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      2. 捷進英語語法項目高考復習專題融合串講學案 (人教版英語高三)

        發(fā)布時間:2016-8-19 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機版

        04

        模塊四 簡單句 并列句 復合句 省略句

        崔玲玲

        ☆基礎(chǔ)知識自助餐互學釋疑,舉一反三!☆

        考點聚焦 【基本規(guī)則、功能與用法】

        一.簡單句

        簡單句的定義:簡單句就是由一個分句構(gòu)成的句子。在簡單句中,分句和句子合二為一,從而結(jié)構(gòu)合一,分句的成分就是句子的成分。陳述句、疑問句和感嘆句都可以在簡單句中使用。如:

        (1)In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States .你在來信中問到美國不同地區(qū)的時間問題。(陳述句)

        (2)Is American country music about modern life ?美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂寫的是現(xiàn)代生活嗎?(疑問句)

        (3)Wash your hands with soap at the end of your experiment . 在做完實驗后要用肥皂洗干凈你的雙手。(祈使句)

        (4)What a difficult case I must have been to this young teacher ! 對這位年輕教師來說,我是一個多么難教的學生。。ǜ袊@句)

        簡單句的結(jié)構(gòu)

        簡單句包含一個分句,也就是一個“主語+謂語”(基本成分)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

        (1)It is a very slow task . 它是一項費時的工作。

        (2)Flies and mosquitoes are very dangerous insects。 蒼蠅和蚊子是害蟲。(主語并列)

        (3)He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer . 他在業(yè)余時間學法律,還當了律師。(謂語并列)

        (4)The north has warm , dry winters and hot , wet summers . 北方有溫暖、干燥的冬天和炎熱、潮濕的夏天。(賓語并列)

        二.并列句

        并列句(compound sentence)就是由兩個或兩個以上的分句構(gòu)成、且各個分句地位相等的句子。如:

        (1)I have a problem and I’m writing to ask you for advice . 我有一個問題,所以寫信來征求你的意見。

        (2)We couldn’t find it ;it was lost . 我們沒能找到它;它丟了。

        (3)Then she looked at the judges , one of them nodded and she began . 然后她望著裁判,其中一個點點頭,接著她開始了。(三個分句)

        并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)

        (1)陳述分句與陳述分句并列。如:

        The woman belongs in the home , and the man must go out into the business world . 男主外,女主內(nèi)。

        (2)疑問分句與疑問分句并列。如:

        Who are good listeners to you ,and what do they do well ?哪些人是你的善聽者,他們什么做得好?

        (3)祈使分句與祈使分句并列。如:

        Pass judgement on me and give him what he wants . 對我宣判吧,給他想要的東西。

        (4)感嘆分句與感嘆分句并列。如:

        You’re alive ! And she’s dead ! 你還活著!而她卻死了!

        (5)不同種類分句的并列。如

        Please let me stay in the company ; I enjoy working here . 請讓我留在公司吧,我很喜歡在這里工作。(祈使分句與陳述分句并列)。

        并列句的連接方法

        在并列句中,各個分句都是獨立分句。把各個分句連接在一起有三種方法。

        ①用并列連詞連接,并列連詞有and , but , or , nor ,關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞有not only…but also . 如

        (1)Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm . 眼下正是暑假期間,我?guī)桶职衷谵r(nóng)場干活。

        (2)Right now they were going to Bonn with the tickets and passports , and their Dad was going on his own to Frankfort . 就在這時,他們正帶著車票和護照去波恩,而他們的爸爸卻自己往法蘭克福去了。

        (3)Many people were killed in their cars , but a few lucky ones were not hurt . 很多人被撞死在自己的汽車里,但也有少數(shù)幸運的人沒有受傷。

        (4)The two concerts cost 4 million dollars , but 7 million dollars were collected from ticket sales and a further 7 million dollars came from radio and TV companies . 兩場音樂會耗資400萬美元,但是僅門票收入就籌集到700萬美元,此外,從電臺和電視臺還籌到了700萬美元。

        并列連詞or前可用也可不用逗號。如:

        (5)Do you come to school alone , or do you come with a friend ? 你是獨自來學校,還是與朋友一道來?

