1.in和within的用法區(qū)別
in后接表示時間長度的名詞,意為“過多少時間”或“在多少時間內(nèi)”,有“不少于”之含意;within后可接表示時間長度或距離的名詞,表示在“這一范圍內(nèi)”,有“不到”或“不超過”之意。如:
①The students will have mid-term exams in a few days' time.
過幾天學生將要期中考試。
②He will be hack in a week. 他過一星期回來。
③ He finished drawing the horse in/within five minutes.
他五分鐘內(nèi)畫完了那匹馬。
④My uncle lives within ten minutes' walk.
我叔叔住在離這兒步行五分鐘的地方。(不用in)
⑤Keep the dictionary within your reach.
把詞典放在你夠得著的地方。(不用in)
▲in表示“過多少時間”時,通常和一般將來時連用,如句①②:表示某一動作“在多少時間內(nèi)”完成時通常用within,和一般將來時,一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時連用。
▲句①中 in a few days'time = in a few days. 如要說某一活動或事情離現(xiàn)在還有多少時間,一般說 in…time或 away。如:
⑥ Bob's birthday is in five days' time.=Bob's birthday is five days away.
過5天就是鮑勃的生日了。
2.on,over和above的用法區(qū)別 1)on表示在一物體上,強調(diào)兩物相接觸,over也表示在一物體上,但強調(diào)覆蓋這一物體。試比較:
① She put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。
② She put her coat over the sleeping baby.
她把大衣蓋在那正在睡覺的孩子身上。
③There's a magazine lying open on the table.桌上有本雜志翻開著。
④There's a cloth over the table. 桌上攤著一塊臺布。
⑤ The woman lifted a big jar on her head.
那位婦女頭上頂著一只大壇子。
⑥ She put her hands over her face. 她用手遮住臉。
▲ over表示“越過”某一高度,具有動態(tài)之意,on僅表示“處于……之上”,是靜態(tài)。試比較:
⑦ They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.
他們肩背繩索拖拽巨石。(繩在肩膀兩邊彎下去,不用on。)
⑧ To my horror, I saw, over my father's shoulder, a gorilla, the worst enemy of the soldier in Africa. 使我感到恐怖的是,從我父親的肩膀上看過去,我發(fā)現(xiàn)非洲士兵最危險的敵人--------一只大猩猩。(視線越過肩膀后,一直向前方延伸,不用on. )
⑨ The farmers walked to their fields with hoes on their shoulders. 農(nóng)民們肩上扛著鋤頭,向田地走去。(僅表示鋤頭所處的位置。是靜態(tài),用on,不用over. )
2)over和above都可以用來表示“高于”,相當于“higher than”。例如:
① The water came up over/above our knees.
水已漲至我們膝蓋之上。
② Can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees?
你看到那一片梨樹上空飛翔的鳥嗎?
▲如果要表示“覆蓋”或“越過”,則用over。如:
③ There's thick cloud over the south of England.
英格蘭南部地區(qū)一片烏云。
④ Electricity cables went over the fields.
電纜線越過田野。(這句也可以用across)
▲指數(shù)量時,我們一般用 over(=more than)表示“超過”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度時,要用above。試比較:
⑤ You have to be over 18 to see this film.
你得超過十八歲才能看這部電影。(不用above)
⑥ The temperature is three degrees above zero.
溫度在零上三度。(不用over)
⑦ The mountain is over(=more than)4,000 metres above (higher than) sealevel.
那座山海拔有四千多米高。
▲over表示在某人或某物的正上方,反義詞是under。above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方,反義詞是below.
3.助動詞do可用來加強語氣
助動詞do可用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的肯定陳述句中,與動詞
原形連用,以加強語氣,在句中要重讀。如:
① You do look nice today. 你今天看起來確實很漂亮。
②She does talk a lot, doesn't she? 她的確愛說話,不是嗎?
③I did think he was right. 我確實認為他是對的。
④ She does speak well. 她的確講得很好。
⑤ I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I wasyounger. 我現(xiàn)在不怎么運動了,但是我年輕時的確很喜歡踢足球。
⑥ Do tell me what happened. 請務(wù)必告訴我發(fā)生了什么事。
⑦ Do have another photo! 請再來一份照片吧!
4.介詞through和across的用法與區(qū)別
1)through為介詞,既可指時間,也可指地點。指時間時表示“在(整整一段時間)中”,指地點時表示“通過,穿過經(jīng)過”(常有較活的譯法)。例如:
① Sometimes they have to work through the weekend.
有時候整個周末他們都得工作。
② All through the night, he waited for news from the front.
整整一夜他等候著前線的消息。
③ She walked rapidly through the rice-fields. 她快步穿過稻田。 ④ The sunlight was coming in through the window.
陽光從窗口照射進來。
⑤ The wind was cutting through his thin prison uniform like a knife.
