科目 英語(yǔ)
年級(jí) 高一
文件 high1 unit20.1.doc
標(biāo)題 Mainly Revision
章節(jié) 第二十單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高一英語(yǔ)第二十單元
內(nèi)容
Mainly Revision
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
本單元圍繞造紙這一題材，讓同學(xué)們通過閱讀“Paper”一文，深刻認(rèn)識(shí)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民的智慧及紙的發(fā)明對(duì)世界的影響。
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ.詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
四會(huì)單詞和詞組：ink , come out , throw away , metal , pot , form , at the same time , include , Spain , Spanish , engine , rocket
三會(huì)單詞和詞組：development , print , printing , press , method , lightly , unknown , everyday , net , fishing net , sheet , describe , steam
Ⅱ. 交際英語(yǔ)
Prohibition and warnings 禁止和警告
1 . You can't / must not…
2 . You'd better not do it .
3 . Don't smoke ! / Don't be late !
4 . Look out ! / Take care ! /Be careful !
5 . If you… , you'll
6 . Be sure not to ( you don’t ) …
7 . If you don't want to…you'd better…
8 . If you dare… , you'll…
9 . Look out for…/Be careful with…
Ⅲ. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)
定語(yǔ)從句與其近似句型簡(jiǎn)析
⒈ ⑴ It is such a modern machine few of the workers know how to operate it .
⑵ It is such a modern machine few of the workers know how to operate .
A. which B. that C. as D. the one
析：⑴ B ⑵ C 句 ⑴ 是 such … that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。句 ⑵ 是定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞前有 such 修飾時(shí)用 as 引導(dǎo)，as 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 operate 的賓語(yǔ)。
⒉ ⑴ Is this museum they visited last week ?
⑵ Is this the museum they visited last week ?
⑶ Is this farm you used to work ?
A. where B. that C. in which D. the one
析：⑴ D ⑵ B ⑶ A 句⑴、⑵是定語(yǔ)從句：句 ⑴ the one 是先行詞，后面省略了 that 。句 ⑵ 關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 visited 的賓語(yǔ)，此句還可用 which 或省略關(guān)系代詞。句 ⑶ 是 where 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。
⒊ ⑴ is well known to us all , the earth goes around the sun .
⑵ is well known to us all that the earth goes around the sun .
A. That B. As C. It D. Which
析：⑴ B ⑵ C 。句 ⑴ 是由 as 的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，代替后面整個(gè)句子。句 ⑵ 是it 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。 it 是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是 that 引導(dǎo)的從句。
⒋ ⑴ I have two sisters , are doctors .
⑵ I have two sisters , and are doctors .
A. both of them B. both of whom
C. neither of them D. each of whom
析： ⑴ B ⑵ A 。句 ⑴ 是定語(yǔ)從句， 因從句中動(dòng)詞是 are ，所以只能選 B ，而不能選 D 。句 ⑵ 因有并列連詞 and ，所以是并列句，再根據(jù)主謂一致原則，只能選 A 。
⒌ ⑴ I'll never forget the days I spent with him .
⑵ I'll never forget the day I was born .
A. when B. that C. on which D. both A and C
析：⑴ B ⑵ D 。 句 ⑴、⑵都是定語(yǔ)從句，句 ⑴ 中 that 在從句中作 spent 的賓語(yǔ)，還可用 which ，也可省略。句 ⑵ when 在定語(yǔ)從句作狀語(yǔ)，也等于 on which ，故選 D 。
⒍ ⑴ Was it October 1 , 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded ?
⑵ Was it on October 1, 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded ?
A. in which B. on that C. that D. when
析：⑴ D ⑵ C 句 ⑴ 是 when 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，句 ⑵ 是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，特別注意句 ⑵ 中 October 之前的 on 。
⒎ ⑴ He is the only one of the students who the accident .
⑵ He is one of the students who the accident .
A. knows B. know C. had known D. known
析：⑴ A ⑵ B 句⑴、⑵都是定語(yǔ)從句，在“ the ( only ) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是 one ，而不是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。但是在“ one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語(yǔ)從句”句型中，先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
⒏ ⑴ Do you know the fact the sun is brighter than the moon ?
⑵ Do you understand the easiest fact he explained to you just now ?
