在英語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序通常的主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后。但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分，或適應(yīng)一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，而把謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分提到主語(yǔ)的前面，這種情況叫“倒裝”(Inversion)。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)
倒裝的分類
（一）、 全部倒裝--主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞倒裝
結(jié)構(gòu)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Down fell the rain.
（二）、 部分倒裝--主語(yǔ)與助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞倒裝
結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
Never have I heard such a thing.
（三）、形式倒裝
形式上的倒裝在語(yǔ)法上稱為前置。它的特點(diǎn)是，只把強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首，主謂并不倒裝。
結(jié)構(gòu)：強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
What an interesting talk they had!
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
（一）全部倒裝
1. There be 句型(be可換成 live, stand, lie, come, exist, seem, appear 等).
There are so many cars coming and going on the road.
There still exist some problems.
句型 There is no need to do…
There is no doubt that…
There is no knowing telling …
2. 在here, there, now, then, thus引導(dǎo)的句子里, 要全部倒裝
Here comes your head teacher.
Here he comes.主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞不用倒裝
3.當(dāng)in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副詞作狀語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用動(dòng)詞有come, go, rush, be, lie, run,等不及物動(dòng)詞。
Up flew the bird.
Out rushed the students.
4.表地點(diǎn)的介詞狀語(yǔ)位于句首
Under the tree __ sits a beautiful girl, reading. ___
South of the city ___ lies a paper-making plant. ____
Eventually they arrived at a cave, in front of which __ stood a tree. __
5.表語(yǔ)提前
1)表語(yǔ)為介詞短語(yǔ)
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
2)表語(yǔ)為形容詞
Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.
3)表語(yǔ)為過(guò)去分詞
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
4)表語(yǔ)為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞
Lying on the floor was a boy.
Standing beside the desk was a teacher.
Growing along the road are some wild flowers.
6. Such 置于句首時(shí)，such和be連用作表語(yǔ)，也常用倒裝語(yǔ)序，如：
Such are the facts.
Such a great scientist is Yuan Longping.
此句型中的such 多被認(rèn)為是表語(yǔ)，所以such后的be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的“真正的主語(yǔ)”保持一致。如：
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
（二）部分倒裝
把be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 提前到主語(yǔ)的前面
Is am are was were
do does did
can could would may will might 等
1.only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí), 要進(jìn)行部分倒裝,如：
Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.
Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there.
Only after he came back was I able to see him.
注：only修飾主語(yǔ)，仍用自然語(yǔ)序，如：
Only socialism can save China.
使用特點(diǎn)：
（1）在部分倒裝句中，如果謂語(yǔ)部分無(wú)助動(dòng)詞，則須找助動(dòng)詞來(lái)“幫助”它構(gòu)成倒裝句。如：
（F) Only after the war learned he the sad news.
(T) Only after the war did he learn the sad news.
(2) only修飾狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句不可倒裝。如：
（F) Only when did he return did we find our the truth.
(T) Only when he returned did we find our the truth.
（3）Only 修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子不可倒裝。如：
（F) Only can he answer the question.
(T) Only he can answer the question.
2. 否定副詞 never ,nor, not, seldom, hardly, little, scarcely, rarely nowhere及表否定意義的介詞短語(yǔ) by no means, at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, on no condition等置于句首時(shí) 。
如：
I have never seen such a beautiful place.
Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
Not a single mistake did he make= He didn’t make a single mistake
Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark
=I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.
3、六個(gè)重要的固定句型
（1）… so+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ) “……也是如此”
They love having lots of friends; so do I
使用特點(diǎn)：
A. 此句型也可寫(xiě)成“it is the same with….”, 或“so it is with….”.如：
They love having lots of friends; it is the same with those with disabilities/so it is with those with disabilities.
B.如果句意不是 “……也是如此 ”,而僅是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和（此時(shí)的so=indeed),那么，句子不可使用倒裝。試比較：
a. I was afraid (句中的I指的是a)
b. So was I (I 指的是b, 此句意為：I was afraid, too)
a. I was afraid （I指的是a)
b. So you were (you 指的也是a。此句意為： Indeed you were afraid.)
(2) …neither (或nor)+ be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)，“…….也不這樣”
Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither (或nor）can Lucy.
使用特點(diǎn)：
A.此句型也可寫(xiě)成“it is the same with…”，或“so it is with…”
Lily can’t ride; it is the same with Lucy/ so it is with Lucy.
