科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit18.1.doc
標題 Mainly Revision ( 階段復習 )
章節(jié) 第十八單元
關鍵詞 高二英語第十八單元
內容
【拋磚引玉】
在本單元，同學們通過閱讀課文“We’ve Lost Our Dad !”和“Tell Him What you think of him !”，可以培養(yǎng)自己獨立生活的能力和誠實的品德，克服粗心大意的毛病，同時還可以了解英語的幽默感。
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ.詞匯學習
四會單詞和詞組：fly ( n .) , in order that , shout at , get in touch with , in common , turn up , rude , on one’s own , by accident , cigar , announcement , truth , book (v .) , charge , stupid , permit , prison , couple , district
三會單詞和詞組：waiter , lay the table , track , extremely , determine , carriage , absence , rush hour , brake , cyclist
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Expressing Feelings ( 表達感情 )
Some useful expressions：
A . Expressing anxiety
1 . What's wrong ? / What's the matter ( with you ) ? / Is there anything the matter ?
2 . Oh , what shall I / we do ?
3 . We were all anxious about…
B . Expressing surprise
1 . Really ? / Oh dear ? / Is that so ? / Good heavens !
2 . I can hardly believe my ears .
3 . My Goodness ! / Goodness !
C . Expressing pleasure
1 . I'm glad / pleased / happy to…
2 . That's nice / wonderful / great .
3 . Hopefully tomorrow will turn fine .
交際示范：
1） Expressing anxiety 表示焦慮
A : You seem to be worried about something . What's the matter ?
B : It's about Peter .
A : What's the matter with him ?
B : You know , we are supposed to ( 應該 ) do the work today , but he still hasn't got everything ready . And this is not the first time . How can we get things done if everyone works that way ?
A : I understand how you feel . I'll speak to him about it at once .
2） Expressing surprise 表示驚奇
A：Oh , dear ! What's the matter with you , young man ? You almost ride over me !
B : I'm very sorry , madam . I really didn't see you . Are you hurt ?
A : Well , thank Goodness , I'm not hurt .
B : Is that so ( Really ) ?
A : Yes . Good heavens ! Look at my new dress ! Today is my first wear .
B : I beg your pardon , madam .
A : For God's sake ( 看在上帝份上 ) , I'll let you pass . But do be careful next time ! It's really dangerous to ride so fast in the street .
3） Expressing pleasure 表示喜悅
A : What a nice dress ! Mary , you look beautiful today .
B : It's very kind of you to say so . You look beautiful , too ! Where did you get your lovely new hat ?
A : It's a birthday present from my sister .
B : Your sister has a very good taste ( 你姐姐真有眼力 ) . The hat is really beautiful .
A : Thank you for your compliments ( 夸獎 ) .
Ⅲ. 語法重點
學習not … until / till和復習句子的省略。特別要真正掌握not until型的強調表達和倒裝表達。
【指點迷津】
not…until ( till ) 的四種句型
如果主句謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞，則主句常用肯定式，表示“直到……為止”，即：主句 ( 用肯定式 ) + until ( till ) 時間狀語或狀語從句。例如：
I worked until ( till ) he came back . 我工作到他回來為止。
I watched TV until ( till ) 10 o'clock . 我看電視一直到10點鐘。
如果主句的謂語動詞是瞬間動詞，則主句必須用否定式，譯為“直到……才”，即：主句 ( 用否定式 ) + until ( till ) 時間狀語或狀語從句。例如：
I didn't go to bed until ( till ) he came back . 直到他回來我才睡覺。
I didn't go to bed until ( till ) 10 o'clock last night . 昨晚我直到10點鐘才睡覺。
注意：用在句首時，一般只用 until 而不能用 till。例如：
Until I finished my homework , I didn't go to bed . 直到做完家庭作業(yè)我才睡覺。
Not + until 時間狀語或狀語從句 + 助動詞 ( 常用 did ) + 主語 + 動詞原形 ( 注：not 放在句首，故用部分倒裝 ) 譯為：“直到……才”�？梢院喕桑篘ot until…did + 主語。例如：
Not until I finished my homework did I go to bed last night .
