Unit 1 Friendship Reading
1.Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you.
知識① 本句是一個祈使句，包含一個由why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，why=for which, 在從句中做原因狀語。
知識② make a list of 相當(dāng)于list，意為“列單子”。List 作名詞，意為“表，目錄，名單”；也可作動詞，意為“列表”。
You should make a list of things you must do.
The secretary lists her boss's arrangements for the week,
拓展
有許多有make同表示動作的名詞搭配所構(gòu)成的短語，其意義相當(dāng)于表示動作的動詞。如：
make an answer = answer make a change = change
make an arrangement = arrange 安排 make a wish = wish 祝愿
例題追蹤
If you can ______ several names of his good friends, we will find out if he gets on well with others.
make B.take C.list D.change
知識③
reason n.“理由；原因；理性”。先行詞為reason時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不一定用why，這取決于它在從句中所做的成分：若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語、賓語或表語，用which或that（做賓語時，關(guān)系詞可省去）；若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做狀語，用why 或for which。
We aren't going for the simple the reason that we can't afford it.
I can list a few reasons about why I was late for school.
【注意】reason 做主語時，后面的表語從句只能由that引導(dǎo)，不能用because，即：The reason (why...) is that...【必記】
--- What is the reason for your absence?
--- The reason for my absence is that I was ill.
歸納終結(jié)
for some reason.....處于某種原因
He didn't tell me the answer for some reason.
reason for ( doing/ to do) sth 做。。。的原因
She has a good reason for doing it. = She has a good reason to do it.
例題追蹤
I don't know the reason _______ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure it's for some reason ______ you don't want people to know.
A.why; that B.that; why C.that; which D.which; that
Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts？
知識① 本句中whom 引導(dǎo)定語從句，whom在從句中做介詞to 的賓語，此時也可換成who或that。但若把to 提前，則只能用whom。
I don't know to whom I ought to say the request.
【注意】 ① whom 做賓語，有時可用who 或that代替，通�？梢允÷�。
He is the person who/ whom I lived with for four years in university.
② 在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人做主語時，關(guān)系代詞要用who/ that,而且不能省略�！颈赜洝�
③ 當(dāng)定語從句前有介詞或在非限制性定語從句中時，who或that都不能用來代替whom。
例題追蹤
I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year.
who B.where C.when D.which
Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through?
知識① 本句是主從復(fù)合句，第一個or 承接上句表示選擇關(guān)系，第二個or鏈接would laugh。。。和would not understand。。。兩個并列謂語。That 從句做形容詞afraid的賓語，what you are going through做understand的賓語。
知識② go through 有很多含義：
“經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)受”，多指痛苦的事情。
Our parents went through a hard life when they were young.
仔細檢查，審查
They went through our luggage at the customs.
通過，穿過
Your suggestion didn't go through.
The rope is too thick to go through the hole.
瀏覽，翻閱
We spent several days going through all related reference materials.
完成（常與with連用）
I can't go through with this performance, I'm so nervous.
歸納總結(jié)
與go 相關(guān)的短語
go away 離開 go over 復(fù)習(xí)，檢查一遍 go by 逝去，過去
Go on 繼續(xù) go after 追趕 go against 違背，對。。不利
例題追蹤
My grandfather, who _______ the World War II, likes to talk to us about his experience.
go through B.go out
C.came out D.went through
She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.
知識① hide away/ out /up 躲藏起來；把。。。藏起來
Where is the birthday gift hidden away?
知識② before 在本句中做連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。Before在引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，常與時間段連用，且時間段要在主句中出現(xiàn)。Before的主要用法如下：
強調(diào)從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，意為“不等。。。就。。。；還沒來得及。。。就。。�！�。
And before she could speak again, I began to talk.
The war had lasted for two years before the USA took part in.
用在“It +be +時間段+ before 從句”中，意為“過多久就/ 才”；“It+ be 的否定形式+時間段+before從句”意為“用不了多久就....”。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
It will be five years before we meet again.
