=●學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ.單詞和詞組
manner,apologize,interrupt,forgive,mean,fault,pay a visit to,culture,for the first time,behave,
impression,unfold,custom,serve，course,toast,fashion,polite,provide,place(vt.),close to,start with,drink to one's health
Ⅱ.日常交際用語
That's/It's OK.
No problem.
Excuse me,may I interrupt you for a moment?
What is it?
I'm terribly sorry.
Forgive me.
I apologize for taking the bike without telling you.
I didn't mean to interrupt you.
Ⅲ.語法
學(xué)習(xí)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。
●學(xué)習(xí)障礙
Ⅰ.單詞及短語
manner,interrupt,mean,fault,pay a visit to,behave,impression,serve,provide,close to
Ⅱ.語法
非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。
●學(xué)習(xí)策略
Ⅰ.單詞及短語部分
1.manner n.
縱向歸納法：
（1）方式 Do it in a business manner.
（2）態(tài)度 She has a friendly manner.
（3）manners 禮貌 It's bad manners to stare at people.
聯(lián)系語境法：
I don't object to（反對(duì)）what he says,but I strongly dislike the ________ he says it.
A.way B.manners
答案：A 指“方式”，可用way或manner。復(fù)數(shù)manners，表示“禮貌”。
2.interrupt v.
縱向歸納法：
(1)中斷 He interrupted his work to answer the bell.
(2)打斷（某人）講話 Don't interrupt(me) while I'm busy.
橫向比較法：
disturb vt.
(1)打擾 May I disturb you for a moment?
(2)弄亂 A light wind disturbed the surface of the water.
聯(lián)系語境法：
用interrupt或disturb填空
(1)It's not polite to________a speaker.
(2)I don't wish to________while doing homework.
(3)Someone has________all my papers.
答案：（1）interrupt (2)be disturbed (3)disturb
3.mean v.
縱向歸納法：
(1)mean to do 打算做某事
Sorry,I didn't mean to hurt you.
(2)mean doing 意味著
The new order will mean (us) working overtime.
橫向比較法：
(1)stop/go on to do停下來/繼續(xù)做另一件事
stop/go on doing停下來/繼續(xù)做一件事
(2)try to do設(shè)法做/努力（表目的）
try doing試著做/嘗試（表方式）
(3)remember/forget/regret to do
記得/忘記/遺憾做某事（事情還沒做）
remember/forget/regret doing記得/忘記/后悔做過某事
(4)can't help(to)do不能幫助做某事
can't help doing情不自禁做某事
聯(lián)系語境法：
(1)-The light in the office is still on.
-Oh,I forgot________.
A.turn it off B.to turn it off
C.turning it off D.having turned it off
(2)Having finished the book,the writer tried________a publisher.
A.finding B.to find C.finish D.found
答案：（1）B （2）B
4.fault n.
縱向歸納法：
（1）錯(cuò)（誤）There're many faults in the book.
（2）缺點(diǎn)，毛病 Every man has his faults.
（3）at fault有錯(cuò)，有毛-
The boys are not at fault in this case.
橫向比較法：
mistake
(1)n.錯(cuò)誤
The teacher found several spelling mistakes in his article.
(2)make a mistake犯錯(cuò)
We all make mistakes.
（3）by mistake錯(cuò)誤地，無心（做了某事）
I took your umbrella by mistake.
（4）v.弄錯(cuò)，誤會(huì)
He's mistaken the address,and gone to the wrong house.
(5)mistake…for…錯(cuò)把……當(dāng)作……
I mistook you for your brother.
聯(lián)系語境法：
用fault或mistake或相關(guān)詞組填空：
（1）She believed the________lay with him.
(2)She put salt in her cup of tea________.
答案：(1)fault�！癴ault”表示“錯(cuò)誤”時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)是某人犯的錯(cuò)誤或責(zé)任。（2）by mistake 5.behave v.
縱向歸納法：
(1)behave well,badly(toward sb.)（舉止或行為）表現(xiàn)（好/不好）
She behaves (toward me) more like a friend than a teacher.
