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      2. 高考考前輔導(dǎo)從句講解(定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句) 學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)(人教版英語高三)

        發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-8-12 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

        定語從句

        一。I 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

         關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

        1)who, whom, that

          這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。例如:

        Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

        He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

        2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。例如:

         They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

        Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。

        3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如:

          A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

        農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)

         The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。

        (which / that在句中作賓語)

        II. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

          關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

        1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。

          There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

          Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

          Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

        2)that代替關(guān)系副詞,可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如:

          His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

          He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

        III.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

          方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:

          This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。

          I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。

          判斷改錯(cuò):

          (錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

          (錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

          (對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

          (對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

        習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

          方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

        例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

        例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that  C. on which D. the one

        答案:例1 D,例2 A

        例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

        例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

          在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。

          而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對(duì),所以選A。

          關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語,when 時(shí)間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。

        IV. 限制性和非限制性定語從句

        1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。例如:

           This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)

           The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)

        2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:

        Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。

        My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。

          This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。

        3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:

        He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。

        Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。

        V. 介詞+關(guān)系詞

        1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

        2)that前不能有介詞。

        3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。

          This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。

          This is the house where I lived two years ago.

         Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?

          Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

        二。定語從句應(yīng)注意問題

        I。that, which區(qū)別

        關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況。

        1. 先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much等不定代詞時(shí)。先行詞被all, each, few, much, every, no, some, any等不定代詞修飾時(shí)。如: There is little that I can use. 幾乎沒有什么我能用的了。

        All the books that you need are here. 你所需要的書都在這兒。

        2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如:

        This is the first composition that he has written in English.這是他用英語寫的第一篇作文。

        4.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如:

        He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他談到了他曾拜訪過的老師和學(xué)校。

        5.主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時(shí)。如:

        Who is the man that is speaking over there? 在那里說話的人是誰?

        6.先行詞被the only,the very, the last等修飾時(shí)。如:

        This is the very gun that I am looking for. 這正是我在找的槍。

        7. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)。如:

        He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago.他已不是三十年前的那個(gè)年輕人了。

        關(guān)系代詞which

        (1)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)(不能放句首)

        He can speak English fluently,which impressed me most.他的英語講得很流利,給我留下了深刻印象。

        (2) 介詞后

        This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.這就是我居住了兩年的房子。

        (3)在非限制性定語從句中,即可指一個(gè)詞,也可指整個(gè)句子。

        She married again, which was unexpected.

        I lost my watch, which is not found yet.

        II。which, as 區(qū)別

        as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn):

         (1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。

          As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

        (2)the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。

           I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

        III。介詞+關(guān)系代詞

        介詞+whom(人)主,謂結(jié)構(gòu)

        介詞+which(物)主,謂結(jié)構(gòu)

        (介詞)+whose+名詞+主,謂結(jié)構(gòu)=and+介詞+形容詞形物主代詞+名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

        (介詞)+which+名詞+主,謂結(jié)構(gòu)=and+介詞+this或that +名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

        He is the person to whom you can turn for help.

        The pencil with which he was writing broke.

        He is the man from whose house (=and from his house) the picture were stolen.

        We traveled together to Paris, at which place(=and at this place) we parted company.

        IV.分隔式定語從句

        有些定語從句和現(xiàn)行詞之間插入一個(gè)詞組,短語或別的成分,叫做分隔式定語從句

        He arrived Hangzhou in 1984, where he became manager 2 years later.

        名詞性從句

        主語從句:應(yīng)注意問題

        1. 主語從句的語序

        主語從句要求使用陳述句語序,而非一般疑問句語序。如:

        What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.

        How he was successful is still a puzzle.

        2. 連接詞的選用

        (1)that和what的選用

        that和what都可引導(dǎo)主語從句。what除起連接作用外,還在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)某些成分,可作從句的主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,無詞義,只起連接詞作用。

        What he wants is a book. That light travels in straight lines is known to all.

        (2)if和whether的選用

        引導(dǎo)主語從句,不能用if,只能用whether。如:

        Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.

        (3)其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

        根據(jù)主語從句的具體意義,正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞,這些連接詞既有疑問含義,又起連接作用,同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)各種成分。如:

        When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.

        (4)whatever / whoever的功用

        whatever, whoever在主語從句中不含疑問意義。它引導(dǎo)主語從句,并在從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的區(qū)別

        Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (主語從句)(=Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. )

        Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. (讓步狀語從句)(=No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. )

        3. it構(gòu)成的主語從句

        (1)由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,在大多數(shù)情況下會(huì)放到句子的后面,而用代詞it作形式主語。

        It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.