I didn't go to bed until ( till ) 10 o'clock last night . 昨晚我直到10點鐘才睡覺。
注意：用在句首時，一般只用 until 而不能用 till。例如：
Until I finished my homework , I didn't go to bed . 直到做完家庭作業(yè)我才睡覺。
Not + until 時間狀語或狀語從句 + 助動詞 ( 常用 did ) + 主語 + 動詞原形 ( 注：not 放在句首，故用部分倒裝 ) 譯為：“直到……才”�？梢院喕桑篘ot until…did + 主語。
Not until I finished my homework did I go to bed last night . 昨晚直到做完家庭作業(yè)我才睡覺。
Not until last week did he realize he was wrong . 直到上星期他才認識到他是錯誤的。
It was not + until 時間狀語或狀語從句 + that + 主句
( 注：此句型實際上是強調 not until 狀語或狀語從句。同學們應該記�。簾o論是強調時間、地點或原因狀語，一般只用 that。這一點與定語從句不同，且此句型是陳述句語序，不用倒裝。 ) 可以簡化成句型：It was not until… + that . 例如：
It was not until I finished my homework that I went to bed . 是在做完作業(yè)之后我才去睡覺的。
It was not until last week that he realized he was wrong . 一直到上個星期他才認識到他是錯誤的。
【針對練習】
1 . It was not ____ she took off her glasses ____ I realized she was a famous film star .
A . when ; that B . until ; that C . until ; when D . when ; then
2 . Not until the early years of 19th century ____ what heat is .
A . man did know B . man knew C . didn't man know D . did man know
3 . Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted .
A . didn't I realize B . did I realize C . I didn't realize D . I realized
4 . Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was .
A . did the villagers realize B . the villagers realized
C . the villagers did realize D . didn't the villagers realize
5 . It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began .
A . while B . which C . that D . since
答案：BDBAC
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1.fly蒼蠅
This kind of disease is caused by flies .
〖點撥〗fly作動詞的常見搭配有：fly nonstop from Shanghai to New York從上海直飛紐約。fly a kite放風箏。fly from從……逃亡。fly at攻擊（不用被動語態(tài)）。let fly (at) 射擊
2. absence不在；缺席
His absence from school was caused by illness . 他缺課是因為生病。
〖點撥〗absence為不可數(shù)名詞，但是，在表達“一次缺席或者不在”時是可數(shù)名詞。如：He made up a wonderful story to explain his several absences .
He returned after an absence of twenty minutes .
注意：absence的形容詞是absent 。常見搭配有：during one’s absence某人不在時。be absent from school ( work , home ) 沒上學（不上班，不在家）。
3. truth真相；實際情況
The whole truth has come out . 真相已水落石出。
〖點撥〗truth to tell you = to tell (you ) the truth說真的。這是個固定詞組，在句中作狀語。如：To tell you the truth , he stole books from the bookstore .
4. charge費用；價錢；索價
What are your charges for the room ? 住房費是多少 ？
The exhibition is open to the public without charge .
〖點撥〗charge sb + 錢 + for sth因……收費……。How much do you charge for …? ……多少錢 ？如：The hotel charged me 50 yuan for a room for the night .
How much do you charge for a haircut ?
5. determine決定；決心
We determine to buy a computer .
〖點撥〗be determined to do = make up one’s mind to do下決心干…… 。
6. permit許可；執(zhí)照；營業(yè)證；允許
You can’t enter the research center without a permit .
〖點撥〗permit sb to do允許某人干……。permit doing允許干……。如：
We don’t permit smoking here .
注意：permit常用在獨立主格結構中。如：Time permitting , we’ll have a meeting this evening . = If time permits , …
另外，注意permit的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式和過去分詞要雙寫詞尾：permitting , permitted 。
7. prison監(jiān)獄
She was sentenced to two years in prison . 她被判兩年徒刑。
〖點撥〗注意，當prison表示蹲監(jiān)獄時，其前不用冠詞。如：go to prison進監(jiān)獄。be in prison住監(jiān)獄。 break prison越獄。
〖誤〗She has gone to prison for five months .
〖對〗She has been in prison for five months .
She went to prison five months ago .
8. couple夫婦；一對
They are a newly married couple .