(2)behave oneself表現(xiàn)良好
Children,please behave yourselves!
(3)behaviour n.待人態(tài)度，行為方式
擊破定式法：
改錯(cuò)：He is a good-behaved boy.
答案：應(yīng)改為well-behaved。behaved與副詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。此處well修飾behaved,而不是修飾boy。又如：a newly-built museum。
6.impression n.印象
縱向歸納法：
（1）impression (on sb.)（給某人）印象
His speech made a strong impression on his audience.
（2）impression(of sth.)（對(duì)某事物）印象，想法
That's my first impression of the new college.
(3)impress v.
impress sb.with sth.給予某人深刻印象
The sights of the city never fail to impress foreign tourists.
impress sth.on sb.使某人銘記
The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking.
聯(lián)系語境法：
Her beauty is most________.
A.impress B.impression C.impressive
答案：C 此處不需要?jiǎng)釉~或名詞。impressive是形容詞，表示給人印象深刻的。
7.provide v.提供
縱向歸納法：
(1)provide sb.with sth.
Agriculture provides industry with raw material and market.
provide sth.to sb.
Could you provide accomodation(住宿)to 30 people?
(2)provide for sb.養(yǎng)活
I have no worries,only myself to provide for.
(3)provide for sth.為（可能的困難）做準(zhǔn)備
He worked hard to provide for his old age.
橫向比較法：
(1)supply v.供給，供應(yīng)
supply sb.with sth.
supply sth.to sb.
In Britain milk is supplied to each house in bottles. n.供給（物品），貯備
Have we got enough supplies of coal?
in short supply供應(yīng)不足
(2)offer v.(主動(dòng)）提出（給予/做某事）
offer sth.to sb.
offer sb.sth.
I've been offered a job in Japan.
offer to do sth.
He offered to drive us home,but we preferred to walk.
聯(lián)系語境法：
用offer,supply,provide的適當(dāng)形式填空：
（1)He________for his family by working in a bookshop.
(2)The water________here is good.
(3)They________him a lift,but he didn't accept.
答案：(1)provided。provide for表示“供養(yǎng)”。
（2）supply。此處為名詞，表示“供應(yīng)”。
（3）offered。表示主動(dòng)提出（供人接受或拒絕）。
8.serve v.
縱向歸納法：
（1）為……服務(wù)/工作
A slave serves his master.
（2）接待（顧客）
The shop assistant is serving a customer.
（3）侍候吃飯，端（菜）
Lunch is served now.
（4）serve as充任（某職務(wù)）作……用
She served as a model for several painters.
This box will serve as/for a seat.
（5）serving n.一份食物
This will be enough for 4 servings.
servant n.仆人，公仆
This mayor is a public servant.
service n.服務(wù)
His whole life was devoted to(奉獻(xiàn)給) the service of others.
擊破定式法：
改錯(cuò)：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
答案：去掉for。serve表示“為某人服務(wù)”，直接加賓語。
Ⅱ.語法部分
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
縱向歸納法：
1.限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就不完整或不明確。非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作附加說明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。
2.限制性定語從句與主句之間不能用逗號(hào)分開；非限制性定語從句與主句之間要用逗號(hào)分開。
The film which was shown just now is very exciting.(限制）
We saw an exciting film, which is about how people fight against pollution.(非限制）
試比較：
3.限制性定語從句可以用that引導(dǎo)；非限制性定語從句不用that引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)用which。
That is the interesting novel that/which you are eager to read.
I read an interesting novel, which was about the Long March.
4.限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)可省略。
非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)則不能省略，介詞后的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。
I will never forget the days(that,which) we spent together.
He is the man(whom/that)you can turn to for advice.
He is the man to whom you can turn for help.(不能�。�
His mother, whom he loved dearly,died in 1818.(不能�。�
5.限制性定語從句一般只修飾先行詞；非限制性定語從句可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾其前面的整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。
I have finished the novel that you lent me yesterday.
She failed in the exam again, which made her mother very angry.