A. that B. which C. the one D. as
析：⑴ A ⑵ A 句⑴是 that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句， that 在從句中不作任何成分，不能省略。句 ⑵ 是 that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句， that 在從句中作 explain 的賓語(yǔ)，因先行詞 fact 之前有最高級(jí)限制 easiest ，故只能用 that ，不可用 which 。
⒐ ⑴ This is the best reason he could give at the meeting .
⑵ This is the reason he didn't go to school this morning .
A. why B. that C. which D. because
析：⑴ B ⑵ A 。 句 ⑴ 是 that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，that 在從句中作 give 的賓語(yǔ)，因先行詞 reason 之前有 best 修飾，故只能用 that 。句 ⑵ 是 why 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于 for which 。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
是定語(yǔ)從句還是狀語(yǔ)從句 ？
你在做這樣一道選擇題時(shí)，該選哪個(gè)答案呢？
While reading the book , we'd better make a mark we have any question .
A. at which B. at place where C. in which D. where
你或許要選擇選項(xiàng) A 或 C ，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為此句含有一個(gè)介詞 + which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，然而句中的“ mark ”在邏輯意義上并非先行詞，因?yàn)槲覀儧Q不是在 mark 上有任何問題，所以 A 和 C 都不是正確選項(xiàng)。那么選擇 B 正確嗎?回答是否定的，雖然選項(xiàng) B 中的“place ”可以充當(dāng) where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，但單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞被限制性定語(yǔ)從句表特指的概念，“ place ”前應(yīng)有 冠詞“ the ”。正確選項(xiàng)只能是D 了，即是由 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，此句中的 where 等于 at the place where 。再看下列句子。
I'd like to take the pictures where stands the ancient tower . 我想在古塔那個(gè)地方照幾張像。
Please put the chair where it was when the meeting is over . 請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)后把椅子放回原處。
Young people should go where they are badly needed . 青年人應(yīng)該到最需要他們的地方去 。
以上三個(gè)句子均含有 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，句中的 where 可分別是由 in the place where , at the place where , to the place where 等替換。綜上所述，引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的 where 通�？捎蛇m當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ + the place + 關(guān)系副詞 where 替換，只要我們抓住這個(gè)關(guān)鍵就不難準(zhǔn)確判斷和使用 where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。最后再請(qǐng)?jiān)囎鱿铝羞x擇題。
⒈ Many old people like to live there are many trees and flowers .
A. in which B. the place where C. in the place where D. which
⒉ This kind of bamboo grows best it is wet and warm .
A. which B. in which C. where D. the place in which
⒊ Africa is actually connected with Asia at the spot the Suez Canal was dug .
A. which B. in the place where C. the place where D. where
⒋ This is the laboratory we made the experiment the other day .
A. in the place where B. that C. which D. where
⒌ The nurse asked the children to sit they were .
A. at place where B. where C. the place where D. which
答案：1-5 CCDDB
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1 . develop 用作及物動(dòng)詞，有四種意思。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗( 1 ) 發(fā)展……，使發(fā)育。例如：
He said it was right to develop heavy industry in this city . 他說(shuō)在這個(gè)城市發(fā)展重工業(yè)是合適的。
Having sports will develop your health . 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)增進(jìn)健康。
Milk will be helpful in developing a child's body . 牛奶對(duì)孩子身體發(fā)育有幫助。
( 2 ) 發(fā)揮，開發(fā)，啟發(fā)。例如：
They are developing a new coal mine . 他們?cè)陂_發(fā)新煤礦。
It's important to develop the mind of students in our teaching . 在我們的教學(xué)中啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維是很重要的。
( 3 ) 產(chǎn)生，逐步顯示出。例如：
Don't let your children develop such a habit . 別讓你的孩子養(yǎng)成這樣的習(xí)慣。
He developed an interest in gardening . 他顯示出對(duì)園藝的興趣。
( 4 ) 沖洗。例如：
Films used to be developed in a chemist's in the past . 過去膠片常在藥房中沖洗。