〖點撥〗couple (側重種類不同) ， 而 pair側重一套和配對性。the couple作主語時其后的謂語可以用單數(shù)，這時把它看成一個整體。另外，a couple of可以表示“幾個”。如：
The young couple seems / seem excited .
They keep / raise a couple of dogs . 他們養(yǎng)了幾只狗。
單元詞組思維運用
１. treat … as , consider … as , regard … as , look on / upon …as , take …as , think of…as 把……當作。如：
Ｓhe looked on him as her best friend .
2. How did you find …？＝ What do you think of … ?你認為……怎么樣��？／你是如何發(fā)現(xiàn)的��？
３. come back , be back , go back , get back回；歸
He’ll go back after dinner .
4. on one’s own獨自、靠自己。of one’s own屬于自己的。如：
Can you carry your luggage on your own ?
I’d like to have a room of my own .
5. be angry about / at sth對某事生氣。be angry with sb 。（be有時換作 get ）
6. this way這邊走；這般；如此
She always works (in) this way .
Will you please come this way ?
7. lay / set the table擺桌子（準備吃飯）
8. by accident＝ by chance 意外地；偶然地
9. on vacation度假
“度假”還可以用：on holiday , have a vacation , have a holiday , take a vacation / holiday , on leave 。
10. from side to side左右。side by side肩并肩。from all sides從四面八方。
11. in common共用；有共同之處
They have a lot in common .
Has a balloon anything in common with a plane ?
In common with many young people , he prefers popular music .
12. get in touch with和……聯(lián)系
They promised to get in touch again with each other when they both returned to the States .
注意：lose touch with和……失去聯(lián)系。keep in touch with和……保持聯(lián)系。keep in close touch with和……保持密切的聯(lián)系。
13. for oneself自己親自干……��；為自己
He opened the window to see for himself .
by oneself獨自地，of oneself自動地，in oneself本來；原來，to oneself專用。如：He has a room to himself .
14. or rather更確切地說
They knew , or rather thought that their father was on the same train .
We got home late last night , or rather , early this morning .
15. be up to sth在做某事；有能力做
What is he up to now ? = What is he busy in doing ?
He was not up to the work that had been given him .
注意：be up to sb由某人干……
It’s up to me to help you .
16. take time over sth花時間干……
Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee .
I usually take about half an hour over my breakfast .
How long are you going to take over the meeting ?
17. on one’s own獨自；靠自己的力量
Ｙou have to make a decision on your own .
18. have a telephone message from從……接到一個電話通知
19. be to do準備干……
Who is to speak at the meeting ?
20. book … for訂……
You have to book three seats for your journey .
21. put the charge on the bill把費用記在……的帳上
Please put the charge for electricity on my bill .
22. turn up出現(xiàn)；到場；露面；開大
She didn’t turn yesterday .
23. in public公開地；在大庭廣眾之下
注意在public前沒有冠詞。
24. in the rush hour在上下班高峰的時間
25. in the other direction在對面方向
注意：in the direction of朝……方向去。in the wrong direction , in the opposite direction , in all directions , in every direction 。
26. be determined to do決心干 ……
27. lay down放下
28. a danger to對……是危險的
Smoking is a danger to health .
29. be in time for及時地趕上
Do you think we can get there in time for the film ?
30. in surprise吃驚地
31. in silence默默地；沉默不語地
32. do the talking講講話
Last time we met I did most of the talking . 上次我們見面時，我說的最多。
33. take the lift (up) to乘電梯到……
Shall we take the lift up to the third floor ?
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1. Soon he got talking to another person who happened to be American too .
〖明晰〗get talking為 get + ing表示某種狀態(tài)的變化，表示一個新動作的開始。get在這里已經是連系動詞了。又如：
He warned his son not to get smoking .
She got caught by the police .
2. He had gone through six carriages when he found he could go no further .
She had gone through just a few carriages before she found herself at the front of the train .
〖明晰〗had + done … when / before sb + 過去式“剛……就；一當……便”。
We had stayed in the hotel for nearly an hour when / before word came that she had an accident .
另外，注意：had + done … when / before … 的倒裝結構是：Hardly had …… 。如：
Hardly had she seen the snake when she gave out a cry of fear .