He will made a trip to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful scenery.
●方法實(shí)踐
Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)選擇
1.-Hey,look where you're going!
-Oh,________.
A.I'm not noticing B.that's all right C.I don't mean to do it D.I'm terribly sorry
2.When I caught him cheating me I stopped________things in his shop.
A.buying B.buy
C.to buy D.bought
3.Mr Full apologized________the children________the lady________what they had done.
A.for;to;to B.to;to;for
C.for;to;for D.to;for;for
4.You made the same mistake for________second time,dropping________“n” in the word “government”.
A.for;to;to B.a;the
C.a;a D.the;an
5.-This dialogue should________a question,not a puzzle.
-I am________. A.have started with;to blame B.start with;to be blamed
C.have started from;to blame D.start from;to be blamed
6.His parents meant him________scientific research,but he showed no interest and turned poet. A.going in for B.to have gone in for
C.to go in for D.having gone in for
7.In salad bars the waiter doesn't bring you salad.You have to________yourself,usually to as much as you want.
A.bring B.serve
C.help D.supply
8.A thousand miles no longer________to us today,for modern transportation can easily get us________this distance.
A.mean much;to B.means many;over
C.meant more;by D.means much;over
9.However,at times this balance in nature is________,resulting in a number of possibly unseen effects.
A.disturbed B.troubled
C.puzzled D.mixed
10.-You've given us a wonderful meal,Mrs Jackson.
-________.I'm glad you enjoy it.
A.Not at all B.I don't think so myself
C.Thanks a lot D.No,just so-so
11.-Why didn't you give me a ring?
-Well,I meant________,but later I forgot.
A.telephoning B.to telephone
C.having telephoned D.telephoned
12.Be quiet!It's rude to________people when they are talking.
A.stop B.introduce
C.prevent D.interrupt
13.The words of his old teacher left a________impression on his mind.He is still affected by them.
A.lasting B.lively
C.long D.real
14.While shopping,people sometimes can't help________into buying something they don't really need.
A.to persuade B.persuading
C.being persuaded D.be persuaded
15.-I must apologize for________ahead of time.
-That's all right.
A.letting you not know B.not letting you know
C.letting you know not D.letting not you know
16.I regret________you that I won't go to help you next week.
A.for telling B.telling
C.to tell D.told
17.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
-Well,now I regret________that.
A.to do B.to be doing
C.to have done D.having done
18.We'll have the discussion in the garden________the hall.
A.instead of B.instead in
C.instead of in D.instead
19.The old woman is sitting________her daughter.
A.near to B.next
C.next by D.close to
20.He promised to drop in________the Smiths sometime next month.
A.to B.in
C.on D.for
21.My parents always let me have my own________of living.
A.way B.method
C.manner D.fashion
22.All the rooms are________with electric light.
A.supplied B.given
C.offered D.burnt
23.-Car 17 won the race.
-Yes,but its driver came close to________.
A.having killed B.have been killed
B.be killed D.being killed
24.-You should have thanked her before you left.
-I meant________,but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A.to do B.to
C.doing D.doing so
25.-I usually go there by train.
-Why not________by boat for a change? A.to try going B.trying to go
C.to try and go D.try going
Ⅱ.完形填空
It was 11:30 in the evening.A 1 American lady of about seventy was standing on the side of an Alabama 2 trying to bear a pouring rainstorm.Her car had 3 and at the moment she 4 needed a ride.Wet to the skin,she decided to flag down the next 5 .A young white man stopped to help her-generally unheard 6 in those conflict-filled（矛盾沖突）1960s.The man 7 her to safety in his car,and 8 a taxicab(a kind of car)for her.She seemed to be in a great 9 .She wrote down his 10 ,thanked him and drove away.Several days went by and a 11 came on the man's door.To his 12 ,a very big color TV was delivered to his home.A special note was 13 to it.It read:“Dear sir,thank yu so much for assisting a(an) 14 coloured woman on the freeway 15 night.The rain 16 wet all over not only my clothes 17 my spirits.Then you 18 along.Because of you,I was 19 to make it to my dying husband's bedside just 20 he passed away.God bless you for helping me and kindly serving others.Sincerely,Mrs.Nat King Cole.”
