yīng)當(dāng)把耙子翻地，以除雜草。
The doctor turned him over and looked at his back .
The oil lamp was turned over and a fire started .
5 . go against 違背；不利于
If you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year , you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good . 如果你違背自然，不適時(shí)耕作，你就得付出更多的勞動(dòng)，而成果卻不見得好。
If you do that , you'll go against your parents' wishes .
His opinion is going against us .
The game went against Tom's team .
6 . year after year與 year by year
1 ) year after year 年復(fù)一年地；一年又一年 ( 側(cè)重重復(fù)的動(dòng)作 )
Do not plant , for example , rice year after year in the same field . 例如，在同一塊田里不要年復(fù)一年地種稻谷。
Year after year we have had a Christmas card from Dick .
2 ) year by year 逐年 ( 隨著年數(shù)的推移逐漸變化，側(cè)重變化性 )
The boy grows tall year by year .
7 . agree to do sth . 同意做某事
Do they agree to sow wheat close together ? 他們同意密植小麥嗎 ?
agree 也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，既可以單獨(dú)使用又可以與不同的介詞如 with / to / on 等連用。
He doesn't agree ( with me ) .
They agreed to my suggestion at last .
We agreed on an early start .
8 . now and then ( = at times ) 有時(shí)；不時(shí)地
Is it necessary to remove weeds now and then ?
We go to the cinema now and then .
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1 . year after year 年復(fù)一年地，逐年，年年
Don't plant rice year after year in the same field .
Year after year pollution is worsening .
We have been to that place for a holiday year after year .
Year after year I have had a birthday present from my parent .
注意：year by year 也是“逐年地，年復(fù)一年”之意。但 year after year 有強(qiáng)調(diào)“重復(fù)”之意，而 year by year 則有強(qiáng)調(diào)“逐年變化”之意。如：
They kept up a steady rise in production year by year .
Production costs go down year by year .
The boy grows taller year by year .
2 . agree to do sth . -- 同意做某事
They agreed to leave at once .
辨析：①agree to sth . 是“同意 ( 贊成 ) 某事”，后面接表示“提議”、“辦法”、“計(jì)劃”等詞。如：
I agree to the proposal ( the plan ) .
Do you agree to this arrangement ?
Mary's father has agreed to her marrying John .
②agree on sth . 指“ ( 對(duì)事情 ) 意見一致”，主語常是協(xié)商人或單位，后面常接表示具體協(xié)議的文件、計(jì)劃、行動(dòng)等名詞。如：
Both parties agree on these terms .
After discussion the two sides agree on a cease - fire .
We agreed on making an early start .
③agree with 指“同意”，“贊成”某人的“意見”，“看法”。它還有“與……一致”“ ( 氣候，食物等 ) 適合”的意思：如：
We all agree with her .
I quite agree with what you say .
The verb must agree with the subject in person and number .
Your story agrees with what I have already heard .
That fish I had for supper doesn't agree with me .
The climate here doesn't agree with him .
His words do not agree with his actions .
3 . While people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds . . .
When you plough the soil , plough deeply the first time and less deeply the second time .
辨析：while , when 與 as 的句法作用
三者均可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，但涵義不盡相同。while 的含義是“during the time that”表示時(shí)段或過程，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句與從句的行為或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。
* While I was reading , the telephone rang .
When 的含義是“at or during the time that”既可用于指時(shí)間一點(diǎn) ( 從句謂語需用終止性動(dòng)詞 ) ，也可用于指時(shí)間段 ( 從句謂語需用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 ) 。換言之，有時(shí)可與 while 通用，有時(shí)則不可。例如：1 ) When ( While ) I was busy in the kitchen , someone knocked at the door . 2 ) When ( 不用 While ) I woke up , Mum was preparing breakfast .
as 常與 when 或 while 通用，但它更側(cè)重主句與從句中的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生，通常譯作“隨著……”“或一邊……一邊……”
例如：As you grow , you know more and more .
when 和 while 可用作并列連詞。when 是“在那時(shí)”或“這時(shí)突然” ( and just at that time ) 的意思，用來連接兩個(gè)并列句。
An Arab was walking along through the desert when he met two men .
while 意為“而”、“卻”，表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。例如：
Some like collecting stamps , while others like planting flowers .