3. She found herself at the front of the train .
〖明晰〗find的復合結構有：find + 賓語 ＋ 介詞短語（形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、不帶to的不定式）。如：
I found the story moving . （形容詞）
I found the snake moving from side to side . (現(xiàn)在分詞)
I found the snake move that day . (不定式)
4. By that time Tina and Max were beginning to feel less anxious .
〖明晰〗begin用于進行時有“慢慢、逐漸”之意。如：
We are glad you are beginning to see the importance of English .
5. I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude .
〖明晰〗for having been so angry是作狀語的，說明be angry的原因。having been是現(xiàn)在完成時，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。又如：
I don’t know remember having told you about it .
Jim was punished for having killed the dog .
She was sorry for having wasted so much time .
6. Now I joke and say to everyone that I dare tell my manager exactly what I think of him .
〖明晰〗這是一個復合句，that引導的賓語從句中又有what引出另一個作tell的賓語從句。另外，joke在本句是不及物動詞，joke with sb about sth因……和某人開玩笑。
【妙文賞析】
岐義引起的誤會
Three Feet
Dotty Aunt Muriel received a letter one morning and upon reading it burst into a flood of tears .
“What's the matter ?”asked her companion .
“Oh, dear ,”sobbed Auntie, “it's my favorite nephew, he's got three feet .”
“Three feet now ?”exclaimed her friend, “Surely that's not possible ?”
“Well, ”said Auntie, “his mother's just written to tell me he's grown another foot !”
三只腳
糊涂的穆麗爾嬸嬸一天早晨接到一封信，打開一看她不禁淚流滿面，痛器失聲。
“怎么回事？”她的同伴問。
“噢，天哪，”嬸嬸說，“我最喜歡的侄子長了三只腳！”
“三只腳？”她的朋友驚叫道。“這絕對不可能。”
“哎呀，”嬸嬸說，“她媽媽剛寫信告訴我他又長了一只腳！”
注：foot有“腳，英尺”的意思。這里he's grown another foot 是“他又長了一英尺”的意思。
Where to Stick the Stamp ?
A very grand lady made her very first visit to a post office ─- previously one of her servants had always gone for her . And in she went to purchase a postage stamp . Gazing at the small gummed piece of paper she said haughtily to the clerk, “Have I got to stick this on myself ?”
“No, lady, ”came the reply. “You stick it on the envelope !”
把郵票貼在哪兒？
一位貴夫人頭一次去郵局──在這以前是她的一個仆人替她干這些事。進去后她買了一張郵票，看著這小小帶背膠的小紙塊她傲慢地問郵務員：“我是否自己貼上這東西？”
“不，夫人，”郵務員回答說，“要貼在信封上�！�
注：“Have I got to stick this on myself ?”有兩個意思：1. “我得自己貼這東西嗎？”；2. “我得把這東西貼在自己身上嗎？”貴夫人指前者，郵務員指后者。
【思維體操】
One day , I went into the forest for an investigation ( 考察 ) with several African friends . On the way back , we saw a great group of ants get in our way . It was full two metres wide . The dark mass of ants gave out a loud rustling ( 沙沙的 ) sound as if a fine rain were falling . Some little animals , such as frogs , insects and so on , were eaten up on the way of the ants' moving . We also saw a big snake thick as an arm was tormented ( 折磨 ) to death by the ants .
I was about to rush across it when one of my African friends stopped me . He said , “This is that the ants are moving to another place . The ants of this kind are terrible . Once you are bitten by them , red spots ( 斑 ) will appear on your skin , which will make you itch ( 發(fā)癢 ) horribly . You also will have a high fever . ”I was afraid at his words . He said again , “We mustn't ask for trouble . ”So we had to wait for more than an hour . We didn't go on with our journey until they passed by .
1 . From the passage we can know the writer _______ .
A . is from Africa B . is from America
C . is a visitor D . is a scientist
2 . “a fine rain”here may mean _______ .
A . 好雨 B . 春雨 C . 細雨 D . 大雨
3 . One the way of the ants' moving , little animals ______ .
A . were all killed B . were all distroyed
C . were all driven away D . were all badly tormented
4 . Why was the writer stopped to rush across the group of the ants ? Because ________ by the ants .