2 . 用作不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“發(fā)展”，“發(fā)育”，“發(fā)達(dá)”。例如：
The business is developing rapidly . 生意正在快速的發(fā)展中。
An interest in cookery developed in Mary when she was ten . 在瑪麗10歲的時(shí)候就有了對(duì)烹調(diào)的興趣。
Plants develop from seeds . 植物從種子長(zhǎng)大。
A chicken develops in the egg . 雞雛在蛋中孵化。
另外，注意下列幾個(gè)句子的翻譯。
China is a developing country . 中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
America is a developed country . 美國(guó)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。
There are many undeveloped countries in Africa . 在非洲有許多不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。
2. 名詞 + 介詞 + 同一名詞
〖點(diǎn)撥〗y(tǒng)ear by year年年；每年，arm in arm 手挽手地，back to back 背靠背地，bit by bit 漸漸，day by day 逐日地，drop by drop 一滴滴地，end to end 頭尾相接，eye to eye 看法完全一致， ( an ) eye for ( an ) eye 以牙還牙，face to face 面對(duì)面地，hand in hand 手?jǐn)y手地，heart to heart 推心置腹地 ( 坦白 ) ，little by little 慢慢地，man to man 真誠(chéng) ( 坦率地 ，one by one 依次，shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地，step by step 逐步地，time after time 反復(fù)多次地 ( 再三 ) ，victory after victory 一個(gè)接一個(gè)的勝利，week after week 一周接一周地，word for word 逐字 ( 字對(duì)字地 ) ，year after year 一年接一年地
3. ink墨水；油墨（不可數(shù)名詞）
We are running out of ink .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗a bottle of ink一瓶墨水。in ink = in pen = with a pen 用墨水寫字。
4. method方法；辦法
This method is still being used in most schools all over the world .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗method指相當(dāng)精心擬訂的一組方法，強(qiáng)調(diào)按步驟或系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行實(shí)施的效率和精確性，常于介詞with連用，with these methods用這些方法。means作“方法”是單復(fù)數(shù)一樣，常與介詞by連用，by this / that means用這 / 那 種方法。way是常用的方法，不需要技巧性，常于介詞in連用，in this way用這種方法。
5. unknown不知道的
It is unknown to everyone . 那是人人都不知道的。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗sth / sb is unknown to sb某人或者某物是……所不知道的。注意該詞在下面句中的反意疑問句仍用否定形式：What he wanted was unknown to me , wasn’t it ?
6. sheet成幅的薄片；薄板；一張；被單
two sheets of glasses兩片玻璃。a sheet / piece of paper一張紙。
Please use a fresh sheet of paper for the next question .
Mother put the clean sheets on the beds for the guests .
7. include包括；包含
This plan includes most of your suggestions .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗注意including可以作介詞用，如：
The rent is 80 yuan a month , including water and electricity .
試對(duì)比其在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法。
Everyone went to the exhibition , me included ( = me being included).
8. trip , journey , travel , tour
〖點(diǎn)撥〗trip 是旅行和訪問的總稱。在英國(guó)，trip 通常指短程的觀光旅行；在美國(guó)則包括搭乘短程交通工具以至徒步遠(yuǎn)足的所有旅行。例如：
a bus trip 汽車旅行，a business trip 出差
Four people are planning a bicycle trip . 有四個(gè)人計(jì)劃一次自行車旅行。
How long will it take you to complete the trip ? 走完全程需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間 ?
journey 常指長(zhǎng)距離的、直接到達(dá)目的地的旅行。例如：
a day's journey 一天的行程，a journey by rail ( train ) 坐火車旅行
該名詞與動(dòng)詞搭配時(shí)，可表達(dá)“旅行”這一動(dòng)作。例如：
Why are you making this journey 你們?yōu)槭裁匆鬟@次旅行 ?
可用 make a journey 也可以用 take a journey ; 還可以用 go ( start , set out ) on a journey . 等來(lái)表示“外出旅行”。
如果把人生也看作一次 journey，那么，He went on his last journey . ( 他踏上了人生的最后旅程。 ) ，實(shí)際是“死”的委婉說(shuō)法。同樣 This is his journey's end . ( 這是他旅途的終點(diǎn)。 ) 與“他的死期已到。”意思完全一樣。
travel 也泛指旅行。如：
Which do you like better , sea travel or air travel ? 你比較喜歡海上旅行還是空中旅行 ?
I met a large number of people during my travel through America . 我到美國(guó)去旅行期間碰到了很多人。
travel 與 trip , journey 的最大區(qū)別在于：travel 是不可數(shù)名詞，不能與冠詞 a 連用。比較以下正誤：
［ 誤 ］I hope you had a good travel .
［ 正 ］I hope you had a good journey .