        需要注意的是,it作形式主語代替主語從句時(shí),要注意和as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別。試比較:

        It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. (主語從句,有that,無逗號(hào))

        As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.

        (定語從句,無that,有逗號(hào))

        (2)常見用it作形式主語的復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)

        It is a fact (a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…)that…如:

        It”s a pity that you missed the film.

        你沒有看那部電影真是太遺憾了。

        It is necessary (clear / true / strange/ important / possible…)that…

        需要注意的是,這類主語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞很多為“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”,即要用虛擬語氣。

        It is necessary that you (should)master the computer.

        It is important that a student learn English well.

        It is reported (well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…)that…如:

        It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 據(jù)說他在地震中喪生了。

        It seems (happened / appears / doesn”t matter / makes no difference / …)that …

        It seems that they will win the game.

        看起來他們好像會(huì)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽。

        It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.

        他是否會(huì)參加會(huì)議都無關(guān)緊要。

        4。主語從句連接詞that不能省略 That he didn’t like her was obvious.

        表語從句 

        定義:

        A 表語從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語。

        The problem   is    puzzling.

          主語    連系動(dòng)詞  形容詞作表語

        The problem   is    when we can get a pay rise.

         主語    連系動(dòng)詞   一個(gè)句子作表語---表語從句

        B 連接表語從句的連接詞有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why,

          whether,how.

        He has become a teacher.=He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.

        She has remained there for an hour.=She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.

        His suggestion is good.=His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

        The question is confusing.=The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

                 who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

                  why he cried yesterday.

                  how I can persuade her to join us in the party.

                  whether the enemy is marching towards us.

        二 注意:

        A 表語從句一定要用陳述語序。

        False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

        Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

        B 不可以用if,而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外)。

        False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

        Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

        Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.

        C 不像賓語從句,在有表語從句的復(fù)合句中,主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。

        Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

        Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

        D that在表語從句中不可以省掉。

        賓語從句 應(yīng)注意問題

        1. 引導(dǎo)詞that的取舍

        that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),特別是在口語中 that常可省略。但在下列情況下,引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that一般不省略。

        1)當(dāng)由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的that引導(dǎo)的從句作同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語時(shí),第二個(gè)以及以后從句中的that不宜省略。如:

        He said(that)he couldn't tell you right away and that you wouldn't understand.

        2)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think, make,feel,consider等后用it作形式賓語來代替that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)。

        We think it necessary that we should practise spoken English every day.

        3)當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的狀語緊接that時(shí)。如:

        He said that even if it rained,he would be able to come.

        2.引導(dǎo)詞whether和if的選用

        二者引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),一般可換用。但在下列情況下,通常只能用whether而不能用if。

        1)在引導(dǎo)詞后緊接or not時(shí)。如:

        We didn't know whether or not she was ready.比較We didn't know whether/if she was ready or not.)

        2)當(dāng)用if易引起歧義時(shí)。如:

        Please let me know whether you like it.(若該句用if,也可理解為:如果你喜歡它,請(qǐng)告訴我。)

        3. 從句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的選擇

        一般地說,當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞使用的是過去的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),后面賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制,用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。但若賓語從句所表示的是客觀真理(規(guī)律)或人和物的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性以及階段性的動(dòng)作或事實(shí)時(shí),則從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制。這種情況下從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

        When I was a boy,my teacher told me that the earth is round.

        He told me he goes to the park every day.

        4.從句中使用虛擬語氣的場(chǎng)合

        1)在表示建議(suggest),要求(demand,insist)和命令(order)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”的形式來表示虛擬語氣。如:

        I suggest that we(should)have a rest now.

        2)表示愿望的wish后的賓語從句中須用虛擬語氣。如:

        I wish I could fly.(用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望)

        I wish I had known it before.(用過去完成式表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望)

        I wish you would stay a little longer.(用would或would +動(dòng)詞原形來表示將來的愿望)

        5. 含賓語從句的疑難句型

        1)I/We don't think +賓語從句

        這是一個(gè)常見的否定轉(zhuǎn)移句型。使用時(shí)常把賓語從句中的否定詞not移至主句中,即主句謂語用否定式而從句謂語則用肯定式。該結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為“我(我們)認(rèn)為……不……”。如:

        We don't think there is anything of interest in your pictures. 2)疑問詞(what,how,who等)+do you think +其它句子成分

        這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜特殊疑問句。它由一個(gè)一般疑問句(do you think)和一個(gè)特殊疑問句(疑問詞+其它句子成分)合并而成。如:

        When do you think he will be back?你認(rèn)為他會(huì)什么時(shí)候回來呢?