4 . Here are five pieces of advice collected from Jia Sixie's book Qi Min Yao Shu . 這里是從賈思勰的《齊民要術(shù)》書中摘錄的五條意見。
Here are / is…是以副詞開頭的句子，謂語動(dòng)詞要倒裝。又如：
Here is the stamp you want . 這是你要的郵票。( 正常語序是：The stamp you want is here . )
Here is the ticket for you .
Here are some examples .
Here comes the bus . 公共汽車來了。
①在以 out , in , here , there , up , down , away , off 等副詞開頭的句子，通常引起主謂倒裝。又如：
Out went the students when the bell rang .
Out rushed the boy .
In came the teacher and the lesson began .
Down jumped the monkey from the tree .
Away hurried the hunters .
There goes the bell . 打鈴了。
②如果主語是人稱代詞，主語和謂語的位置不變 ( 不倒裝 ) ，只將副詞放在句首。如：
Out they went when the bell rang .
In he came and the lesson began .
Away they hurried .
Here he comes .
5 . He pointed out that it was important to remove weeds before sowing seeds in the soil . 他指出，播種前清除雜草是很重要的。
這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句是 He pointed out ( 他指出 ) ，后接 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個(gè)形式主語 it 結(jié)構(gòu)，真正的主語是后面的不定式短語 to remove weeds ( 除草 ) ，介詞短語 before sowing seeds in the soil 作后置時(shí)間狀語，修飾不定式短語。若詳細(xì)再分解，在介詞短語中，sowing 是個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，sowing seeds 作介詞 before 的賓語，in the soil 作 sowing seeds 的狀語。
6 . Your work will be less and the results will be better . 你就能獲得事半功倍的效果。
這個(gè)句子前后用了相同的結(jié)構(gòu)：will be less / will be better，以表示一種對(duì)稱和對(duì)比的效果。對(duì)稱指形式相似，對(duì)比指意義相反。
【 妙文賞析 】
It's Dangerous for Me
A man always went to the same bar at the same time every day and asked for two glasses of beer . He would drink them and then ask for two more .
One day the barman asked him :
“Why do you always ask for two glasses of beer ? Why don't you order one big glass instead ? ”
“Because I don't like to drink alone” , the man answered . “I drink with my friend . ”
But a few days later the man came in and asked for only one beer .
“Oh , has your friend died ? ”asked the barman .
“No , no . He's very well . This beer is for him . But I have stopped drinking . My doctor says it's dangerous for me . ”
【 思維體操 】
分類復(fù)合賓語漢譯英專練
復(fù)合賓語是由賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成的。復(fù)合賓語可分為“賓語 + 不定式、分詞 ( 現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞 ) 、名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞”六大類。你能根據(jù)漢語意思，補(bǔ)全句中所缺的復(fù)合賓語部分嗎 ?
A . 賓語 + 動(dòng)詞不定式
1 . 老師請(qǐng)我們打掃教室。
The teacher asked _____ _____ _____ the classroom .
2 . 老板讓工人們?nèi)找构ぷ鳌?/p>
The boss made _____ _____ _____ day and night .
3 . 我看見那孩子今天上午去上學(xué)了。
I saw _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ this morning .
4 . 老師告訴我們?cè)诮淌依锊灰舐曊f話。
The teacher told _____ _____ _____ _____ loudly in the classroom .
B . 賓語 + 分詞 ( 現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞 )
1 . 我聽見那姑娘正在隔壁房間里唱歌。
I heard _____ _____ _____ in the next room .
2 . 他讓那些燈亮了通宵。
He had _____ _____ _____ all night long .
3 . 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的鋼筆丟了。
I found _____ _____ _____ .
4 . 他看到那臺(tái)電視機(jī)從辦公室里被搬出來了。
He watched the _____ _____ _____ out of the office .
5 . 我看見那些孩子正過大街。
I saw _____ _____ _____ the street .
C . 賓語 + 名詞
1 . 我們叫那只鳥波利。
We call _____ ______ _____ .
2 . 我認(rèn)為吉姆是個(gè)聰明的孩子。
I think _____ a _____ _____ .
3 . 我們選邁克當(dāng)我們的隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。
We made _____ _____ _____ leader .
4 . 他稱自己是人民的老黃牛。
He called _____ an _____ _____ of the people .
D . 賓語 + 形容詞
1 . 這消息使我們高興。
The news made _____ _____ .
