一、主語(subject): 句子說明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名詞)
He likes dancing. (代詞)
Twenty years is a short time in history.(數(shù)詞)
Seeing is believing. (動名詞)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
What he needs is a book. (主語從句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語)
二、謂語(predicate):說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征
We study English.
He is asleep.
三、表語(predicative):系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。
He is a teacher. (名詞)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代詞)
Five and five is ten. (數(shù)詞)
He is asleep. (形容詞)
His father is in. (副詞)
The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容詞化的分詞)
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. ” (不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表語從句)
常見的系動詞有: be, sound(聽起來)， look(看起來)， feel(摸起來)，smell(聞起來)，
taste(嘗、吃起來)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感覺) ….
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
三、賓語：
1)動作的承受者--動賓
I like China. (名詞)
He hates you. (代詞)
How many do you need? We need two. (數(shù)詞)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you. (動名詞)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (賓語從句)
2)介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞--介賓
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 雙賓語--間賓(指人)和直賓(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
四、賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。
We elected him monitor. (名詞)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)
We will make them happy. (形容詞)
We found nobody in. (副詞)
Please make yourself at home. (介詞短語)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (帶to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (現(xiàn)在分詞)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (過去分詞)
五、主補：對主語的補充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
六、定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。
Yan ling is a chemistry teacher.(名詞)
He is our friend. (代詞)
We belong to the third world. (數(shù)詞)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞)
The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)
The boys playing football are in Cla2. (現(xiàn)在分詞)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (過去分詞)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定語從句)
七、狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。
(以下例句按上述順序排列) I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
1簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句
根據(jù)語法形式，即句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語的句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。
1簡單句
句型：主語+謂語
只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子的各個結(jié)構(gòu)都只由單詞或短語表示。
They are playing baseball in the garden.
他們正在公園里打棒球。
Her brother and sister both are teachers.
她的哥哥和姐姐都是老師。
2并列句
句型：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句
(常見的并列連詞有and，but，or)
并列句是由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。
My friend was at home， and we talked for along time.
我的朋友在家，我們談了好長時間。
Her father is a doc** and her mother is a teacher.
她父親是個醫(yī)生，她母親是個老師。
I liked the s**y very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.
我非常喜歡這個故事，可是李明卻對它不感興趣。
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
快點，否則你就會遲到的。
3 復(fù)合句
句型：主句+連詞+從句;或連詞+從句+主句(包含一個主句、一個或一個以上的從句，或只包含一個從句，但有兩個或兩個以上的主句的句子叫復(fù)合句。)
基本句型 五： S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補) 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。 賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞 I saw a cat running across the road. S │V(及物)│ O(賓語) │ C(賓補) 1. They │appointed │him │manager. 2. They │painted │the door │green. 3. This │set │them │thinking. 4. They │found │the house │deserted. 5. What │makes │him │think so? 6. We │saw │him │out. 7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
S V O (主+謂+賓)
此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等 S│V及物動詞│O
1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. She │smiled │her thanks.
3. He │has refused │to help them.
4. He │enjoys │reading.
5. They │ate │what was left over.
6. He │said │"Good morning."
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea.
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken
： S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補) 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。 賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞 I saw a cat running across the road. S │V(及物)│ O(賓語) │ C(賓補) 1. They │appointed │him │manager. 2. They │painted │the door │green. 3. This │set │them │thinking. 4. They │found │the house │deserted. 5. What │makes │him │think so? 6. We │saw │him │out. 7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)
有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常人為間接賓語;物為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please. 強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。
如： Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。
如：Bring it to me,please. S│V及物│o多指人)│O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
3.She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
4. He │denies │her │nothing.
5. I │showed │him │my pictures.
6. I │gave │my car │a wash.
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
S V P (主+系+表)
此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況;get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 S │V(是系動詞)│ P His face │turned │red. 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 3. He │fell │in love.4. Everything │looks │different.5.He│is growing │tall and strong. 6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.7. Our well │has gone │dry. There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞
there那里混淆。此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示(存在)有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.(那兒有一個男孩。)/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞那里。