        注:常用于上面兩結(jié)構(gòu)的主句動(dòng)詞除think外,還有believe,suppose,imagine等。

        同位語從句

        英語中有一些名詞如fact, idea, news, word, hope, promise, suggestion, reply, problem, belief, doubt, truth, order, thought等,它們本身有一定的意義,但表達(dá)得不夠具體。為了使其表達(dá)的意義更加具體明確,其后常跟有一個(gè)從句,用來補(bǔ)充說明該名詞的內(nèi)容,這個(gè)從句就叫做同位語從句。

        The news that our team had won the match spread the whole country.

        有時(shí)如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞較短,為保持句子平衡,避免頭重腳輕,同位語從句也常與要說明的分詞分開。

        Word came that he died yesterday.

        一、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

        1. 表示陳述意義時(shí)通常用that。注意that不能省略。例如:

        The fact that he didn”t pass the college entrance examination disappointed his parents.

        The king made a promise that he would make anyone rich if one could cure his illness.

        2. 當(dāng)名詞doubt用在否定句中時(shí),其后的同位語從句應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo);而用在肯定句或疑問句中時(shí)則可以用其他詞來引導(dǎo)。

        I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.

        Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.

        3. 表示“是否”的意思時(shí)只能用whether,不能用if。這一點(diǎn)與主語從句相似。例如:

        The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.

        4. 表示疑問時(shí)也可用其他引導(dǎo)詞。例如:

        This student asked a good question why pollution can”t be stopped.

        二、同位語從句與其他從句的比較。

        1. 同謂語從句與主語從句和賓語從句的比較。

        兩者作用不同,主語從句和賓語從句都是從句在主句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)主語和賓語;而同位語從句是一個(gè)跟在某一名詞后并具體說明該名詞內(nèi)容的從句。例如:

        (1)That the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.

        (2)Everybody is excited to hear that the pop singer will come to this city.

        (3)The news that the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.

        以上三個(gè)句子中(1)(2)兩句分別在主句中充當(dāng)主語和賓語。(1)句劃線部分為主語從句,(2)句為賓語從句,而(3)句中劃線部分則是具體說明名詞news內(nèi)容,故為同位語從句。另外還須注意的是,that引導(dǎo)主語從句、同位語從句時(shí)不能省,而引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)通?梢允÷。

        2. 同位語從句與定語從句的比較。

        (1)詞類不同

        同位語從句的名詞只能是前面提到的幾個(gè)有限的、有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞;而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句。

        (2)性質(zhì)不同

        定語從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語從句是從句對(duì)其前名詞的解釋,該名詞與同位語從句的關(guān)系可以用“主系表”來表達(dá)。例如:

        We have all heard the news that our team has won.

        名詞與其后的同位語從句可以表達(dá)為:

        The news is that our team has won.

        (3)引導(dǎo)詞不完全相同。

        有些引導(dǎo)詞如:how, whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。what不可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,但卻可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例如:

        I have no idea what has happened to him.

        引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),在從句中一般作主語或賓語,(指物時(shí)還可用which代替),如果在從句中作賓語?梢允÷。that在同位語從句中雖不充當(dāng)任何句子成份,但不能省略,也不能用which來代替。例如:

        <1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.

        <2>The order (that)we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.

        通過比較可知:第<1>句中的劃線部分是對(duì)名詞order的具體解釋,that只起到連接作用,但不能;第<2>句中的劃線部分是名詞order的修飾語,that代指the order,在從句中充當(dāng)賓語,因而在句中可以省略。

        狀語從句

        Adverbial Clauses

        狀語從句是副詞性從句,它在句子中擔(dān)任狀語,修飾主句的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。根據(jù)修飾的方面,狀語從句可以分為以下九種。

        1、時(shí)間狀語從句

        2、地點(diǎn)狀語從句

        3、原因狀語從句

        4、目的狀語從句

        5、結(jié)果狀語從句

        6、條件狀語從句

        7、方式狀語從句

        8、 讓步狀語從句

        9、 比較狀語從句

        1、時(shí)間狀語從句

        種類 從屬連詞 例 句 說 明

        時(shí) when

        whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.

        當(dāng)我進(jìn)屋時(shí),他正在寫信。

        We shall go there whenever we are free.

        我們什么時(shí)間有空,我們就去那里。

        when指的是“某一具體的時(shí)間”。

        whenever指的是“在任何一個(gè)不具體的時(shí)間”。

        狀 when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.