It was not a long time before I offered the bike.
例題追蹤
I warned him of the slippery road,but he fell on floor_______ I finished my words.
as B.before C.until D.since
John thinks it won't be long______ he is ready for his new job.
when B.after C.before D.since
She said, " I don't want o set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this dairy itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty."
知識① 本句是有but 和and 連接的三個并列分句。As引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，表示“和。。。一樣”，as 引導(dǎo)狀語從句，有時也可以用逗號與句子隔開，類似于一種獨立成分。
知識②
1）set down 相當(dāng)于write down, take down, 意為“記下，登記”。
Set down your feeling to the film and read it at class.
If you set down your promise, we will believe it.
set down 的其他含義：放下，擱下，讓某人下車，確定（日期），制定（規(guī)則)
The young lady set down a large vase on the table.
Please set me down by the side of the next post office.
Monday has been set down for the next meeting.
歸納總結(jié)
與set相關(guān)的短語：
set about 開始 set forward 提出 set off / out 動身，出發(fā)
set an example 樹立榜樣 set up 成立 set out to do出發(fā)，著手做
set aside 留下，把。。。置于一邊 set about (doing) sth 著手（做）某事
例題追蹤
The police asked her to _______ the facts just as she remembered them.
set up B.set off C.set out D.set down
知識③
a series of 意為“一連串的，一系列的，一套”，其后常跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，series 是一個單復(fù)同形的名詞。
There will be a series of football games next month.
Two series of lectures are scheduled.
【注意】"a series of + 單數(shù)名詞"做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式�！颈赜洝�
例題追
A series of good program are on Channel 10 this week
Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.
知識①
Made her diary her best friend 是“make+賓語+賓補（名詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)。這一結(jié)構(gòu)中make為使役動詞，“make+賓語+賓補（名詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種常見的形式：
make+名詞/ 代詞+省略to的不定式. 記�。涸摻Y(jié)構(gòu)用于被動態(tài)時，to要還原。
Every day my parents make me have an egg.= Every day I am made to have an egg by my parents.
make +名詞/ 代詞 + 過去分詞。構(gòu)成過去分詞的動詞與賓語（名詞/代詞）之間是被動關(guān)系，且該動作已經(jīng)完成。注意：該結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作補語。
His actions made him universally respected.
make + 名詞/ 代詞+ 形容詞。 表示“使某人或某物變得。。。�！�。
We must make the rivers clean.
make + 名詞/ 代詞 +名詞。表示“使某人或某物成為。。。”。如果賓補是表示獨一無二的職位或頭銜的名詞，則其前不用冠詞。
Make your enemy your friend.
We made Tom captain.
當(dāng)賓語是不定式或從句時，多用it作形式賓語，把真正的賓語后置，即：make+ it + 賓補 + 真正的賓語。
The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.
例題追蹤
My parents have always made me ______ about myself, even when I was twelve.
feeling well B.feeling good
C.feel well D.feel good
The fact that she was foreign made ______ difficult for her to get a job in that country.
so B.much C.that D.it
I wonder if it's because I haven't been able to be outdoors for so long that I've grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
知識① 本句是主從復(fù)合句，if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，it's ....that...是強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)，because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句是被強調(diào)的部分；to do with nature做后置定語，修飾everything.
知識② it's...that...是強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。強調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is /was +被強調(diào)成分+ that / who +其他成分”。強調(diào)句可以用來強調(diào)除謂語的各種成分。
He bought the book in this shop yesterday.