B.此句型中的neither (或nor)不可用so….not 替代，但可用not…either改寫(xiě)。如：
（F) I have never been abroad. So hasn’t he
(T) I have never been abroad. Neither/ Nor has he.
(T) I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.
（3）由sosuch...that...引導(dǎo)的表示程度的狀語(yǔ)從句，將其放于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
So +adj./adv. ….that….“ 如此…..以至于…..”。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
使用特點(diǎn)：
在這個(gè)句型中，so 后面的句子要倒裝，而that引導(dǎo)的句子不倒裝。
（4）Neither…., nor….. “…..不…., …..也不…..”。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
由于neither 和nor 都是否定詞，所以它們后面分句均需倒裝。
此類倒裝用于重復(fù)前句部分內(nèi)容
前句是肯定句用SO 某人/某事也是
前句是否定句用neither ，nor 某人/某事也不是
倒裝句中的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與前句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)形態(tài)一致
（5）Not only…., but also “不僅…..而且….”。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it .
此句型也可寫(xiě)成Not only…but ….或Not only….but….as well的形式，但but (also)引導(dǎo)的句子必須用正常語(yǔ)序。
（6）Not until…. “直到…..才……”。
Not until he returned did we have supper.
使用特點(diǎn)：
A.這句話可以改寫(xiě)成：We didn’t have supper until he returned. 再如：
Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep.
=He can’t fall asleep until 4:00 in the morning.
B.如果not until 引導(dǎo)的是句子，until從句的主謂不可倒裝，只是主句需要倒裝。
4、If 虛擬條件從句中. if省略時(shí),had/ were/should等要與主語(yǔ)倒裝。從句有(were/should/had)
（1）If I were you, I would work hard.
Were I you, I would work hard.
（2) If it should rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
（3）If he had followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
If it were not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school.
Were it not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school.
注意：我們可以說(shuō)Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以說(shuō)Weren’ t it... 或者h(yuǎn)adn’t it been...
5.在 hardly/scarcely/…when； no sooner…than; not only … but also；so...that; such…that 的倒裝句中，前倒后不倒.
hardly/scarcely/ no sooner后句子的謂語(yǔ)用had done, when/than后句子的謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1) Hardly / Scarcely had he fallen asleep when a loud knock at the door awaked him.
(2) No sooner had I reached the station than train moved.
(3) Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well.
So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English.
6.在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then,等作狀語(yǔ)的頻度副詞位于句首時(shí)。
Often did I speak of him before.
Many a time has he helped me with my experiment.
(三）形式倒裝
形式上的倒裝在語(yǔ)法上稱為前置。它的特點(diǎn)是，只把強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首，主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)非常多，但有幾個(gè)重要的句型需要特別注意：
1、感嘆句
What an interesting talk they had!
How interesting their talk is !
使用特點(diǎn)：
對(duì)名詞（或中心詞是名詞）感嘆時(shí)，用what引導(dǎo)；對(duì)形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)，用how引導(dǎo)。
2、the more…..the more….句型
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
使用特點(diǎn)：
（1）此句型中的more代表的是形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)，要靈活使用。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
（2）此句型中的第一個(gè)the more 引導(dǎo)的部分相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句；第二個(gè)the more引導(dǎo)的部分相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主句。所以，上面例句的意思實(shí)質(zhì)上就是： If you work harder, you will make greater progress.
3、whatever/however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
使用特點(diǎn)：
Whatever 后面常接名詞；用however時(shí)常構(gòu)成以下形式：
However+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+…..
Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
4、as, though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)采用倒裝形式的情況
名詞形容詞副詞分詞+as hough+主語(yǔ)+其他
動(dòng)詞原形+as/though+主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞
（1）表語(yǔ)的倒裝
Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.
Strange as/ though it seems, it is true
Exhausted as/ though she was, she wasn’t able to sleep.
Child as he is, he has to make a living
注意：從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞，其名詞前不加任何冠詞
（2）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的倒裝
Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam.
Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.
（3) 狀語(yǔ)的倒裝
Much as he likes the bike, he doesn’t want to buy it .
Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.
（4）分詞的倒裝
Surrounded though he was by the enemy, he was not afraid.
注意：如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)作表語(yǔ)，不再用冠詞。如：
Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.
5、 祝愿語(yǔ)
May you succeed!
May you be happy!
May peace return to the troubled land!
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
其他情況
直接引語(yǔ)的全部或一部分放在句首時(shí)，主句中的主謂也常直接倒裝。
“Very well,” said the French student.
“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” added the customer.