詞法
第1章 主謂一致
一.概念:
主謂一致是指：
1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。
2） 意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。
3） 就近原則，即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，
一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫很重要。
注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。
典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。
2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩，二十三個(gè)女孩。
2）當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3.謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致
當(dāng)主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4. 謂語需用單數(shù)的情況
1）代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時(shí)，或主語中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語需用單數(shù)。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。
2）當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。
3）表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來做準(zhǔn)備。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)
1）代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：
All is right. 一切順利。
All are present. 人都到齊了。
2）集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎？
3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來自這個(gè)城市。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（ ） 19. -- ____ your clothes?
--No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
-- It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. -- Are the two answers correct?
-- No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B