名詞:_____________________________________
類 別 用 法 例 詞
普
通
名
詞 可數(shù)
名詞 表示某類人或東西中的個體
Pen, student, desk
表示若干個個體組成的集合體
School, family, class
不可數(shù)名詞 表示無法分為個體的實(shí)物
Tea, water, paper
表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念
Work, time, news
專有
名詞 某個(些)人,地方,機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱
Marx, Shanghai, china, The Great Wall, Party
一.規(guī)則變化
1、一般加_______,如:maps,cars
2、以s , x ,sh, ch 結(jié)尾的加__________; 如:dish-dishes
3、以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的 , 先____________ ,再加____________; 如: baby-babies ,family-families
4、以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞,通常要變_____或_______為_____,再加______; 如: leaf-leaves, wife---wives,life---lives,thief---thieves;
注: belief---beliefs(信心),roof---roofs(屋頂) , safe---safes(保險(xiǎn)箱), gulf---gulfs(海灣)則直接加s
5、以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):
A: 加_______,如: photo - photos,piano - pianos ,kilo-kilos, radio - radios,zoo - zoos; B加______,如:potato - potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero - heroes(英雄)
二、不規(guī)則變化
①改變部分字母:
woman- _________ 婦女, man- ________男人, policeman-___________警察
child-_____________孩子, mouse-___________老鼠 ,
foot-________腳, tooth-_________牙,
②單、復(fù)數(shù)同形:
_______元,____________人、人民 ,_____________中國人,___________日本人,_______________綿羊,______________鹿,_______________魚,
③關(guān)于“國人”的復(fù)數(shù):
中、日友好:Chinese-Chinese中國人,Japanese-Japanese日本人
英、法聯(lián)邦:Englishman-Englishmen, 英國男人 Englishwoman-Englishwomen英國女人;
Frenchman-Frenchmen, 法國男人 Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen法國女人;
澳、加(真)美: Australian-Australians , Canadian- Canadians , American-Americans
規(guī)律總結(jié):_______________________________________________________________
三、不可數(shù)名詞:(前面不能用a,an等來修飾)
到目前為止我們所學(xué)的不可數(shù)名詞有:
①液體類(water):juice(果汁) , tea(茶) , soup(湯) ,milk(牛奶) , cola(可樂) ,coffee(咖啡) ,
②肉類(meat):beef(牛肉),pork(豬肉),mutton(羊肉)
③粉末類:bread(面包) ,
④抽象名詞類:news(新聞,消息),information(消息),money(錢),advice(建意),friendship(友誼) ,work(工作),homework(家庭作業(yè)),housework(家務(wù)活),schoolwork(學(xué)業(yè)),help(幫助) ,fun (樂趣),health(健康),price (價(jià)格)
⑤食物類(food):broccoli(花椰菜) , rice(大米,米飯) ,porridge(粥) ,junk food(垃圾食品),chocolate(巧克力) ,tofu(豆腐)
不可數(shù)名詞計(jì)量的表達(dá):
①個數(shù)單位詞:piece (張、片、塊、條),
②容器單位詞:bottle(瓶),bag(包),box(盒、箱),
③類別單位詞:kind( 種、類)
④度量衡單位詞:kilo(千克、公斤)
四.名詞所有格:表示“(某人)的”:
①一般在名詞后加 _____________ 構(gòu)成。
如:Jim’s mother 吉姆的媽媽 My teacher’s desk 我老師的桌子 the dog’s name那狗的名字
②若以S結(jié)尾詞,則在S后________.如:the boys’ 那些男孩的。
③表示幾個人共同的東西,只在最后一個人后加。
如:Lucy and Lily’s mother 。
Lucy和Lily的媽媽 。▋扇耸墙忝茫
④表示幾個人都分別有的東西,則每個都加。
如:Lucy’s and Lily’s mothers .
Lucy 的媽媽和Lily的媽媽。▋扇瞬皇墙忝茫
⑤一般________________結(jié)構(gòu)來表示無生命的名詞所有格:
如:the door of the room 房間的門
a map of China 一 張中國地圖
the photos of my my sister 我妹妹的照片
⑥雙重所有格,例:a friend of my father’s, a classmate of mine
[ 典型題例分析 ]
例1 下列幾組復(fù)數(shù)名詞中,每組都有一個錯詞,請指出:
1. A.Chinese B. Frenchmen C. Englishmen D. Germen
2. A. tomatoes B. photos C. radioes D. potatoes
3. A. desks B. Americans C. friends D. breads
4. A. stories B. families C. plays D. keies
5. A. leaves B. knives C. rooves D. shelves
6. A. clothes B.monthes C. mouths D. fifths
例2 判斷下列文哪句譯正確: 多好的消息!