--- It was he that / who bought the book in this shop yesterday.（強調(diào)主語he )
--- It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday.(強調(diào)賓語the book
---It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday.(強調(diào)地點狀語in this shop）
---It was yesterday that he bought the book in this shop.(強調(diào)時間狀語yesterday)
【注意】
強調(diào)句型中it不能更換；be動詞只有時態(tài)變化，沒有數(shù)的變化，不管被強調(diào)的部分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)均用is或was�！颈赜洝�
被強調(diào)部分是人時，連接詞可用that或who，被強調(diào)部分是賓語且指人時，連接詞也可以用whom。
It was not until...that...是一種特殊的強調(diào)時間狀語的句型，后面用肯定句，整個句子翻譯成“直到。。。才。。�！�。
知識鏈接 強調(diào)句型的特殊形式有：
一般疑問式 Is /Was it + 被強調(diào)部分+that/who +其他 Is it Jim that buys the book?
特殊疑問式 特殊疑問詞+ is /was it that +其他 What is it that he wants to see?
not until強調(diào)形式 It is/ was not until ... That + 其他 It was not until yesterday that I knew it.
例題追蹤
It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do _____ benefit our work most.
who B.which C.that D.what
Was it on a lonely island _______ he was saved one month after the boat went down?
where B.that C.which D.what
對劃線部分進行強調(diào)
We went to see him in Wuhan last week.
________________________________________
_____________________________________________-
When did you graduate from high school？
___________________________________________
They did not start until the rain stopped.
____________________________________
--- Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?
--- Of course, I have. It was in our village _______ it was made.
that B.where C.when D.which
名師點睛
強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)主語時，要注意謂語動詞（原句）與該主語在人稱或數(shù)上的一致性。
強調(diào)句型的考點主要集中在用與構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型的基本元素that / who 上，我們要明確的一點是，這兩個詞是不作成分的。
強調(diào)句型不用于強調(diào)謂語、表語和讓步狀語從句，強調(diào)謂語時要用“do/ does/ did+ 動詞原形”，強調(diào)表語時可考慮用倒裝句型。
注意區(qū)分強調(diào)句型與結(jié)構(gòu)相似的含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的主從復(fù)合句（It is/ was ...that..);區(qū)分的方法也很簡單，就是it is /was 和 that 是不是在句中作成分，作成分則不是強調(diào)句。
This is the first time we ______ a film in the cinema together as a family.
see B.had seen C.saw D.have seen
知識③ grow crazy about..為固定短語，意為“對。。。十分狂熱，十分癡狂”，其中g(shù)row可以換位be動詞。
She is / grows about beautiful clothes.
知識④ everything / something /anything to do with表示“與。。。有關(guān)的一切、某事”，其中do with 也可以單獨使用，意為“處理，對付”，常與疑問詞搭配，不用于被動態(tài)。相關(guān)的搭配還有：
have nothing to do with...與。。。無關(guān)
have a lot to do with...與。。。有很大關(guān)系
拓展
Deal with 作“對待，處理”講時，常與how連用【必記】；此外，還可意為“與。。。交易：，此時不可用于被動態(tài)。
She didn't know how to deal with strangers.
People has dealt with the cancer for many years.
例題追蹤
The truth is that most of us don't know ______ the waste.
what to do with B.how to with
C.what to deal with D.how deal with
I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.
知識① 本句中that引導(dǎo)從句作remember的賓語，該從句中含有when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞是a time, 而定語從句含有“keep +賓語+ 賓補（形容詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)。
知識② “keep + 賓語 + 賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
Keep + 賓語 + 1）形容詞 / 副詞/ 名詞（表狀態(tài)）
+2）介詞短語（表狀態(tài)）
+3）過去分詞（表示被動關(guān)系和狀態(tài)的持續(xù)）
+4）現(xiàn)在分詞（表示動作正在進行或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)）
I'm sorry that I have kept you waiting for long .
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.
Don't keep the door open.
His father kept him away from school.
We must keep our teacher informed of what is going on in our class.
【注意】“keep + 賓語 + 賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓補不能是不定式。與make +賓語 +賓補 對比：前者不接不定式作賓補，而接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，后者接不定式（省略to）做賓補，而不接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。
例題追蹤
Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself______ of his own dreams.
reminding B.to remind C.remind D.remind ed
They use computers to keep the traffic _______ smoothly.
being run B.run C.to run D.running
For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.