A . he would be eaten up B . he would badly itch
C . he would be bitten D . he would be badly wounded
5 . Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?
A . Having An Investigation B . The Bad Ants In Africa
C . Ants Moving D . Ants Eating Little Animals
答案及簡析：1 . D。從作者和幾位非洲朋友去森林考察，可知作者不是非洲人，是從事考察的科學家。2 . C�？梢韵胂蟮剑挥性谙录氂陼r，雨滴打在物體上會發(fā)出沙沙的聲音。 3 . A。eat up 是“吃掉 ( 完 ) ”的意思，也意味著被殺光的意思。D項后沒有 to death , 只意味著“被折磨”，而沒有“死去”的意思。 4 . C。從故事的描述來看，人不可能被吃掉，只是被咬傷后引起其它的不適或病癥。 5 . C。一篇故事的題目須體現(xiàn)故事的主題。這篇故事的主線是作者看到螞蟻搬家時的情景，因此是故事的主題。
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
一、淺談句子的省略
英語句子就其結構而言，可分為完全句和省略句兩種形式。無論在口語中還是在書面語中，在不妨礙理解，不影響句子意義完整的條件下，可以省略一些結構詞（即連詞等），使句子簡煉，結構緊湊，從而收到一定的修辭效果。
1 . 省略主語。
(I) Beg your pardon .
(You) Come to the front and act out the dialogue .
(It) Doesn't matter .
2. 省略謂語或謂語的一部分。
(Is) Anything the matter?
I helped Tom more than John(did) .
John came in September but Bob(came) in October .
3. 省略賓語
“Do you know his girlfriend?”“No, I don't know (his girlfriend)”
Mary washed(the shirts), Jane ironed ( the shirts) , and Alice folded the shirts .
4. 省略主語和謂語（或謂語一部分）
只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其它成份。注：在時間、條件、讓步和原因等狀語從句中，如果主句主語和從句的主語相同，或者是it，從句中謂語動詞又含有be的某一種形式時，這種主謂語省略更為常見。如：
Coral is not a plant but(it it\s) a variety of animal life .
“Do you like this TV play?”“Yes, (I like it) very much . ”
(It's a) Pity you couldn't come .
Unless(it is) necessary, we mustn't speak Chinese at the English evening .
5. 省略不定式中的動詞，只保留不定式符號to。
“Will you come to dine with me?”“
“I'd like/love to (come to dine with you) . ”
注：單獨使用動詞不定式符號to，來代替整個動詞不定式，主要是以下一些動詞，expect, prefer, come mean, forget, want, wish, hope, try等。
6. 句子省略，只保留一個wh-疑問句。
He will come back, but I don't know when (he will come back) .
Before he could ask why (she wanted to stop), the woman was out of the car .
7. 關系代詞省略
a)在限定性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞常常被省略。 如：
This is the book (that/which) I read last week .
b)that引導的定語從句修飾day, time, way, distance, manner等表示時間、距離、方式、頻度等意義的先行詞時常被省略。如：
I arrived here the day(that) he left .
the way(that) people do things
8. 在以what, how開頭的感嘆句中，常省略句子的主語it和系動詞be。如：
What a wonderful victory(it is) for me?
How funny (it is) to skate in winter!
9. 在獨立主格結構中的being和having being可以省略。
The meeting (being) over, we all went home .
All the tickets(having being) sold out, we had to go again the next day .
10. 在一問一答的對話中，答話常用省略句。如：
“How long have you lived here?”“(I've lived here for) Five years . ”
“Where does your brother study?”“(He studies at) No . 4 Middle School . ”
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
一、翻譯下列各句，注意利用本單元的知識要點
二、英譯漢正誤辨析十五例
1 . I haven ' t heard from her since she lived in Shanghai .
【誤】自從她住在上海以來，我就沒有收到她的信了。
【正】自從她離開上海以來，我就沒有收到她的信了。
【析】在 since 引導的時間狀語從句中，不管用的是瞬間動詞或延續(xù)性動詞，都是表示動作或狀態(tài)的完成或結束。
2 . The film is not interesting and instructive .
