Unit 1 Friendship
Grammar and Useful Structures
1．Teaching objectives
Learn to use direct speech and indirect speech
2. Teaching important point
Summarize the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
3. Teaching difficult point
Learn about the special cases in which the tenses shouldn’t be changed.
4. Teaching methods
Discussing, summarizing and practicing.
5. Teaching procedures
Step 1 Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Step 2 Presentation
Boys act one cartoon figure and says something.
Teacher asks “What did he/she say?”
Girls act the other cartoon figure and answer the teacher’s question.
Then boys and girls exchange.
The shoes are too big for me.
What did he say?
He said the shoes were too big for him
Step 3 Grammar
The students will learn the use of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (statements and questions). First try to make clear to the students what direct and indirect speech is, with the help of the practice in Step III. Then give them some examples. At last get them to summarize the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (statements and questions).
T: In this part, we are to learn the use of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (statements and questions). When do we use Direct Speech and when do we use Indirect Speech?
T: Now let’s look at these sentences again. If we want to change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, what should be changed?
Ss discuss by themselves.
Ss: sentence structures, tenses, pronouns, adverbials of time and place and verbs should be changed.
T: Quite right. Look at the form on the screen. These are the rules.
一、直接引語變成間接引語，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
1.陳述句
用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可直接用引語中的said, 也可用told來代替，注意，可以說said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接說told that
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” → He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday. ”
→ He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
解題步驟:
“I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends.
Sarah said to her friends that I don’t like computers .
she didn’t
Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers.
.2.一般疑問句
間接引語用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語動(dòng)詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等)，語序是陳述句的語序
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
→He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”
→He asked whether I was interested in English.
解題步驟:
Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil?
( They asked him ) “It is easy to improve the condition of the soil.”
They asked him if it is easy to improve the condition of the soil
was
They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.
3.特殊疑問句
原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用ask(sb. )來表達(dá)，語序改為陳述句語序
He said to me，“What's your name?” → He asked me what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”
→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
解題步驟：
When do you harvest the wheat ?
( They asked him ) you harvest the wheat
They asked him When you harvest the wheat.
He harvested
They asked him when he harvested the wheat.
4.選擇疑問句
用whether…or…表達(dá)，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”
→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”
→I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
二、在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)需要注意的變化
1. 注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化 Direct indirect
Present past
Past past and past perfect
Present perfect past perfect
Past perfect past perfect
2. 注意人稱變化。
3. 注意指示代詞的變化this, these(that, those)
4. 注意時(shí)間的變化 now, today,this week ,yesterday,last week ,four days ago ,the day before yesterday ,tomorrow ,next month(then, that day,that week,the day before ,the week before,four days before ,two days before ,the next day,the next month)
5. 注意地點(diǎn)的變化 here( there)
6. 注意個(gè)別趨向動(dòng)詞的變化 come, bring (go, take)
三、謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化需要注意幾點(diǎn)：
1.直接引語表述的是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變
The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. 如果直接引語所表述的內(nèi)容在目前和說話時(shí)同樣有效，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)可不變
The children said, “We love this game.”
They told us that they love that game.
3.主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，在引述時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.”
She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country.
從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的還有以下情況:
1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候
2. 當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)
3. 當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)
4. 當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí)
5. 當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need時(shí)
Step 4 Practice
For Ex 1, get the students to look at the sentences carefully in pairs in order to find out the difference between direct speech and indirect speech. Guide the students to find out the changes in pronoun forms, word order, adverbials and so on, especially the verb tenses, the underline parts. Ask the students to pay attention to the reporting clause.
For Ex 2, ask the students to do it by themselves, then check.
Exercises:
1. He said , “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
2.He said , “I haven’t heard from him since May.”
3.Tom said “I will see you next week.”
4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me.
5. “I don’t like swimming,” said Sarah.
6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian.
7. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me.
高考鏈接
1.Readers can ________ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. get in
C. get along D. get through
2.It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
3.Father went to his doctor for _______ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice
C. advices D. the advices
4. I wonder how he ____ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
Step6 Correcting mistakes
T analyses the common mistakes Ss have made during the practice.
T: Now let’s look at the screen and pay attention to these sentences. Choose the right sentence and tell me why the other one is wrong.