A. What a good news it is ! B. What good news it is !
例3 單項(xiàng)選擇
What you need is more -- . Don’t always do your -- at your desk.
A. exercise ; exercise B. exercises ; exersises
C. exercises ; exercise D. exercise ; exercises
例4 單項(xiàng)選擇
All the -- teachers and -- students are having a party.
A . women ; girls B . women ; girl
C . woman ; girls D . woman ; girl
例5 改錯 My trousers are too long , but hers is too short .
例6 用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空:
I don’t think maths -- ( be ) easy .
例7 單項(xiàng)選擇: Mabel gave me --.
A. two bread B. some breads C. a piece bread D. two pieces of bread
例8 改錯:
Shall I wait for you at the school’s gate at five this after-noon ?
例9 單項(xiàng)選擇: -- mother is a worker .
A Mary and Mike’s B. Mary’s and Mike’s C. Mary’s ane Mike D. Mary and Mike
例10 單項(xiàng)選擇:
1.After the exams , we shall have -- holiday .
A. two months B. two-month C. a two –month D. a two months
2.Mr Smith is --.
A.English B. Englishman C. Englishwoman D. Englishmen
3.Wang Lei was born in Wuhan ,but Guangzhou has become her
second --. A family B. home C. house D. country
4.Most Englist people’s family name comes --
A. first B. middle C. last D. together
5.There is a -- over the river .
A. ship B. boat C . bridge D. village
例13 改錯 You’d better have walk after supper
Ⅰ 用括號中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空:
1.The two girls are ( Japan )
2. The ( baby ) are asleep .
3. Do you know the two ( man teacher ) ?
4. The ( child ) are washing their ( foot ) .
5.There are two ( people ) and lots of ( sheep ) in the fields
6. September 10 is ( teacher ) Day .
7. I think physics ( be )more interesting than maths .
8. Don’t you think the ( radio ) are too noisy ?
9. Whose ( knife )are these ?
10. “ Whose house is this ?” “ It’s the ( Smith )” .
Ⅱ 單項(xiàng)選擇:
1.The boy dropped the and broke it .
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
2. In time , those mountains will be covered with trees , too .
A. few years B. a few years’ C. a few year D. a few year’s
3. Granny is badly ill . We have to take her to the .
A. farm B. post office C. ship D. hospital
4. I have to tell you .
A. a news B. many news
C. a good piece of news D. many newses
5. are sold in that shop .
A. Men’s and children’s shoes B. Men’s and child’s shoes
C. Men’s and children shoes D. Man and child shoes
6. If anyone comes to see me , ask him to leave a .
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
7. Miss Smith is a friend of .
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother
C. Mary mother’s D. Mother’s of Mary.
8. If these trousers are too big , buy a smaller .
A. piece B. kind C. copy D . pair
9. It’s my dog .
A. sister Lily’s B. sister’s Lily’s C. sister Lily D. sister’s Lily
10. She had beautiful black but I could see some white .
A. hair ; hair B. hairs ;hairs C. hair ; hairs D. hairs;hair
名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)) 一個人 兩個人
中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans
五.1.名詞前的修飾詞:
①放在可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前的有:________(許多) , few(很少) , a few(一些),
②放在不可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前的有: much(許多) , little (很少), a little(一些)
③(可數(shù)、不可數(shù)前)都可放的詞有:a lot of ,lots of(許多), some (一些)
2.有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
3.以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如: a. maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States,the United Nations (聯(lián)合國)應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。
注:物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。
公式為: a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。
如: a friend of mine. each brother of his.
復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)該屬于一種構(gòu)詞法。之所以把它放到名詞來講,是因?yàn)閺?fù)合名詞首先它也屬于名詞,而且很多都是由名詞+名詞構(gòu)成。通過它可以加深我們對名詞的理解,擴(kuò)大我們的詞匯量。
如:river bank河岸,江岸 winterclothes冬季服裝 kitchentable廚房用的桌子
復(fù)合名詞的意思一般都是構(gòu)成詞的意思而得出的。例如,winterclothes就是winter 冬天+clothes衣服=冬季衣服。
不僅僅名詞+名詞=新名詞。復(fù)合名詞還可以由其他方法構(gòu)成。例如,名詞+動名詞:weight-lifting舉重;動名詞+名詞:dining-room餐廳,食堂等等