寒風象一把刀子透過他薄薄的囚服刺入骨髓。
2)across 與 through 的區(qū)別:
這兩個介詞都有“穿過”的意思,但用法卻有所不同。across的含義與on有關(guān),表示動作在某一物體的表面進行,常指從寬度意義上講的“橫穿/跨”。through的含義與 in有關(guān),表示動作在某物體的空間進行。例如:
① He hurried across the bridge to Waterloo. 他匆匆過橋到滑鐵瀘去了。
② The river flows through the city from west to east.
這條河從西向東流過這座城市。
5.love的用法
love是一個及物動詞,意為“愛,熱愛,喜歡”。其后通?筛~、代詞、不定式、動詞-ing形式作賓語。例如:
① We love our motherland. 我們熱愛祖國。
② Love me, love my dog. (諺語)愛屋及烏。
③ He loves to go swimming. 他喜歡游泳。
④ Do you love playing table tennis? 你喜歡打乒乓球嗎?
【注意】love后跟不定式作賓語,指一時,一次的動作,表示某一具體的行為。而跟動詞-ing形式作賓語時,指經(jīng)常性的動作,表示一般或抽象的行為。這類動詞有:like,prefer,hate等。例如:
① He likes swimming, but he doesn't like to swim this afternoon.
他喜歡游泳,但今天下午他不想去了。
② I hate to trouble the old man today because I hate troubling old people.
我今天不愿打擾那位老人,因為我一向不愿打擾老年人。
▲另外,would/should love to= would like to。如:
③ I'd love to attend the meeting, but I'm too busy now.
我很愿意參加會議,但我現(xiàn)在太忙啦!
6.when用作并列連詞
when用在并列連詞,意為“這時突然;正在……時”。(=and then;andjust at that time),它所引導的并列句表示的動作發(fā)生在另一并列句中動詞表示的動作之后。注意不能將when所引導的句子放在句首。例如:
① An Arab was walking along in the desert when he met two men.
一個阿拉伯人正獨自在沙漠中走,這時他碰見兩個人。
② I was just coming to see you when I ran into Wilson.
我正要去看你,這時我碰到威爾遜。
③ Peter was on his way home when two boys stopped him.
彼得正往家走,突然兩個男孩攔住了他。
7.fly的用法
fly為不規(guī)則動詞,其不規(guī)形式為flew,flown,flying。fly over,意為“越過,超越”。例如:
① The plane was flying over Denmark. 飛機正在飛越丹麥。
②He will fly to England next month. 下個月他將飛往英國。
8.請注意理解和掌握如下幾個介詞的用法
1)except表示“除……之外”,含有排他的涵義;besides表示“除……之外還有……”,有“附加”的涵義。如:
① He gets up early every day except Sunday.
他每天早起,除了星期天例外。
② He gets up early besides Sunday.
除了星期天外,其他日子他也早起。
2)except for和 except不同之處是:前者“除開”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物,而后者則為同一類事物。試比較:
① This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習慣用語外,是很容易懂的。
② Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.
除了這篇文章,其他的文章都好懂。
3)except for含有“除……之外,其他都……”,“如果沒有……那就”這樣一層意思,而except單純指“除……之外”。
此外 except that有“除……”之意,that后面所引導的從句通常作介
詞except的賓語。例如:
① It's a very satisfactory hat, except that it doesn't fit me. 那頂帽子再好也沒有了,就是大小對我不合適。
4)介詞 but與 except同義,意為“除……之外”(not including),常放在any,every,no以及含有這些詞的復合不定代詞如 anybody,anyone,anything,anywhere,everybody,everyone,everything,everywhere,nobody,nothing,nowhere和no one,none,all等詞后。例如:
① Nobody but Li Lei knew something about the result of the discussion.
除了李雷沒有別人知道討論的結(jié)果。 ② He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒有別的什么,只有一本字典。
5)but幾乎是惟一可接帶to的動詞不定式作賓語的介詞。注意:當句中的主要動詞是屬于to do一類動詞時,則but后面用不帶to的不定式,即:
“介詞but前有個do,后面動詞不定式不帶to;介詞but前沒有do,后面的動詞不定式帶to”。例如:
① I couldn't do anything but sit there and hope.
除了坐等之外,我毫無辦法。
② Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
那么它就別無選擇,只有躺下來睡覺。
9.形容詞no對名詞的否定及用法
1)no(形)+可數(shù)名詞= not a或not any +可數(shù)名詞。例如:
① There is no telephone in the building.
這座大樓里沒有電話。
(There is not a telephone in the building.)
試比較:
2)no(形)+不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)普通名詞。例如:
① There is (He has) no water (hope, etc.).