        用關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞not only … but also 連接分句時通常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

        (6)Not only do disabled people read , write , draw pictures and cook , but they also study , go to university , take exams and have jobs . 殘疾人不僅能讀書、寫字、繪畫和烹調(diào),而且還能學習、上大學、參加考試和工作。

        ②用連接副詞連?或兩個以上的分句構(gòu)成,而且其他分句從屬于一個主要分句的句子。如:

        (1)People read advertisements partly for information and partly because they are interesting . 人們讀廣告,部分是為了獲取信息,部分是因為它們有趣。

        (2)Many of the forests where they lived were destroyed . 許多它們棲息的森林被破壞了。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是where)

        使用了關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后,分句的性質(zhì)就發(fā)生%2述分句K都要遵守規(guī)矩;誰要是破壞了規(guī)矩,誰就要受到懲罰。

        有時用冒號,表結(jié)果。如:

        (9)In old stories , the squirrel was usually described as a good animal:it saved something for the future . 在古老的故事里,松鼠通常被描寫成好動物,它儲存東西供將來用。

        三.復合句

        復合句(complex sentence)就是由兩個或兩個以上的分句構(gòu)成,而且其他分句從屬于一個主要分句的句子。如:

        (1)People read advertisements partly for information and partly because they are interesting . 人們讀廣告,部分是為了獲取信息,部分是因為它們有趣。

        (2)Many of the forests where they lived were destroyed . 許多它們棲息的森林被破壞了。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是where)

        使用了關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后,分句的性質(zhì)就發(fā)生了變化。由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導的分句已經(jīng)不能單獨構(gòu)成句子,所以叫做非獨立分句。沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞的分句仍舊可以單獨構(gòu)成句子,所以叫做獨立分句。

        復合句的結(jié)構(gòu)

        簡單句是由一個獨立分句構(gòu)成,并列句由兩個或兩個以上的獨立分句構(gòu)成,復合句則由一個獨立%o you think why the boy had a weak smile on his face)

        從句的種類

        ①主語從句。如:

        (1)How much income we can expect this year is not yet known .我們今年能有多少收入還不知道。

        ②表語從句。如

        (2)The answer is that he is one of the top three physics experts in hisparticular field . 答案是在他的特殊領(lǐng)域里,他是三位頂尖的物理學家之一。

        ③賓語從句。如:

        (3)Seientists explain that the outside of the earth is made of a numberof different plates . %B全句為陳述句;主句為疑問分句,全句為疑問句,等等。有一種復合句結(jié)構(gòu)較特殊:主句為疑問分句,從句為帶疑問詞的疑問分句,這時疑問詞要置于全句之首。如?br>(2)Why do you think the boy had a weak smile on his face ?你認為這個男孩為什么臉上露出淡淡一笑?(等于do you think why the boy had a weak smile on his face)

        從句的種類

        ①主語從句。如:

        (1)How much income we can expect this year is not yet known .我們今年能有多少收入還不知道。

        ②表語從句。如

        (2)The answer is that he is one of the top three physics experts in hisparticular field . 答案是在他的特殊領(lǐng)域里,他是三位頂尖的物理學家之一。

        ③賓語從句。如:

        (3)Seientists explain that the outside of the earth is made of a numberof different plates . 科學家解釋說,地球的表層是由許多不同的板塊構(gòu)成的。

        ④同位語從句。如:

        ⑤定語從句。如:

        (4)The kiwi which is New Zealand’s national bird , is one of these types of flightless birds . 駝是新西蘭的國鳥,它就是這些不能飛行的鳥類之一。

        ⑥狀語從句。如:

        (5)Listen and be quiet while others are talking !在別人說話時要聽著,不要做聲!

        復合句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

        引導從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞可分為七類。

        ①從屬連詞,有although , because , if , since , that , until , when , so that , as if , as … as 等,詳見連詞部分。如:

        (1)Although he had a disease of the brain which was getting worse , he decided to continue with his research and his writing . 盡管他患了一種日益嚴重的腦病,他決定繼續(xù)他的研究和寫作。

        ②疑問代詞,有who , whom , whose , which , what . 如:

        (2)Did he say what it was about ?他說是有關(guān)什么事了嗎?