2 . 難道你不能讓這些孩子們安靜下來 ?
Can't you keep _____ _____ _____ ?
3 . 我認(rèn)為這道題容易。
I think _____ _____ _____ .
4 . 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很重要。
I find _____ _____ _____ learn English well .
E . 賓語 + 介詞短語
1 . 第二天早晨，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的鋼筆在床下邊了。
The next morning I found _____ _____ _____ the bed .
2 . 你沒看見那姑娘就在隔壁房間里嗎 ?
Didn't you see _____ _____ just _____ the next room ?
3 . 請(qǐng)不要把你的書桌放在教室外邊。
Please don't leave _____ _____ the classroom .
F . 賓語 + 副詞
1 . 我去了她家，可發(fā)現(xiàn)她出去了。
I went to her home , but found _____ _____ .
2 . 請(qǐng)讓他進(jìn)來。
Please let _____ _____ .
3 . 他常把衣服丟在外邊。
He often leaves _____ _____ _____ .
答案：A . 1 . us to clean 2 . the workers work 3 . the boy go to school 4 . us not to talk B . 1 . the girl singing 2 . the lights burning 3 . my pen lost 4 . TV set carried 5 . the children crossing C . 1 . the bird Polly 2 . Jim , clever boy 3 . Mike our team 4 . himself , old cow D . 1 . us happy 2 . these children quiet 3 . this problem easy 4 . if important to E . 1 . my pen under 2 . the girl , in 3 . your desk outside F . 1 . her out 2 . him in 3 . his clothes outside
三、智能顯示
【 心中有數(shù) 】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，直接引語中的人稱、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、時(shí)態(tài)及某些動(dòng)詞等，都要作相應(yīng)變化，但在以下幾種情況中，時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)態(tài)和動(dòng)詞就不能發(fā)生變化。
1 . 如果引述動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，則直接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Kate always says , “I'm growing fast . ”→Kate always says that she's growing fast .
He will say , “I am going to join the army when I grow up . ”→He will say that he will joing the army when he grows up .
2 . 直接引語如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
He said , “Light travels much faster than sound . ”→He said that light travels much faster than sound .
The teacher said , “The earth goes around the sun . ”→The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun .
3 . 直接引語中有確切的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Peter said , “I was born in 1980 . ”→Peter said that he was born in 1980 .
She said to me , “I finished writing the novel on October 1 , 1998 . ”→She told me that she finished writing the novel on October 1 , 1998 .
4 . 直接引語中凡有 when , since 等引導(dǎo)的過去時(shí)間狀語從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Jack said , “The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema . ”→Jack said that the film had been on for five minutes when he got to the cinema .
He said , “I have studied English since I was a child . ”→He said that he had studied English since he was a child .
5 . 如果直接引語是由 when 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，且又是一般過去時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
He said to me , “When did you see the film ? ”→He asked me when I saw the film .
6 . 如果直接引語中的謂語是 go 或 take，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)不變。如：
John said , “I'll take her to the cinema . ”→John said that he'd take her to the cinema .
7 . 在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述直接引語時(shí)，直接引語中的 here , come , bring 不變。如：
He said to me , “Please bring your dictionary here when you come . ”→He asked me to bring my dictionary here when I came . ( 在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述 )
8 . 如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday , tomorrow 等時(shí)間狀語也不必改變。如：
She said , “I shall go shopping tomorrow . ”→She said that she would go shopping tomorrow .
【 動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦 】
單元能力立體檢測(cè)
選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~ ( 詞組 ) 填空，使句子完整、正確。
1 . be made of / from / into / up of / out of
( 1 ) The pyramids are made _____ huge stones .
( 2 ) How many states is USA made _____ ?
( 3 ) Butter is made _____ milk .
( 4 ) In America people make potatoes _____ all kinds of food .
( 5 ) Mrs White made a piece of table cloth _____ the old curtain .
2 . one ( s ) , it , that
( 1 ) The difficulty we are facing is bigger than _____ we met with last time .
( 2 ) I prefer the old designs to the new _____ .
( 3 ) This figure is a false _____ . Take _____ back and show me a real _____ .
3 . turn over / on / off / to / down / up
( 1 ) The oil lamp was turned _____ and a fire started .
( 2 ) Whenever I turned _____ him , he would turn _____ my demand .