        我正在街上走著,這時(shí)忽然有人從后面拍我的肩膀。 when意為“這時(shí)”或“在那個(gè)時(shí)候”,可以看作是并列句,這種用法的when分句一般位于句末。

        while While it was raining, they went out.

        天下雨的時(shí)候,他們出去了。

        I stayed while he was away.

        他不在的時(shí)候我在。 while指“在某一段時(shí)間里”,“在…期間”,while引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的。

        as He hurried home, looking behind as he went.

        他趕快回家,不時(shí)地一邊走一邊向后看。 as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

        句 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.

        先做學(xué)生,再做先生。 before譯為在…之前

        after He arrived after the game started.

        比賽開始后,他到了。

        till We waited till (until)he came back .

        我們一直等到他回來。 如主句動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,常用肯定式,表示“直到…為止”

        種類 從屬連句 例 句 說 明

        時(shí) until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .

        她到11點(diǎn)鐘才停止工作。

        Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.

        她站在那里看著,直到看不見他的身影。 如主句動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞,常用否定式,表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào),一般用until

        since

        as soon as

        Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.

        自從1978年以來中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

        As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就給你寫信。 狀語從句在主句之前時(shí)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開,如從句在主句之后則不必用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。

        句 hardly…when

        no sooner…than

        I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

        我剛一到家,就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

        No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.

        我們剛到車站,火車就走了。

        Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.

        我們剛開始就被叫停。 hardly…when和no sooner…than的意義相當(dāng)于as soon as,但只表示過去發(fā)生的事情,主句為過去完成時(shí),從句為過去時(shí),如hardly或no sooner位于句首時(shí)語氣強(qiáng),而且主句的謂語要用部分倒裝。

        every time, by the time, the moment

        等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.

        我每次乘船都暈船。

        The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.

        我一聽到這首歌,就感到很愉快。

        Next time you come ,you’ll see him.

        下次你來的時(shí)候,就會(huì)見到他。 在時(shí)間狀語從句中,不能用將來時(shí)或過去將來時(shí),而要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過去時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。

        點(diǎn)

        句 where

        wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.

        有志者,事竟成。

        Where there is water there is life.

        哪里有水,哪里就有生命。

        You are free to go wherever you like.

        你可以隨意到你喜歡的任何地方去。

        Wherever you go, you must obey the law.

        無論你去哪都要遵守法律。 where與wherever意義基本相同,但后者語氣較強(qiáng),多用于書面語。

        狀 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.

        昨天我回來晚了,因?yàn)槲抑蛋唷?because用來回答why 的問題,語氣最強(qiáng)一般放在主句之后

        句 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.

        既然大家都到了,我們開始開會(huì)。 since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首

        種類 從屬連句 例 句 說 明

        因 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .

        由于他英語懂得不多,他在字典中查閱這個(gè)單詞。 從句常放在句首,說明原因,主句說明結(jié)果,常用于口語中。

        句 now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.

        鑒于天氣已經(jīng)晴朗,我們可以啟程了。

        Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.

        鑒于他病情嚴(yán)重,我們派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生去了。 seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意義相似,他們都有“鑒于某個(gè)事實(shí)”的意思,that可以省去。

        句 that

        so that

        in order that

        lest = for fear that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.

        我要把你的電話號(hào)碼記下來,以免忘記。

        We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.

        我把真實(shí)情況告訴你,使你能自己作出判斷。

        They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .

        他們比往常更加努力工作,為了能提前完成工作。

        Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.

        多穿點(diǎn)衣服,以免患感冒。 目的狀語從句中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在動(dòng)詞之前,從句往往放在主句之后,主從句之間不用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

        結(jié)

        狀 so that

        so…that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.

        我們把收音機(jī)的音量放大,大家都聽到了新聞。

        He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.

        他十分激動(dòng),以致一句話都說不出來。 so that前有逗號(hào)為結(jié)果狀語從句。

        so…that的so后面跟形容詞或副詞。

        句 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他說出了這么重要的理由,得到大家的諒解。

        It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.

        It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.

        這是一本十分有意思的書,大家都想看。 such…that的such后面跟名詞,如果名詞是單數(shù)就要用such a /an…that還可以轉(zhuǎn)換用so…that,語氣較強(qiáng)

        種類 從屬連句 例 句 說 明

        句 if

        unless

        as/so long as

        in case

        so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.

        如果我們不怕困難,困難就算不了什么了。

        We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.

        除非下雨,我們明天就去那里。

        = We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.

        So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.

        只要你努力工作,你就一定能成功。

        In case I forget, please remind me about it .