(他)一點兒水(希望等)也沒有。
② No seats are left. 沒剩下座位。這類句子的強調(diào)說法是:
③ Not a seat is left. 一個座位也沒有。
10.take的基本用法
1)作give的反義詞,意為“拿走”。例如:
① They took the book from him. 他們從他那兒拿走那本書。
② Who's taken my raincoat? 誰拿走了我的雨衣?
【注意】 要表示從某地方拿走某物時,常與介詞from,out of,off等連用;要表示從某人那里拿走某物時,要用介詞from. 例如:
③ She came in to take the umbrella off the wall.
她走進來把雨傘從墻上取了下來。
④ Mr Zhang put on his glasses and took the letter from my hand.張先生戴上眼鏡,把信從我手中接了過去。
2)作put的反義詞,意為“拿,摘”。例如:
① Tom took a ring out of his pocket and put it on his girl friend's finger.湯姆從口袋里拿出一枚戒指,戴在他的女友手上。
3)作bring的反義詞,意為“帶到”。例如:
① They took me somewhere else.
他們帶我到了別的地方。
② He gave me some tapes to take home.
他給了我們一些磁帶讓我?guī)Щ丶摇?/p>
11.travel,journey與 trip 用法比較
1)travel泛指旅行,是不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
① Travel is much easier now than it used to be.
現(xiàn)在旅行比過去容易多了。
2)journey是指“某一次旅行”。例如:
①I hope you have a good journey. 我希望你旅途愉快。
3)trip往往是指帶有某種特殊目的短期旅行。例如:
① He's away on a business trip this week.
這個星期他外出辦事去了。
重要詞組短語
1.see sb. off意為“為某人送行”。例如:
① I saw him off for Beijing yesterday.
我昨天送他動身到北京去。
②Mary saw him off at the bus station.
瑪麗把他送到汽車站。
2.注意下列短語的用法
by bus 乘汽車
by train 乘火車
by air 乘飛機
by boat 乘船
by land 陸路
by sea 水路
on foot 步行
在上述短語中,名詞前不用冠詞,但在ride in a bus/car(乘坐汽車)和take a bus/taxi短語中則要用冠詞。
3.say“Hi”to的含義
say“Hi”to相當于say hello to,是一種常用的問候語。其構(gòu)成形式為動詞+名詞+介詞。
另外類似的還有:
say good-bye to向……告別
say sorry to向……致歉
say yes/OK to同意……
say no to不同意
take care of關(guān)心,照料
pay attention to注意
例如:
① Let's drive over there in the afternoon and say hello to him.
我們下午開車去向他問好。
② You must pay attention to what you hear on the tape.
你一定要注意你聽到的錄音。
4.see sb. doing sth. 意為“看見某人做某事”
see 為感官動詞,通?筛鷦釉~-ing形式或不帶to的不定式作賓語。常見的感官動詞還有:hear,watch,notice,observe等。例如:
① I saw him walk up the hill.
我看著他繼續(xù)上山(動作的全過程)。
② I saw him walking up the hill.
我看見他正在上山。(動作正在進行)
【注意】 若see變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),那么不定式應(yīng)帶to。例如:
③He is often seen to walk up the hill. 經(jīng)?匆娝谏仙。
④The lost child was last seen playing in the garden.
被丟失的孩子最后被看見是在花園里玩耍。
5.“be about to +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示即刻就要發(fā)生/做的事。例如:
①We are about to attend a meeting. 我們將要參加會議。
② They are about to finish their homework.
他們立刻就能完成他們的家庭作業(yè)。
【注意】 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用表示時間的副詞來修飾,若說成:I am aboutto leave next week. 則是錯誤的,應(yīng)去掉修飾詞 next week。
6.take off是常用的短語動詞,意為“下車;脫掉(衣服等);起飛”。例如:
① We are going to take off at the next stop. 我們下站下車。
② He took off his cap and sat down. 他脫掉帽子,坐了下來。
③ The plane took off at 7 a. m. 飛機早晨七點起飛。
7.for miles and miles 是由介詞加名詞構(gòu)成的個詞短語,在句中作狀語用。再如:
①for days and days“一連好幾天”
②for weeks and weeks“一連好幾周”
③for months and months“一連好幾個月”
④for years and years“一連好幾年”
8.nothing except =nothing but =only 意為“除……之外沒有”,“僅有……”。
例如:
①Under the soil there is nothing but sand. 土壤下只有沙子。
②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note.
除了一張一百萬英鎊的鈔票外,我是一無所有。
9.happen to的兩種用法
1)happen to sb. /sth. 一般用來強調(diào)某事發(fā)生的偶然性,如要表示事先安排或有準備的事件,則用 take place。happen 和 take place都不能用于被動。如:
① What has happened to him?
(=What's wrong/the matter with him?) 他怎么了?
② What's happening to the forest?
這一片森林正發(fā)生著什么情況?
③ The accident happened to him at three this afternoon.
今天下午三時他出了事。
④If anything happens to the machine, do let me know.