需要注意的是：盡管 travel 作“旅游、旅行”講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，不與冠詞 a 連用，但是卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式 travels。這時(shí)，travel 可用來(lái)指包括訪問過好幾個(gè)地方的一次長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的特別是海外的旅行。例如：
Did you go to Paris during your travels ? 你在旅途中有沒有去巴黎 ?
travels 還可以指“游記”、“游行筆記”，尤其指國(guó)外的“游歷”，用于此義時(shí)切不可用作單數(shù)。比較：
［ 誤 ］You should write a book on your travel .
［ 正 ］You should write a book on your travels .
tour 意為“周游”，常帶有根據(jù)一定的路線、事選預(yù)定了一些逗留地點(diǎn)，最后仍回到原出發(fā)點(diǎn)的含義。例如：
a tour round the world 環(huán)球旅行；a cycling tour 騎自行車旅游
它還可用來(lái)表示到許多地方觀光游覽，強(qiáng)調(diào)路線的曲折，也可用來(lái)指小區(qū)域的參觀。
We made a tour round a factory yesterday . 昨天我們游覽了一個(gè)工廠。
除此之外，voyage 指水上和空中的游歷、旅行，行程不分長(zhǎng)短；outing 指短程的郊游、外出野餐，常用于口語(yǔ)中。
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1. Chinese characters漢字
2. in history在歷史上
There are many such examples in history .
Do you like to watch “Today in History”on TV . 你喜歡看電視上的“歷史上的今天”嗎？
注意：當(dāng)history后有定語(yǔ)時(shí)常用：in the history of在……歷史中。如：
He is one of the most important writers in the history of Chinese literature .
3. come out出來(lái)，出版；開花，發(fā)芽
How did the printing come out ? 字是什么時(shí)候印出來(lái)的 ？
When will the book come out ?
China Daily comes out every day .
I think the roses will come out next week .
注意：come out不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4. back-to-front背面朝上
When you engrave a seal , you have to carve the characters back-to-front . 刻圖章時(shí)，你得刻反字，將字的背面朝上。
5. throw away丟掉；浪費(fèi)掉
After you printed the book , you had to throw away the carved pieces of wood .
The fish goes bad . Do throw it away .
6. use … for把……用作
We use brooms for sweeping floors .
What do you often use for sharpening your pencils ?
7. keep records of保存……的記錄；把……記錄下來(lái)
What did people use for keeping records in the past ?
Better keep a record of what you spend .
8. in (other) parts of在……（其它）地區(qū)
Rice is grown in many parts of China .
Such kind of fruit can be found in the southern part of this country .
However , in other parts of the world , much of the history over hundreds of years is completely unknown .
9. over hundreds of years在幾百年間，數(shù)百年來(lái)
10. tie … together把……捆在一起。tie … to … 把……系在……。
11. for use作為之用
It is too valuable for everyday use . 這東西作為日常之用太貴重了。
12. again and again = over and over again , time and again 一再；再三
13. beat …flat把……打平
The fibres joined together and were beaten flat . 那些纖維絞在一起，被打平。
14. in a sheet成薄紙狀
The fibres were dried in a sheet . 那些纖維經(jīng)干燥后而成薄紙。
15. after a time過了一段時(shí)間
16. as early as早在……
Colour printing was also invented by the Chinese as early as the 10th century .
17. hold a competition舉行比賽
18. win a prize獲獎(jiǎng)
Who won the first prize in the 100-meter race ?
19. with the development of隨著……的發(fā)展
With the development of science , people will be able to find out more secrets of the universe .
20. put to use加以利用
We should put weekends to good use . 我們應(yīng)該好好利用周末。
He puts his holidays to good use and gives a helping hand to the old .
21. do good to sb = do sb good 對(duì)某人有好處
What good can it do to us ?
Doing morning exercises will do good to you .
22. take / have lessons聽課，學(xué)習(xí)
On Sunday , we can take lessons in foreign languages and computer science .