( 3 ) Whoever leaves last is to turn _____ the lights .
4 . point out / to / at
( 1 ) It is impolite to point your fingers _____ people while speaking .
( 2 ) We must point it _____ that the old temple is still in danger .
( 3 ) The hands of the clock are pointing _____ 12 sharp .
5 . agree with / to / on ( about )
( 1 ) What he said doesn't agree _____ the fact .
( 2 ) We agree _____ him _____ ploughing more deep , but we don't agree _____ some other views of his .
6 . go against / with
( 1 ) Don't go _____ science or do anything _____ your will .
( 2 ) Brown shoes don't go well _____ a black suit .
7 . next , near
( 1 ) She had no idea where Coke lived except that his house was _____ a church .
( 2 ) The Ertan Power Station , _____ to the Changjiang Three-Gorge Project , is the greatest one of China at present .
答案與簡(jiǎn)析： 1 . ( 1 ) of ( 2 ) up of ( 3 ) from ( 4 ) into ( 5 ) out of。make 與上述介詞或介詞詞組搭配時(shí)分別表示：make of 指原材料能辨認(rèn)，make from 指原材料不能辨認(rèn)，make up of “由多個(gè)元素組成”，make into “把……制作成……”，make out of “把……改制 ( 或翻新 ) ；用……制造出……”。 2 . ( 1 ) that ( 2 ) ones ( 3 ) one , it , one。指代前面提到的事、物時(shí)三者的特征是：it 指同類同物；one 指同類異物，泛指且可數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是 ones ; that 強(qiáng)調(diào)同類異物，特指，不可數(shù)。 3 . ( 1 ) over ( 2 ) to , down ( 3 ) off。turn over “打翻，翻閱，翻身”，turn to “轉(zhuǎn)向，求助于”，turn down “拒絕、關(guān)小”，turn off “關(guān)掉”，其反義詞是 turn on。 4 . ( 1 ) at ( 2 ) out ( 3 ) to。point at “指 ( 著 ) ”，或用某物對(duì)準(zhǔn)某人或某物，較具體；point to “指 ( 朝 ) 向”，對(duì)象較籠統(tǒng)，也用于鐘指針的指向；point out “指出”。 5 . ( 1 ) with ( 2 ) with , on , to。agree with “同意 ( 某人 ) ，與……一
致”；agree on “就……達(dá)成一致”。 6 . ( 1 ) against , against ( 2 ) with。go against “違背，不一致”，go with “與……一致，與……相配”。 7 . ( 1 ) near ( 2 ) next。作“鄰近”講時(shí)，near 直接充當(dāng)介詞，next 必須與介詞 to 連用，next to 還可指“僅次于”；此外，near 作副詞時(shí)也可與 to 連用，但只能表空間位置的“靠近”。
【 創(chuàng)新園地 】
假如你是 Miss Smith 的學(xué)生，上星期你們班進(jìn)行了一次郊游。郊游前，Miss Smith 在通知全班學(xué)生時(shí)，與 Jack 有一段對(duì)話。請(qǐng)你用自己的話把這段對(duì)話內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)述給你朋友聽。(字?jǐn)?shù)：100 - 120)
A Dialogue
Miss Smith：You know we are going for an outing tomorrow . But is everyone sure of the time and place we are to meet ?
Jack：I'm not , Madam .
Miss Smith：I thought it might be you . Now I'll repeat . We'll meet at 9∶30 at the bus station . One more thing is that each of you should bring a bottle of hot drink and some sandwiches .
Jack：Madam , will the work we've been doing have to be finished this evening ?
Miss Smith：Of course it must . There certainly won't be much time before we go out . By the way , have you got a map and can you understand it ?
Jack：Well , that's just what is worrying me most . I'm sorry to say I can't even make out where the school is .
創(chuàng)新園地參考答案：
Last week we went for an outing . The day before Miss Smith asked us to remember the time and place we were to meet . But she found Jack had forgotten everything , so she told us again to meet at 9∶30 at the bus station . She also told each of us to bring a bottle of hot drink and some sandwiches .
Then Jack asked if all the work would have to be finished that evening . Miss Smith told him that there certainly wouldn't be much time before going out and we had to get everything ready that evening . Then she went on to ask if Jack had a map and if he could understand it . Poor Jack said that it was just what was worrying him most . He couldn't even make out where the school was .