what在高中英語中的某些特殊用法
what在英語中是個很常用的詞。我們知道它能用作疑問詞,引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句,在句中做主語﹑表語或賓語;又能用作連接代詞(或復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞),引導(dǎo)主語從句﹑表語從句或賓語從句;還能用作疑問形容詞,只作定語并可表示感嘆。對于這些常規(guī)的用法本文就不一一贅述,現(xiàn)就what在高中英語中的某些特殊用法歸納如下:
1. what = just as,意為“恰像,猶如,好比”用作連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。(見新編高二英語上冊p.21)
⑴ 慣用句式是:A is to B what C is to D. 意為“A對B而言正如C對D一樣”例如:
① Air is to us What water is to fish. 空氣對于我們猶如水對于魚。(介詞to 表示兩者的關(guān)系)
⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:
② Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 廚師離不了家禽正如畫家離不開畫布一樣。(介詞for表示“供…使用”)
⑶ what 引導(dǎo)的從句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,喻體在前,主體在后,相當于“just as…,so…”結(jié)構(gòu),意思也是“A對B而言正如C對D一樣”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ,so Railway is to transportation.)
鐵路對于運輸,好比血管對于人體一樣。
2. what 與do with連用,意為“(怎樣)處理﹑安排或?qū)Ω兜取。what常有較靈活的翻譯,常用結(jié)構(gòu)是:“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.” 例如:
① What will you do with the letter? 你將把那封信怎樣處理?
② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.
孩子們不知道雨天干什么好。
注意:do with 與deal with同義,但搭配不同:do with只能與what搭配,而deal with可與不同的疑問詞搭配。比較:
③ How will you deal with the letter?你將那封信怎樣處理?
④ You may have some idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.
如果你試著倒立著或僅以躺著的姿勢去喝水,就能大致體會得到宇航員必須應(yīng)付什么了。
3. 問價格﹑度量﹑速度、人口﹑面積﹑門牌(汽車﹑電話等)號碼等時,只能用what提問,不能用how much提問。例如:
① What is the cost(price)of the gold watch?這塊金表多少錢?
② What is the speed of the car?車速是多少?
③ What is the length(width﹑depth)of the lake?這湖有多長(寬、深)?
④ What is the population(area)of China?中國的人口(面積)有多少(大)?
⑤ What money(cash) have you got? 你有多少錢(現(xiàn)金)?
⑥ What is your telephone (car、room)number?
你的電話(汽車﹑房間)號碼是多少?
4.“What is …like?”的兩種含義。
⑴ 表示“情況怎樣”,多指天氣或氣候。例如:
① What is the weather like today?今天天氣怎樣?
② What is the climate like there?那里的氣候怎樣?
⑵ 表示“像什么樣,什么模樣,怎樣的” 指人或事物。例如:
③ What is the camel like ?駱駝是什么樣子的?
④ - What is your teacher like?- She is very kind and beautiful.
“你老師是怎樣一個人?”--“她既善良又美麗!
⑤ What will life be like in the future ? 未來的生活是什么樣子呢?
注意:“What is…like?”通常用于對某人、某地和某物的實際情況提問,包括對其內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或外在的特征(或持久的特征)提問。而“How is … like?”是就某人、某地和某物的外觀詢問對方的看法,可以用來詢問變化的事物,如暫時的情況,情緒等,還常用來問候別人的健康。如:
⑥ How is your work these days? 近來你的工作情況如何?
⑦ How is he? 他近況如何? (他身體近來怎么樣?)
比較:What does she look like?她是什么模樣?(What… look like?只能指外表 )
5.“What do you think of…?”用于詢問對方對……的看法或評價。例如:
① What do you think of the idea?你認為這個主意怎樣?
② What did you think of that film?你對那場電影評價如何?
注意:“ What do you think of…?”是慣用搭配,不能改為“How do you think of…?”。但我們可以說:How do you feel about the idea(that film)?或者How do you like the idea(that film)?
6.what 用作復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞時,既可指代人又可指代物。例如:
① China is no longer what it used to be? 中國已不是過去的中國
② She is what you call a “bluestocking”。 她就是你說的“女才子”。
③ She is not what she was five years ago. 她不再是5年前的她了。
7. what從句可用作賓語補足語或狀語。例如:
① We will make the factory twice what it is today. 我們將使工廠比現(xiàn)在規(guī)模增加一倍。(句中的twice what it is today是動詞make的賓語the factory的補足語)
② Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸引力使人稱得現(xiàn)有的重量(句中的第一個what到句末為表語從句;句末的what you weigh 是說明前面的動詞weigh,系回答how much 的問題,作狀語)
8.像how和why一樣,what可以用作名詞。例如:
① Please explain to us how and why,since you know what. 既然你想出一個好辦法,請給我們解釋清楚解決這個問題的方法和理由。
② By asking why,how and what if,curious minds find new ideas and solutions.
通過刨根問底,提出假設(shè),富有求知欲的天才人物想出了新主意,找出了解決問題的新辦法。(見新版高二英語上冊p.7,what if 可譯為:假設(shè))
9.與what連用的常用句型和詞組
⑴ What if…?What will or would happen if…?如果(假如)…將會怎么樣?例如:
① What if it is true?如果這是真的又怎么樣?
② What if a storm should come up?萬一發(fā)生暴風(fēng)雨怎么辦?
⑵ what with:because of ;as a result of;因為;由于……的結(jié)果;例如:
③ What with overwork and (what with)so little sleep,she fell ill.
一半由于工作過度的勞累,一半由于睡眠不足,她病倒了。
④ She has been depressed,what with losing her job and having to move.
她由于丟了工作還要搬家而感到沮喪。
⑶ and what not :and so on ;etc;以及各種其它東西;諸如此類;等等;例如:
⑤ I bought sugar,tea,eggs,and what not. 我買了食糖、茶葉、雞蛋之類的東西。
⑷ come what will(may)是固定搭配必須倒裝,意為“不管發(fā)生什么事”“不管怎樣”
⑥ Come what will (may),I will always stand by you.
不管發(fā)生什么事,我將永遠支持你。
責(zé)任編輯:李芳芳