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1 . The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years . 中國(guó)人造紙已經(jīng)有兩千年的歷史了。
句中謂語(yǔ) have been making 是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，即由“have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。這種時(shí)態(tài)主要表示在以前這一段時(shí)間里一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，該動(dòng)作可能仍在進(jìn)行，也可能剛停止。該句用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“中國(guó)人在兩千年前已開始造紙，‘造紙’這一動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)至今，而且將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去�！边@種時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別主要在于它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某一段時(shí)間一直在進(jìn)行，該動(dòng)作通常有現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果。例如：
Father has been working in this car factory for ten years . ( 指他現(xiàn)在仍在這家汽車廠工作，而且將繼續(xù)在這里工作。 )
Father has worked in this car factory for ten years . ( 指他至今為止在這家汽車廠工作了十年，至于今后是否還在這里繼續(xù)工作，要視具體情況來(lái)定。 )
2 . As there was no paper in these countries , no records were kept . 由于這些國(guó)家沒有紙，因此，也就沒有史料記載。
( 1 ) as 在此作連詞，意為“因?yàn)�；既然”，引�?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，常置于句首，主要表示明顯或以為明顯的原因。例如：
As it's sunny , I'll go for a walk .
As she didn't come , we left without her .
( 2 ) no 當(dāng)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 not a , not one 或 not any , 可修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也可修飾單數(shù)名詞。no 修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式視 no 后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如：
There's no telephone in our house .
There's no buses in this part of town .
3 . Although these were much more useful than the metal pots , they were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry . 雖然這些比鐘鼎文有用得多，但是讀起來(lái)還很費(fèi)勁，拿起來(lái)也很重。
( 1 ) much more useful than…中的 much 為副詞，修飾比較級(jí)，表示程度。類似的還有 a lot , a little , far , even , still 等。
It's much/far/a lot colder today than yesterday .
Now it's raining even/still harder than before .
( 2 ) difficult to read 和 heavy to carry 都屬于“形容詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式在形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動(dòng)表式表示被動(dòng)含義，它和句子的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓搭配關(guān)系，能夠用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞主要有 easy , hard , difficult , light , cheap , important , interesting 以及它們的反義詞等。例如：
The old man is hard to get along with .
These novels are very interesting to read .
4 . This kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but much less expensive . 這種紙和絲帛一樣輕柔，不過便宜得多。
less 和多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞可以構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，正如 more 一樣，但二者意思相反。此句中的 less expensive 即 cheaper。例如：
This story is less interesting than that one .
I think making model planes is less difficult than making model ships .
【妙文賞析】
Two Mistakes
For a long time Dr Smith had wanted to get a better job in a certain big modern hospital . He was appointed to a particular position which he wanted , and his wife moved to the house which they were now to live in . The next day some beautiful flowers were sent to them , with a note which said , “ Deepest sympathy (沉痛悼念). ” Naturally , Dr Smith was angrily to receive such an unusual mote , and telephoned the shop which had sent the flowers to find what the note meant .
When the owner of the shop heard what had happened , he apologize to Dr Smith for having made the mistake .
“ But what really worried me much more , ” he added , “ is that flowers which ought to have gone to you were sent to a person who had just died , with a card which said , ‘Congratulations on your new position . ’ ”
很久以來(lái)，史密斯醫(yī)生一直想在某一家大型的現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院找一份比較錫樣的工作，這一天終于盼來(lái)了。他被任命為他想干的特殊位置，而他的妻子也搬進(jìn)了他們現(xiàn)在住的房子。第二天送來(lái)一些鮮花，里面夾著一張條子，上面寫著： “ 沉痛悼念 ” 。
接到這樣一張奇特的字條，史密斯醫(yī)生自然很生氣，于是便給鮮花店打電話詢問怎么回事。
當(dāng)?shù)昀习迓犝f(shuō)發(fā)生的情況時(shí)，他忙向史密斯醫(yī)生道歉，說(shuō)是送錯(cuò)了。
“ 但真的使我更擔(dān)心的是， ” 他補(bǔ)充道， “ 本應(yīng)該送到你那里的鮮花卻送給了一個(gè)剛死的人，鮮花里面夾著一張卡片，上面寫著：‘祝賀你搬遷新居�！� ”
【思維體操】
Can you answer the following funny questions ?
1. Why does time fly ?
2. Why did the girl put sugar under her pillow (枕頭) ?
3. What kind of dog never bites ?
4. Name five days of the week without saying ： Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , can you ?
5. What bee is good for your health ?
答案：1. To get away from all the people who are trying to kill (消磨)it . 2. She wanted sweet dreams . 3. A hot dog . 4. The day before yesterday , yesterday , today , tomorrow , the day after tomorrow . 5. Vitamin B (維生素B與B同音)
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語(yǔ)法發(fā)散思維
關(guān)系代詞 who 和 that 的用法區(qū)別
在定語(yǔ)從句中，若先行詞指人。其關(guān)系代詞可用 who，whom , 也可用 that。
The girl who ( that ) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor .
※ 在下列情況下多用或須用 who。
1 . 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用 who。
Do you know the man who spoke just now ?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced .
2 . 先行詞 all , anyone , one , ones 等時(shí)，多用 who。
All who heard the news were excited .
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished .
3 . 先行詞為 those 和 people 時(shí)，多用 who。
Those who want can see sometimes act just as foolishly .
4 . 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中須用 who。
Tom's father , who is over sixty , still works hard .
Mr Green , whom you saw in the library yesterday , will teach us physics next term .
5 . 在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中須用 who。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .
6 . 在以 there be 開頭的句子中多用 who。
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster .
7 . 一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞是 that , 另一個(gè)須用 who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .
※ 使用 that 的幾種情況。
1 . 若先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。
He is the finest comrade that I have ever worked with .
The first person ( that ) I visited there was Mr Green .
2 . 先行詞前有 the same , the only 等修飾時(shí)。
She is the same teacher that was praised the other day .
She is the only person that understands me .
3 . 當(dāng)主句是以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句須用 thet，以免與先行詞重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now ?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this ?
4 . 若先行詞兼指人與物時(shí)，須用 that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about .
5 . 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)，一般須用 that。
He is not the man that he used to be .
He is not the naughty boy that he was five years ago .
【動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手】
單元能力立體檢測(cè)
A. 單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)精練
1 . - Has your teacher moved into the new building ?
- Not yet . The building ____ .
A . being built B . is building C . is being built D . is built
解析：本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 A 不能用作謂語(yǔ)，排除。B 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，而主語(yǔ)是物，不是正確答案 ( 主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) ) 。C、D 都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，但根據(jù)上、下文，用 C ( 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) ) 比較恰當(dāng)。
2 . The reason why he was late was ____ he had taken a wrong bus .
A . what B . whether C . now D . that
解析：這是一個(gè)含有兩個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句。why he was late 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 the reason；空白處以后應(yīng)為表語(yǔ)從句。陳述句作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用 that 引導(dǎo)，故本題答案是 D。
3 . - I don't think I can walk any farther .
- ____ . Let's stop here for a rest .
A . Neither an I B . Neither can I C . I don't think so D . I think so
解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，尤其是 Let's stop here for a rest 的暗示，空白處詞意應(yīng)為我也不能。因?yàn)?C、D 明顯與題意不符。A、B 中都有 neither，但 A 中的動(dòng)詞明顯與前句不一致，故答案應(yīng)為 B。
4 . Has ____ been decided ____ the artist will attend the meeting ?
A . it ; that B . that ; that C . it ; it D . that ; /
解析：本題測(cè)試的是主語(yǔ)從句及 it 的用法。根據(jù)句意可知：句子后半部分是主語(yǔ)從句，由 that 引導(dǎo)，前邊用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，故答案是 A。另外，也可把 It has been decided that…作為一個(gè)慣用句型記憶，表示“……已經(jīng)被決定”。
5 . When I came into his room , Mr Black was reading ____ novel .
A . a new interesting historical B . an interesting historical new
C . a new historical interesting D . an interesting new historical
解析：本題測(cè)試幾個(gè)形容詞連用時(shí)的詞序排列問題。幾個(gè)形容詞連用，哪個(gè)在前，哪個(gè)在后，不是隨意排列的。一般情況下，緊挨名詞的形容詞應(yīng)是說(shuō)明名詞的用途或說(shuō)明具體內(nèi)容的；前面是表示形狀、狀態(tài)的形容詞；再前面是表示性質(zhì)的形容詞。本題的答案為 D。多個(gè)形容詞連用時(shí)的順序是較復(fù)雜的問題，做題時(shí)應(yīng)多讀幾遍，認(rèn)真體會(huì)語(yǔ)感和平時(shí)的使用習(xí)慣。
6 . What is the difference ____ the pronunciation ____ these two words ?
A . with ; in B . in ; between C . at ; among D . about ; between
解析：本題重點(diǎn)測(cè)試 among 和 between 的區(qū)別和 difference 后的介詞搭配。句尾是“two words”，顯然 A、C 搭配不當(dāng)，應(yīng)予排除。difference 常用介詞 in 連用，表示“在……方面不同”，答案是B。再如：What's the difference in temperature between the day and the night ? ( 白天和夜晚的溫差是多少 ? )
7 . The harder you ____ , the better progress you ____ .