1.A.black B.white
C.poor D.sick
2.A.railway B.freeway
C.street D.avenue
3.A.broken up B.speeded up
C.broken down D.slowed down
4.A.seriously B.badly
C.fairly D.probably
5.A.bus B.truck
C.taxi D.car
6.A.from B.by
C.before D.of
7.A.put B.led
C.fetched D.took
8.A.hired B.took
C.sent D.asked
9.A.need B.help
C.hurry D.trouble
10.A.address B.number
C.name D.words
11.A.lady B.salesman
C.letter D.knock
12.A.surprise B.delight
C.joy D.satisfaction
13.A.offered B.given
C.stuck D.written
14.A.aged B.dark
C.lucky D.unhappy
15.A.another B.the other
C.other D.any
16.A.let B.made
C.had D.turned
17.A.and B.but
C.or D.otherwise
18.A.got B.went
C.ran D.came
19.A.able B.ready
C.likely D.willing
20.A.after B.before
C.until D.since
Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)
Sometimes we have difficulties in remembering the names 1.________
of the months in English.If we will know something of 2.________
the history of this names,possibly they will not seem 3.________
so difficult for us to remember.The following is two 4.________
examples.January named after the god Janus,Janus was a 5.________
strange god with two faces.He could look at two 6.________
directions.He could look forward and backward at the same 7.________
time.He was the god of endings and beginnings.January is first 8.________
month of the year.It's a month on which one looks forward 9.________
to the new year.It's also a period of time people think 10.________
about the past year.
Ⅳ.書面表達(dá)
請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列內(nèi)容用英語向來訪的外賓介紹你校新建網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校的情況：
新世紀(jì)Net-school網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)表
多媒體教學(xué)系統(tǒng) 使教與學(xué)更為方便有趣，在課堂上獲取更多信息，學(xué)到更多知識(shí)
電子閱覽室
向師生開放
可向世界各地發(fā)送電子郵件（e-mail）
可通過因特網(wǎng)（Internet）查尋最新信息
遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng) 只要家中有電腦，任何人都可以學(xué)習(xí)本校的課程
注意：
1.介紹必須包括表內(nèi)的主要內(nèi)容，可以適當(dāng)增減信息，使內(nèi)容連貫。
2.詞數(shù)100左右
3.生詞：①多媒體教學(xué)系統(tǒng)：Multimedia Teaching Systemあ詰繾釉睦朗遙篒nformation Centre ③遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng)：Long Distance Teaching System
4.文章開頭已給出；不計(jì)入詞數(shù)。
Ladies and gentlemen，
Welcome to our New Century Net-school!
Ⅴ.同步語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)(限制性與非限制性定語從句)
1.Beijing government puts more than 700 million yuan to increase its green space this year,________doubles the money provided last year.
A.as B.which
C.that D.while
2.Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others,________,of course,makes the others unhappy.
A.who B.which
C.she D.that
3.The wrong you've done him is terrible,for________you should make an apology to him,I think.
A.this B.which
C.what D.that
4.Recently my father bought a Chinese painting,________was very reasonable.
A.the price of whose B.which price
C.the price of which D.its price
5.For weeks the street hasn't been cleaned by the cleaner,________makes it very dirty.
A.who B.which
C.that D.this
6.Don't talk about such things________you are not sure of.
A.that B.what
C.as D.those
7.There are some________believe the bill,________also covers labor and health programs,to be too expensive.
A.who;which B.who;that
C.that;as D.which;which
8.We will be shown around the city:schools,museums,and some other places,________other visitors seldom go.
A.what B.which
C.where D.when
9.Alec asked the policeman________he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A.with him B.who
C.with whom D.whom
10.I shall never forget those years________I lived in the country with the farmers,________has a great effect on my later life.