知識① stay awake 為系結(jié)構(gòu)，stay“保持”為系動詞，后接形容詞或名稱做表語，表示主語處于某種狀態(tài)，不能用于被動態(tài)和進行時態(tài)。
The weather stayed too hot in summer in the city.
歸納總結(jié)
系動詞的分類：
變化類：become, go, get, grow, fall, turn
感官類：feel, smell, taste, look, sound
顯現(xiàn)類：appear, seem, look
狀態(tài)類：keep, stay, come, run, remain, stand, lie, prove, sit, rest, continue
例題追蹤
Emergency operation must always _______calm and make sure that that get al the information they need to send help.
grow B，可以.appear C.become D.stay
知識② on purpose 是固定短語,在句中常用做狀語，可以放在句中或句末，后可接不定式，相當(dāng)于purposely。
He did it on purpose, knowing it would annoy her.
He went to town on purpose to sell one of his paintings.
歸納總結(jié)
與purpose相關(guān)的短語：
with the purpose of 以。。。為目的
for the purpose of (doing sth)做某事的目的是。。。
Yi Jianlian joined the NBA with the purpose of further improvement.
For the purpose of this study, the three groups have been combined.
例題追蹤
---Look! The telephone is broken. Someone damaged it _______purpose.
--- That may be right. But perhaps it was broken ______ accident.
on; by B.by; by C.on; on D.by; on
知識③ in order to, 后接動詞原形，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，可放在主句之前或之后，其否定形式為“in order not to...”。
I put my glasses in order to see it clearly = In order to see it clearly, I put on my glasses.
Tom studies very hard in order not to fall behind others.
【注意】in oder to 做目的狀語從句，不定式的邏輯主語和句子的主語通常要一致，是同一個人或物。
歸納總結(jié)
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的其他詞組：
so as to也表示“為了。。�！保龑�(dǎo)目的狀語，可以與in order that 互換，但 so as to 不能用于句首引導(dǎo)目的狀語，只能用于句中�！颈赜洝�
in order that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語時，可用于句首或句中，用在句中時，可與 so that 互換。從句中謂語動詞前常有may, might, can, could等情態(tài)動詞。當(dāng)復(fù)合句中主從句的主語一致時，in order that / so that 才能與 in order to 或so as to 互換。
We got up early so that / in order that we could catch the first bus.
= We got up early in order to / so as to catch the first bus.
= In order to catch the first bus, we got up early.
例題追蹤
________ meet Mr Wang, chairman of trade union, he waited at the gate of the factory.
In order that B. So that C. So as to D. In order to
But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn't dare open a window.
知識① dare 在本句中做實義動詞，有人稱，時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化，意為“膽敢，敢”，后接to do sth,to 可以省略。
He would never dare ( to) come.
知識② dare 也可以作情態(tài)動詞，意為“膽敢，敢”，常用在否定句，疑問句或條件狀語從句中，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，時態(tài)只有現(xiàn)在時和過去時。
妙辯異同：dare 做情態(tài)動詞和做實義動詞的區(qū)別：
I dare make friends with him. / I dare to make friends with him.
Dare he speak to her? / Does he dare to speak to her?
He daren't speak to her. / He didn't dare to speak to her.
例題追蹤
He dared to climb that tall tree,_______?
daren't he B.did he C.didn't he D.dare he
The dark,rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the firsr time in a year and a half that I 's seen the night face to face.
知識① entirely adv. = competely 主要用于修飾動詞，形容詞和分詞。entire 為其形容詞詞根。
例題追蹤
Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not ______.
widely B.thoroughly C.entirely D.extensively
知識② power n. 能力，力量，權(quán)利
She lost her power of speech.
Knowledge is power.