        ③疑問副詞,有when , where , why , how .如:

        (3)The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.困難在于他怎樣才能夠向其他科學家證實他的想法。

        ④關(guān)系代詞,有who , whom , whose , which , that 。 如:

        (4)This is useful for scientists who work in forests and in agriculture.這對于從事森林和農(nóng)業(yè)工作的科學家有用處。

        ⑤關(guān)系副詞,有when , where , why . 如:

        (5)I remember the time when we needed a permit to go out after dark . 我記得我們天黑以后外出需要通行證的那個時代。

        ⑥縮合關(guān)系代詞,有who , whoever , whom , whomever , which , whichever , what , whatever . 如:

        ⑦縮合關(guān)系副詞,有when , where , why , how . 如:

        (6)Special cameras can produce pictures showing where different metals can be found . 特殊的攝像機可以拍攝照片,表明在什么地方可以找到各種不同金屬。

        四.省略句

        省略句的含義:一個分句或句子通常包含多種成分,主語和謂語是最基本的;如果謂語為及物動詞,則賓語也是必須的。這種句子叫做完全句。另外有一些句子卻缺少一種或幾種成分,也就是說在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不完整的,可是它們?nèi)匀荒軌驗槁犜捳咚斫,也就是說,說話者和聽話者對句子缺少的成分有共同的認識。這些句子符合句子的定義,“能表達一個比較完整的獨立的概念!边@種句子就叫做省略句。如:

        (1)Any other questions ?還有什么問題嗎?(等于Do you have any other questions )

        省略句在對話中使用很普遍。簡略答語即只回答提問的那部分,有助于語言的簡潔。如:

        (2)“What time is it by your watch , please ?”“A quarter to eight .”“請問你的表幾點了?”“差一刻八點!保ǖ扔贗t is a quarter to eight by my watch)

        在包含兩個分句的并列句和復合句中,后一分句中與前一分句中相同的部分可以省略,以減少不必要的重復。如:

        (3)I want to improve , but I don’t know how ( to improve ).我想提高,但是不知道如何提高。(并列句)

        省略句的種類

        ①省略主語,如:

        (1)(I)Haven’t see you for ages . 好久沒有見到你了。

        (2)(It)Doesn’t matter . 沒關(guān)系。

        ②省略謂語,如:

        (3)They learn French and we (learn)English .他們學法語,我們學英語。

        ③省略表語,如:

        (4)Broad boats are difficult to take into the port , but narrow boats are not (difficult to take into the port )。寬大的船只很難引進港口,而狹小的船只卻不難。

        ④省略賓語,如

        (5)Keep away ( this bottle ) from children . 謹防兒童接近。

        ⑤省略主語和助動詞。如

        (6)( Have you ) Found the treasure ? 找到財寶了嗎?

        (7)( Would you )Like some more tea ?再來些茶好嗎?

        ⑥省略主語和連系動詞,如:

        (8)( I’m ) Sorry to hear that . 聽到這件事很難過。

        (9)( Are you ) Happy ?快活嗎?

        ⑦省略主語和謂語,如:

        (10)“What does he want to eat ?”“( He wants ) Some rice and vegetables . ”“他想吃什么?”“一些米飯和蔬菜!

        ⑧省略實義動詞和賓語,如:

        (11)We do not visit my parents as much as we ought to ( visit my parents ). 我們沒有像我們所應(yīng)該的那樣經(jīng)常去看望父母。

        ⑨省略從句,如

        (12)You would do the same ( if you were in my position ). 你也會那樣做的(如果你處在我的地位)。

        ⑩省略整句,如:

        (13)“Can I take a message ? ”“You can take a message . ”“我可以捎話嗎?”“可以!

        另外,還有許多在口語中常用的套話,大多同名詞短語構(gòu)成,不管聽話人還是說話人都難以確切指出它們究竟省略了什么詞語。如Good morning (早上好),Good afternoon (下午好),Good evening(晚上好),Hello(喂),Yes(是呀),Yeah(是),All right(好),OK(可以),No(不),Not at all(你太客氣了),Happy New Year(新年好),Happy Birthday(生日快樂),Happy Christmas(圣誕快樂),Never mind(沒關(guān)系),(My)God(天哪),(Good)Heavens(上帝),Congratulations(恭喜),F(xiàn)uck off(滾開)等。這些句子嚴格說來不屬于省略句的范圍,有的語法書稱之為“非句子”。

        還有一種句子,也只由一個或幾個名詞短語構(gòu)成。它們的表現(xiàn)力很強,常用于文學作品中,如:

        (14)Then silence . 然后一片寂靜。

        (15)Years of hard work , very little food , only a small cold room to live in and never a moment’s rest . 多年勞累,食不果腹,斗室寒舍,從無休息。

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