        萬一我忘了,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐乙幌隆?/b>

        So far as I know, the book will be published next month.

        據(jù)我所知,那本書下月出版。

        unless從句的謂語只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同義,unless是書面語,if…not是口語,通常二者可以換用。

        條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過去時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)或過去將來時(shí)。

        句 as

        as if…

        as though Draw a cat as I taught you .

        按照我教你的畫一只貓。

        Do as you are told.

        按照人家告訴你做的去做。

        She looks as if she is ill.

        看上去她好象是生病了。

        He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.

        他的行動(dòng)就好象什么也沒有發(fā)生。

        They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.

        他們對(duì)待這黑孩子仿佛他是一頭牲口。 此處as譯為,按照或正如

        as if或as though的意義和用法基本一樣。從句中可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示可能符合事實(shí),也可以用虛擬語氣。

        語 though

        although Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.

        雖然他六十多歲了,但仍開始學(xué)習(xí)法語 。

        We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.

        雖然我們干了一天活,但并不累。 在句子中一般用了“雖然”就不能再用“但是”(but)但可以與yet或still連用。though / although意義相同,用法基本一樣,前者通俗,口語化,后者正式多放主句的前面。

        句 even if

        even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.

        即使明天下雨,我也要去。 even if 和even though的意思為“即使”“縱使”有退一步設(shè)想的意味,多用于書面語中。

        種類 從屬連詞 例 句 說 明

        as Child as he is , he knows a lot .

        雖然他是一個(gè)孩子,但他懂得很多。

        Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.

        雖然天氣冷,但孩子們?nèi)栽趹敉馔妗?as引出的狀語從句多用于書面語,它比用

        though或although引導(dǎo)的從句,語氣強(qiáng),更有表現(xiàn)力,從句常放在句首,語序部分倒裝。

        no matter (who, what when, where which, how…) Do it no matter what others say.

        不管別人怎么說,盡管干。

        No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.

        不管他多忙,他都每天堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)英語。

        No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.

        不管誰為我處理這件事,我都將非常感激。 no matter……與 who-ever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句意義基本一 樣,no matter……引導(dǎo)的從句可是以位于主句前或主句后。

        句 wh-ever (whatever whoever whenever whichever however) Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.

        無論發(fā)生什么,我們都不要失去信心。

        Whoever comes, he will be welcome.

        無論誰來,都會(huì)受到歡迎。 wh-ever從句中的動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可以和may連用。判斷wh-ever引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句還是名詞性從句的一點(diǎn)是,名詞性從句,主句中一定有一個(gè)成分要在從句擔(dān)任,一般從句與主句之間沒有逗號(hào)。

        不可將no matter與wh-ever連用

        語 as…as

        not so/as

        …as

        the same

        …as

        such…as Mary is as old as my sister.

        瑪利和我姐姐一樣大。

        He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).

        他不如杰克跑得那樣快。

        His book is the same as mine.

        他的書和我的一樣。

        Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .

        享利這個(gè)工人不如彼得那樣好。 連詞表示同程度級(jí)的比較,肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as

        句 than She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.

        她今年比去年進(jìn)步更大。

        He bought fewer books than I (did).

        他買的書比我買的少。 表示不同程度之比較,主句中用比較級(jí)的形容詞或副詞。

        種類 從屬連句 例 句 說 明

        句 the more

        …the more The more you read, the better you understand.

        你看的書越多,你懂得的就越多。

        The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.

        你賣的票越多,你的收入也越多。

        The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

        你工作越努力,你取得的進(jìn)步就越大。

        The sooner, the better.

        越快越好。

        The warmer, the better.

        越暖和越好。 the more…the more 意思為越…越…,通常的語序?yàn)閺木湓谇爸骶湓诤螅@兩個(gè)the都是表示程度的副詞,用在比較級(jí)的形容詞或副詞前面。

        句子意思明顯,句子的主語和動(dòng)詞都可省略。

        句 that We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .

        我們相信四化一定會(huì)在中國實(shí)現(xiàn)。

        I’m sorry (that) I didn’t have time to write you sooner.

        很抱歉,我沒有抽出時(shí)間早點(diǎn)給你寫信。

        I am afraid that I can’t go with you.

        恐怕我不能同你一起去了。 that 引導(dǎo)的從句,往往跟在一個(gè)做表語的形容詞后面,從句概念上看是賓語,所以有的語法家把它看做是賓語從句,但結(jié)構(gòu)上看,也可以把它看作是一個(gè)特殊的狀語從句,用來修飾表語的形容詞。這種從句的連詞常常被省略。

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