A . will work ; will make B . work ; have made
C . work ; will make D . will work ; make
解析：根據(jù)句意，前一句的意思是先決條件，后一句是結(jié)果。所以，work hard 和 make progress 的動(dòng)作有先后之分，故前一空用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后一空用將來(lái)時(shí)。答案是 C。
B. 單元關(guān)鍵句型練與析
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)所給中文提示完成下列句子，注意每空填一個(gè)詞 。
1 . 起初人們不喜歡她。
________ _______ _______ ______ people didn't like her .
2 . 其余的學(xué)生都是女孩。
________ _______ _______ the students _______ all girls .
3 . 他過去常常在六點(diǎn)鐘起床。
He ________ _______ get up at six in the morning .
4 . 他們異口同聲地說(shuō)“對(duì)”。
They said “Yes”_______ _______ _______ _______ .
5 . 他教書謀生。
He makes a living _______ _______ .
6 . 別扔舊這些舊報(bào)紙。
________ _______ _______ the old newspaper .
7 . 寫這封信花了我一整天的時(shí)間。
________ _______ _______ the whole day _______ _______ the letter .
8 . 據(jù)信他已去了上海了。
________ _______ _______ _______ he has gone to Shanghai .
9 . 隨著城市的發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的人來(lái)到城里。
________ _______ _______ of the city , more and more people have come to live in it .
10 . 我姐姐畢業(yè)后一直在這所中學(xué)工作。
My sister _______ _______ _______ in the high school since her graduation .
答案與簡(jiǎn)析： 1 . In/At the beginning。表示“在開始時(shí)”，“起初”用 in/at the beginning。 2 . The rest of … were/are。表示“其余的”，“剩下的”，要有 the rest of …結(jié)構(gòu)。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要視 of 后面所跟 的內(nèi)容用單或復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3 . used to。表示“過去常�！庇� used to do sth . 結(jié)構(gòu)。 4 . at the same time�！爱惪谕暋奔赐瑫r(shí)，應(yīng)用 at the same time。 5 . by teaching。表示“用……方式”，“靠……手段”應(yīng)用 by doing sth . 結(jié)構(gòu)。 6 . throw away�！叭拥簟笔且涣�(xí)語(yǔ)，用 throw away。 7 . It took me…to write。表示“干某事花了某人多少時(shí)間”用句型 It takes sb . some time to do sth . 。 8 . It is believed that。表示據(jù)說(shuō) ( 信、報(bào)到、了解…… ) ……要有“It is/was + 過去分詞 ( said , believed , reported , known… ) + that”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。 9 . With the development。表示“隨著……”要用“with + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)”。 10 . Has been teaching。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)刻還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
下面這篇短文共240多個(gè)詞，請(qǐng)將它縮寫成130 - 150詞。將短文的第二人稱改為第一人稱。
If someone asks you how you can make yourself always happy , you will perhaps find that it is rather difficult for you to give him a proper answer . Do you remember an old saying : “No human being ( 人類 ) can really be happy who is not giving or trying to give happiness to others . ” ? If you are always thinking of taking more from others and giving them less , you will not be able to have happiness in your life though you are very rich .
Do you want to make yourself happy every day ? here is an easy way for you . If each of you follows it , there will soon be an end of many unhappy days of yours . When you get up early in the morning , you should decide to make the day happy one to others . It is easy to do a small thing given to one who needs it , a kind word to our unhappy neighbour , little help to a friend of your own , no matter how important .
Try to teach yourself to think first of others and last of yourself . Learn to give up your own pleasure or your own way when it is necessary to do so , then you may know it is much happier to give than to receive . Always remember selfishness ( 自私 ) is the greatest course of the human race ( 人類 ) .
（請(qǐng)同學(xué)們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案
We can make ourselves happy if we help others live happily . As everyone knows : “No human being can be really happy who is not giving or trying to give happiness to others . ” The way to make ourselves happy every day is to make the day a happy one to others . We can give someone a small thing in need , say a kind word to our unhappy neighbour , or offer a friend of ours unimportant help - these are enough to give happiness to others , and also to ourselves.
We should think first of others and last of ourselves . We should give up our own pleasure or our own way when necessary . It is much happier to give than to take . Selfishness is the greatest course of the human race .