A.that;which B.when;which
C.which;that D.when;who
11.________is known to all,Taiwan is a part of China.
A.As B.Which
C.That D.What
12.Do you know the girl________?
A.whom he often talk B.he often talks to
C.to who he often talks D.he often talks
13.Alfred Hitchcock________produced a new film called Frenzy.
A.who is well-known for thriller movies
B.whom is well-known for thriller movies
C.,who is well-known for thriller movies
D.,whom is well-known for thriller movies
14.Have you ever been to Xi'an,________I left ten years ago?
A.where B.which
C.that D./
15.The man will never forget the days________he spent with Lenin.
A.when B.which
C.that D.both B and C
16.In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m.,________many people have gone home.
A.whose time B.that
C.on which D.by which time
17.The famous basketball star,________tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention. A.where B.when
C.which D.who
18.Greenland,________island in the world,covers over two million kilometres.
A.it is the largest B.that is the largest
C.is the largest D.the largest
19.He was very rude to the customs officer,________of course made things even worse.
A.who B.whom
C.what D.which
20.The general at last got a chance to visit the village________he used to fight,________he had been dreaming of for years.
A.that;which B.where;that
C.in which;what D.where;which
參考答案
Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)選擇
1.D 表示很抱歉。A、C兩項(xiàng)應(yīng)用過去的時(shí)態(tài)。
2.A stop表示停止做一件事時(shí)，接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。
3.C apologize to sb.for sth.表示為了某事向某人道歉。本題第一個(gè)for表示“替”“代”。 4.D a接序數(shù)詞，表示“再一”“又一”。
5.A start with指“以……開始”；be to blame指“應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)”“應(yīng)該受責(zé)備”。
6.B mean表示打算時(shí)，接to do不定式。mean,intend,expect等接to have done表示事與愿違。 7.C help oneself to sth.指為自己取食品、飲料等，等于serve oneself with sth.。
8.D 時(shí)間、金錢、距離作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。over表示“越過”。
9.A 表示“被弄亂”。
10.C
11.B mean to do 表示打算。mean doing表示意味著。
12.D 表示打斷（某人）說話。
13.A 從后一句來看“他現(xiàn)在還一直被影響著”，說明老師的話給他留下了持久的，永不磨滅的印象。long是長(zhǎng)久的，但也有時(shí)間限制。
14.C 表示“忍不住”，cannot help接doing。此題表示“人們有時(shí)忍不住被勸買了些他們不需要的東西”，people與persuade是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
15.B apologize for sth./doing sth.動(dòng)名詞否定，not加在-ing之前。
16.C regret to do 表遺憾/抱歉要做某事。regret doing表后悔做了某事。
17.D 表“后悔”。
18.C instead of連接并列成分，此題連接兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語。
19.D close to表“靠近”。near不接to；next to表“緊挨著”。
20.C drop in on sb.指“順便拜訪”某人，the Smiths指史密斯一家人。drop in at接地點(diǎn)。 21.A 表生活方式。manner表方式時(shí)，側(cè)重指行為方式。
22.A be supplied with sth.表提供。B、C選項(xiàng)不與介詞with搭配。
23.D close to 中to是介詞，接動(dòng)名詞；driver 和kill是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故不選A。
24.B mean to do表打算，有上下文時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，在不定式符號(hào)to處省略。
25.D why not接動(dòng)詞原形；try doing表“嘗試”，try to do表示“努力”“試圖”，強(qiáng)調(diào)目的。
Ⅱ.完形填空
1.A 通讀全文，從文中coloured woman就應(yīng)得知她的膚色，故選A。