如果機器出了什么毛病,務(wù)請通知我。
⑤Great changes have taken place in our country in the past/last fifteen years.
十五年我們國家發(fā)生了巨大變化。(不用happen)
⑥ The sports meeting took place(=was held)in our school last week.
上周我校舉行了一次運動會。(不用 happen)
2)happen to do 表不“碰巧……”,如:
①I happened to be out when he called.
=It happened that I was out when he called.
他來訪時我碰巧出去了。
②I happened to have read the article when he asked me about it.
=It happened that I had read…
當他問我有關(guān)那篇文章的問題時,我碰巧讀過。
▲簡單句改為復合句時須注意不定式動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化。
▲在It happened that…句型中,It為引導詞,不能用人稱代詞。請注意其否定句中的否定詞位置的轉(zhuǎn)移,如“我碰巧身上沒帶錢”可有以下幾種 表達法:
③I happened not to have any money with me.
=I didn't happen to have any money with me.
=I happened to have no money with me.
= It happened that I had no money with me.
= It happened that I didn't have any money with me.
10.be made from,be made of 和 be made into
1)be made of和be made from 都是“用……制成”的意思,介詞of和from都可以表示一件制成的東西所用的原料,但兩者在用法上是有區(qū)別的。
be made of 表示制成成品后,仍可看出原材料是什么,保留原材料的質(zhì)地形狀,制作過程僅發(fā)生了物理變化。be made from 表示制成的東西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征,或原材料在制作過程中發(fā)生了化學變化,在成品中已無法辨認。試比較:
① The desks and chairs are made of wood. 這些課桌椅是木材制成的。
②The ink bottles are made of glass. 墨水瓶是玻璃制成的。
③ Salt is made from sea water. 鹽是用海水制成的。
④ This kind of wine is made from wheat. 這種酒是用小麥制成的。
⑤ Books are made of paper and paper is made from wood. 書是紙制成的,而紙是用木材制成的。
2)be made into意思是“被制成……”,是被動形式,也可用主動 make…into…“把……制成……”。例如:
① Glass can be made into many kinds of things. 玻璃可制成許多種東西。
=We can make glass into many kinds of things.
我們可以把玻璃制成各種東西。
②Wood can be made into paper. 木材可制成紙。
=paper can be made from wood. 紙可以用木材制造。
=We can make wood into paper. 我們可以把木材制成紙。
3)be made in意思是“在……制作的”,in表示制造的地方。
①This kind of car is made in Shanghai. 這種汽車是在上海制造的。
②Watches made in Shanghai last long. 上海造的表經(jīng)久耐用。
4)還有一個詞組 be made up of,意思是“由……組成”。例如:
①The team is made up of three doctors and six nurses.
這個隊是由三名醫(yī)生和六名護士組成的。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1.How about…? (=What about…?)意思是“……怎么樣?”,為口語中的常用句型。
常用來詢問消息,征求同意,提出請示,了解看法;其后可接名詞,代詞,動詞- ing形式等。如:
① How(What) about the volleyball match? 排球賽的情況怎么樣?
②What about a cup of tea? 喝杯茶怎么樣?
③ How(What) about a game of chess?下盤棋怎么樣?
④ How (What) about helping me off with the damp clothes?
幫我把濕衣服脫掉怎么樣?
⑤How (What) about his lecture? 他的演講怎么樣?
2.It is/was +adj.+inf.可作為一個句型來學習。例如:
①It is lucky to meet you here. 有幸在這兒見到你。
②It is not easy to get him to change his mind.
要他改變主意是不容易的。
③It is important for us to learn English well. 我們學好英語很重要。
④It is difficult for the little boy to carry the heavy box.
對那個小男孩來說,搬起那個重箱子是困難的。
3.感嘆句
用來感嘆名詞,用 what,其句型為:What(a)+名詞+主語+謂語!
感嘆形容詞、副詞用how,其句型為:How +形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!例如:
① What fine weather it is. 多好的天氣!(名詞不可數(shù))
② What clever students they are! 他們是多么聰明的學生啊!
③ How clean and tidy the room is! 多么干凈整潔的房間。
④ How dangerous the tiger is! 這老虎太危險啦!
⑤ How heavily it rained! 雨下得真大。
4.take與時間短語連用時常用以下兩種句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1)“It takes/took(+人)+時間+動詞不定式”。例如:
① It took them a whole day to finish the job.
完成那項工作花了他們一整天時間。
② It takes a lot of time to put this article into the computer.
把這篇文章錄入電腦要花很多時間。
2)“某活動+take(+人)+時間”。例如:
①The journey took us at least five days.
那次旅行花了我們至少5天時間。
②Doing such a work must take much time.
做這項工作一定要花很多時間。
③The wound took a long time to heal.
這傷口過了很久才痊愈。