【誤】這部電影沒有趣但有教育意義。
【正】這部電影有趣但沒有教育意義。
【析】not . . . and . . . 連接兩個對等成分表示部分否定，實際上是一種否定轉移現(xiàn)象，常譯成“……但不……”。這時 not 實際上是否定后面的部分，肯定 and 前面的部分。
3 . I ' m used to living in the countryside .
【誤】我常常住在農村。
【正】我習慣住在農村。
【析】“be used to + 名詞或動名詞”，習慣于……，“used to + 動詞原形”，過去常常……。如：I used to live in the countryside when I was small . 我小時候，常常住在鄉(xiāng)下。
4 . The ship is in repair .
【誤】船正在修理。
【正】船完好無損。
【析】船正在修理�？烧f The ship is under repair .
5 . All of them cannot swim .
【誤】他們都不會游泳。
【正】他們并不都會游泳。
【析】all , every , both 等與 not 連用，是“部分否定”，如：I don ' t like both ofthe novels . 這兩本小說我并不都喜歡。Every one cannot make music . 不是每一個人都懂
音樂的�！叭糠穸ā币� no , none 等詞，如：“他們都不會游泳”可說：None of them can swim .
6 . I have passed over this article .
【誤】我已看過這篇文章。
【正】我已忽略這篇文章了。
【析】pass over 是“忽略”，“不注意”�！翱催^”可說 run over , look through等。
7 . The doctor is presently writing a book .
【誤】大夫不久要寫一本書。
【正】大夫現(xiàn)在在寫書。
【析】presently 放在句首或句末，作“不久、很快”解，放在句中作“現(xiàn)在、目前”解。
8 . He was only too goad to help you .
【誤】他只是太高興了，不愿幫助你。
【正】他非常高興幫助你。
【析】too… to …是“太……不能……”之意，但 only too = very，
所以，“only too … to”不是否定語氣，而是加強了肯定語氣。
9 . He never talks at table .
【誤】他從來不在桌子旁邊講話。
【正】他吃飯時從來不講話。
【析】at table = having a meal 或 during a meal , 作“進餐”解。在“桌子旁邊”應是 at the table。
10 . There are many cookers in the kitchen .
【誤】廚房里有許多炊事員。
【正】廚房里有許多炊具。
【析】cooker 是“炊具”，cook 是“炊事員”。
11 . I don ' t care if I go there .
【誤】我不愿意去那里。
【正】我愿去那里。
【析】care 后接從句作“介意，計較”解。后跟不定式作“喜歡”解。“我不愿去那里”，要說 I don ' t care to go there .
12 . He is a most learned man .
【誤】他是一個最有學問的人。
【正】他是一個很有學問的人。
【析】“a most … ”用來加強語氣，作“非常、極其”解。有時 most 前不加
不定冠詞。如：He is most polite to me . 他對我很有禮貌。
13 . Not a few of us failed in the exam .
【誤】這次考試我們中沒有幾個不及格。
【正】這次考試我們中相當多人不及格。
【析】not a few = quite a few 作“不少，相當多”解。
14 . She seemed to be not a little afraid .
【誤】她似乎一點也不。
【正】她似乎非常害怕。
【析】not a little 相當于 much，作“許多，很”解。
15 . There is no question of our leaving on such a rainy day .
【誤】這樣的下雨天我們動身是沒有問題的。
【正】這樣的下雨天我們才不會動身呢。
【析】“There ' s no question of ( one ' s ) doing = There ' s no possibility of … ”，意思是“……是不可能的”或“不必……”之意。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
請同學們用所提示的詞語翻譯下列各句，注意使用本單元關鍵的語言點：
1、他被關押已經5年了。(prison)
2、母親允許我入團。(permit)
3、他醫(yī)治病人分文不取。（charge）
4、多次缺課后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難聽懂老師所講的內容。（absence）
5、他決定要向她求婚（propose to）已經很久了。（determine）
（請同學們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案：1. He has been in prison for five years . / He went to prison five years ago . / It’s five years since he went to prison . / Five years has passed since he went to prison . 2. Mother permitted / allowed me to join the League . / I joined the League with the permission of Mother . / I joined the League with Mother’s permission . 3. He doctored the sick without charge . / He served his patients free of charge . 4. After many absences from school , he found it difficult for him to catch / follow what the teacher said . 5. For a long time he was determined to propose to her .