2.B 70多歲的老婦人，深夜11：30站在路邊，從her car我們知道她有車，不應(yīng)選railway，那么如果是C和D，她應(yīng)有地方去避雨。
3.C 老婦人任大雨淋，站在路邊不走，不難得知，她的車壞了。
4.B 深夜，車又壞了，70多歲的老婦人深夜出門，應(yīng)有急事，她急需搭車，故badly need最合適。
5.D 老婦人渾身濕透了，她決定攔下一輛車，深夜，公共汽車、出租車在高速路上應(yīng)很少了，故選car。
6.D unheard是過去分詞作定語，相當(dāng)于定語從句，意思是在20世紀(jì)60年代充滿矛盾沖突的情形下，幫助人這種事是很少聽到的。選of構(gòu)成heard of。
7.D 把某人帶到某地，應(yīng)用take sb.to故選took。
8.A 年輕人把老婦人帶到安全的地方，幫她租了一輛車，因?yàn)樗约旱能噳牧耍贻p也不能把自己的車讓她用，故選hired。 9.C in a great去掉great,in a正好與hurry連用，構(gòu)成固定表達(dá)。
10.A 從下文中得知，老婦人讓人把大彩電送到年輕人家里，就可推斷出，老婦人寫下的是年輕人的地址。
11.B 送彩電的人就應(yīng)是賣彩電的人，不可能是老婦人，故選B。
12.A to one's surprise，正合題意，因?yàn)槟贻p人沒有想到老婦人會(huì)這么做。
13.C 送年輕人彩電，老婦人定有便信以解釋，那么這便信應(yīng)是粘貼在彩電的箱子上的，故選stuck。
14.A 老婦人非常感謝這個(gè)年輕人在深夜，在高速路上幫助她，她稱自己是上了年紀(jì)的老人。故選aged。
15.B the other night是指過去的某個(gè)夜晚。
16.B 這里說雨使她全身濕透，故選B較好。
17.B 由于句中有not only，后面定是but，雨不僅濕了她的衣服，而且也讓她心灰意冷了。
18.D 就在老婦人心灰意冷時(shí)，年輕人來了，有來的及時(shí)之意，故用came。
19.A 由于年輕人的幫助，老婦人才能夠回到丈夫的床邊，故用be able to，選able。
20.B 老婦人正好在她丈夫去世前到了他的床邊。故選before。
Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)
1.difficulties→difficulty 2.去掉will 3.this→these 4.is→are 5.January后加was 6.at→in 7.√ 8.first前加the 9.on→in 10.time后加when
Ⅳ.書面表達(dá)
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our New Century Net-school!
Our Net-school is made up of three parts.Multimedia Teaching System makes teaching and learning easier and much more interesting.Students can get more information and knowledge in class.Information Center, where we can send e-mails to all parts of the world and get the latest information from Internet, is open to both teachers and students.Long distance Teaching System is for the students who are not studying in our school.They can study at home if they have a computer. Ⅴ.同步語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
1.B which指代700 million yuan引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，起補(bǔ)充說明作用。
2.B which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾前面整個(gè)句子。
3.B which指代the wrong you've done。
4.C 名詞或代詞+of+which/whom/whose…引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,of which在定語從句中作定語。which替代a Chinese painting。
5.B which指代前面句子。
6.C as引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作賓語，替代things，主句中有such,the same,as，定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞常用。
7.A who在定語從句中作主語，指代some,此處some表示有些人。which替代the bill。 8.C where在定語從句中作狀語。
9.C with whom he worked是定語從句，介詞with是從句中work with…所要求的。
10.B when在定語從句中作狀語，指代in those years;which在從句中作主語，替代前句。 11.A as和which都可引導(dǎo)定語從句，替代句子。但as譯為“正如”“正像”，且它引導(dǎo)的從句可在句首也可在句中。
12.B 定語從句修飾先行詞the girl,關(guān)系詞在從句中作talk to的賓語，可用that,whom或省略。
13.C 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語，所以不用whom。非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞作附加說明。
14.B which在定語從句作left的賓語，非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞作賓語時(shí)不能省略。 15.D 關(guān)系詞在從句中作spend的賓語，可用which或that,也可省略。
16.D which指代5:30p.m.，從句時(shí)態(tài)為完成時(shí)，所以用by短語。
17.D
18.D Greenland與the largest是同位語。非限制性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo)，故不選B。 19.D which替代前句。
20.D where在定語從句作狀語，替代in the village。which指代前句。