二、初高中英語銜接
專題一：名詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
一、名詞的數(shù)
1．單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成，其主要變法如下：
�。�1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
（2）以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes
box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
�。�3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，例如：orange-oranges。
（4）以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
�。�5）以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
（6） 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法如下表所示。
復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法
情 況 讀法 例 詞
在[p][t][k][f]等清輔音后 [s] cups, hats, cakes
在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后 [iz] glasses, pages, oranges,
buses, watches,faces
在[b][d][g][v]等濁輔音后 [z] beds, dogs, cities, knives
�。�7）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Germans；man, woman等作定語時，它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，如：men workers， women teachers。
有個別名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當(dāng)fish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。
�。�8）單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有：people, police等。
（9）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。例如 an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
�。�10）還有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
�。�11）只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞有：
科學(xué)名詞：physics, mathematics/maths
游戲名稱：bowls
專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名詞：news, falls
2．不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法
在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下兩種方法：
�。�1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money．
There is some milk in the bottle．
Is there any water in the glass？
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．
�。�2）用a piece of 這類定語，例如：
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復(fù)數(shù)，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可數(shù)名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。
二、名詞的所有格
名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。
1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 's,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。
兩個名詞并列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）。
【演練】
1．--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s
2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner
3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once
4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
6．There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
7．In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name
8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans
9．The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
10．The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
11．What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children
13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS
C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING
14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
【練習(xí)答案】
1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B
專題二：形容詞、副詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
1. 形容詞的用法
(1) 形容詞在句中作定語, 表語, 賓語補(bǔ)足語。 例如：
Our country is a beautiful country. （作定語）
The fish went bad. （作表語）
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作賓語補(bǔ)足語）
(2) 形容詞修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞時,形容詞放在名詞后面。
I have something important to tell you.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
(3) 用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個形容詞作定語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。
Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
You can take any box away, big or small.
(4) the＋形容詞表示一類人或物
The rich should help the poor.
2. 副詞的用法
(1) 副詞在句中可作狀語,表語和定語。
He studies very hard. （作狀語）
Life here is full of joy. （作定語）
When will you be back? （作表語）
副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類：
1)時間副詞
時間副詞通常用來表示動作的時間。常見的時間副詞有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：
He often comes to school late.
What are we going to do tomorrow?
He is never been to Beijing.
2)地點(diǎn)副詞
地點(diǎn)副詞通常用來表示動作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。常見的地點(diǎn)副詞有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3)方式副詞
方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的？”這類問題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個形容詞加詞尾-ly構(gòu)成的, 有少數(shù)方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly, 它們與形容詞同形。常見的方式副詞有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly.
Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high.
He runs very fast.
4)程度副詞
程度副詞多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數(shù)用來修飾動詞或介詞短語。常見的程度副詞有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good.
She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5)疑問副詞是用來引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句的副詞。常見的疑問副詞有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies?
Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(2)副詞在句中的位置
1)多數(shù)副詞作狀語時放在動詞之后。如果動詞帶有賓語，則放在賓語之后。例如：
Mr Smith works very hard.
She speaks English well.
2)頻度副詞作狀語時，通常放在行為動詞之前，情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和be動詞之后。例如：識急硎盡耙病保但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于語肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has already left.
Have you heard from him yet?
He hasn’t answered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒裝句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t li7?br>1) very, much
這兩個副詞都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用來修飾形容詞和副詞的原級，而much用來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much可以修飾動詞，而very則不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much.
2) too, either
這兩個副詞都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于語肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has already left.
Have you heard from him yet?
He hasn’t answered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒裝句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
(1) 兩個人或事物的比較時（不一定每一方只有一個人或一個事物），用比較級。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.
(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here.
在這兒太危險。
(3)“The+形容詞比較級..., the+形容詞比較級...”表示“越... 就越...”。
The more you study, the more you know.
(4) “形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級”, 表示 “ 越來越...”。
It's getting hotter and hotter.
(5) 主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。
This box is as big as mine.
(6) the + 形容詞，表示某種人。
He always helps the poor.
(7) 形容詞和副詞最高級用于三個或三個以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
【演練】
1．There are many young trees on sides of the road.
A. every B. each C. both D. all
2．--- It’s so cold today.
--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.
A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold
3．Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.
A. more B. a little C. many D. few
4．She isn’t so at maths as you are.
A. well B. good C. better D. best
5．Peter writes of the three.
A. better B. best C. good D. well
6．He is enough to carry the heavy box.
A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest
7．I bought exercise-books with money.
A. a few; a few B. a few; a little
C. a little; a few D. a little; a little
8．The box is heavy for the girl carry.
A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to
9．The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on.
A. long B. high C. thick D. wide
10．Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.
A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily
12. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me.
A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry
13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?
---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as
14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!
---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.
A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive
15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible.
A. often B. long C. hard D. soon
16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name.
A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes
18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.
---Right. The government spoke ______ that.
A. highly for B. high of
C. well of D. highly of
19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make.
---We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the more
C. The more; the fewer D. The less; the less
20. I have ________ to do today.
A. anything important B. something important
C. important nothing D. important something
【練習(xí)答案】
1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B