【搭配】
be in power執(zhí)政
come to power 開始掌權(quán)/執(zhí)政
beyond one's power （某人）力所不能及
within one's power 在某人控制范圍之內(nèi)
妙辯異同 power, energy, force 與 strength
單詞 用法 例句
power 指做某事需要的能力、功能；人或機器等食物潛在的或所能發(fā)揮出來的力量；人所具有的職權(quán)、權(quán)利等。 The president has the power to veto bills.總統(tǒng)有權(quán)否決議案。
energy 指物理學(xué)上的功能概念或生理上的精力 They devoted all their energies to the job.
force 主要指自然界的力量或暴力、勢力以及法律、道德或感情上的力量、軍事力量等。 The robber used force to get into the house.
strength 常指固有的潛力；指人時著重指“力氣”；指物體時著重指“強度”。 He hasn't got enough strength to remove that cupboard.
例題追蹤
用power，force，strength 或energy填空
Young people usually have more______ than the old.
He opened the window by_______.
Policemen have the ________ to arrest criminals.
The little boy raised the big stone with all his ____________.
知識② 句中包含一個time 常見句型“It is /was the first time + that 從句”：
可換成This / That
that 從句
主句謂語動詞用is，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It is/ was the first time
主句謂語動詞用was，從句用過去完成時。
可換成second，third等序數(shù)詞。 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，�？梢允÷�。
知識鏈接
the first time 是名詞詞組，表示“第一次”，可以用作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
The first time I met her, I fell in love with her.
for the first time“第一次”，常在句中作狀語。
I have been here for the first time.
" It is (high, about) time + that 從句"意為“該做某事了”。其中，that從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動詞用一般過去式或“should + 動詞原形”，should可以省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It's time (for sb）to do sth 意為（某人）該做某事了。
It is time for us to start out.
例題追蹤
This is the first time we ______ a film in the cinema together as a family.
see B.had seen C.saw D.have seen
完成句子。
________ ________ ________(第一次）I met him, he was working as a secretary in a big company.
It is the first time that he________ ______ _______ ________________(上學(xué)遲到}
It's time _______ ________ ______ _________(打掃）the classroom.
知識③ face to face“面對面地”，相當(dāng)于副詞，常用來修飾動詞，在句中作狀語，常用with搭配。
拓展
face- to- face 為復(fù)合形容詞，“面對面的”，在句中作前置定語。
We must have a face- to-face struggle against enemy.
歸納總結(jié)
Heart to heart 坦誠地 shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地
Back to back 背對背地 hand in hand 手拉手地
Arm in arm 胳膊挽著胳膊地 step by step 逐步地
例題追蹤
They had a wonderful party last Saturday. First, they danced______ and then they had a ______ talk.
face to face; face- to -face B.face to face; face to face
C.face- to -face；face- to -face D.face-to-face; face to face
It's no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.
知識① 本句是一個復(fù)合句，主句為It's no pleasure looking through these any longer. 其中it 為形式主語，真正的主語是looking through these ; because 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，說明no pleasure的原因，原因狀語從句還含有一個由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，用來限定thing。
知識② It is no pleasure doing sth為固定句型，“做某事沒有樂趣”。
歸納總結(jié)
It做形式主語，表語常用名詞的句型有：
It's no use doing....做。。。毫無用處
It is no use crying over failing the test.
It's no good doing...做。。。沒有好處
It's no good smoking so I would like you to give it up.
It's no point doing...做。。。沒有意義
It's no point discussing with him about the problem.
Why did Anne no longer just like looking at nature out of the window?
知識① no longer= not...any long “不在。。。。”，副詞短語。
These conditions no longer obtain= These conditions don't obtain any longer.
妙辯異同
no longer / not...any longer 與 no more / not any more
no longer 或not...any longer 強調(diào)時間上“不再”，表示狀態(tài)不再延續(xù)。
They no longer live here.= They don't live here any longer.
no more 或 not...any more強調(diào)數(shù)量、程度上“不再”，或動作不再延續(xù)。
There is no more water.= There isn't water any more.
Time lost will return no more.= Time lost will not return any more.