Unit14 主謂一致和倒裝
一、考點聚焦
1、語法形式上的一致
主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用復數(shù)形式。
The number of students in our school is 1,700.
Mary and Kelly look alike.
2、意義上一致
（1）主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復數(shù)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
The crowd were runing for their lives.
單數(shù)形式代表復數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有people、police、cattle等。
（2）主語形式為復數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The news is very exciting.
形復意單的單詞有new、works（工廠）、means和以ics結(jié)尾的學科名稱physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原則。即謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。如果連詞or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復數(shù)，謂語動詞與靠近它的主語一致。
Either you or I am mad.
4、應注意的若干問題
（1）名詞作主語。
①某些集體名詞如family、team等作主語時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)，反之用復數(shù)。
My family is going out for a trip.
The whole family are watching TV.
這類詞常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 復數(shù)名詞”也適用于這種情況，強調(diào)整體用單數(shù)，強調(diào)各個部分用復數(shù)。
②某些集體名詞如people、police、cattle、oxen只當復數(shù)看待，謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)。
③單、復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞應根據(jù)意義決定單、復數(shù)。
A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.
④名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等；作主語時，動詞一般用單數(shù)。My uncle’s is not for from here.
常見的省略名詞有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。
表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時，謂語動詞往往用復數(shù)。如：
Richardson’s have a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤當名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等復數(shù)名詞時，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復數(shù)名詞看作一個整體，謂語用單數(shù)。
Thirty years has passed.
Five minutes is enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代詞each、every、no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：
Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.
⑦如果主語有more than one … 或many a … 構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上
看是復數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
More than one student has seen the play.
Many a boy has bought that kind of toy.
但是，“more + 復數(shù)名詞 + than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語用復數(shù)。
⑧一些由兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時，謂語通常用復數(shù)形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但如果主語用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
⑨t(yī)his kind of book = a book of this kind(這種書)，其謂語動詞；短語this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of
men(口語)（這一類人），但this kind of men的謂語用單數(shù)，men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語用復數(shù)，all kinds of后跟復數(shù)名詞，謂語用復數(shù)形式。如：
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of theis kind/sort are dangerous.
⑩復數(shù)形式的單、復數(shù)同形名詞作主語時，按意義一致的原則，用作單數(shù)意義時，謂語用單數(shù)，反之，謂語用復數(shù)。這類名詞有means、works、species(種類)、Chinese、Japanese等。當它們的前面有 a、such a、this、that修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)；有all、such、these、those修飾時，謂語用復數(shù)。
○11如果名詞詞組中心詞是all、most、half、rest等詞語，所指是復數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，反之用單數(shù)。
All of my students work hard.
All of the oil is gone.
○12在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語一致。如：
Between the two windows hangs an oil painting.
（2）由連接詞連接的名詞作主語。
①用and或both … and 連接并列主語，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)形式。但如果并列主語指的是同一個人，同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
②當主語后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引導的詞組時，采取“就遠原則”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等連接的詞作主語時，采取“就近原則”。
（3）代詞作主語。
①名詞型物主代詞連接的動詞，既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用復數(shù)，這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。
Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.
Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black.
②such、the same起指示代詞作用時，應根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復數(shù)。
Such is our plan. Such are his last words.
③關系代詞who、that、which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。
④疑問詞who、what、which作主語時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達的意思決定單、復數(shù)。
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.
Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li.
⑤不定代詞any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主語時，要注意下列情況：
（A）單獨作主語時，視其在文中的意義，動詞可用單數(shù)或復數(shù)形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.（B）其后接of時，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，動詞用單數(shù)形式；若of的賓語為復數(shù)名詞或代詞時，動詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復數(shù)；在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式的動詞更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has
(have) seen the film.
（4）分數(shù)、量詞作主語。
①“分數(shù)或百分數(shù) + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致，這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞，而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。如：
Lots of damage was caused by flood.
A number of students have gone to the countryside.
A large quantity of people is needed here.
Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)；large amounts of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)。
③表示數(shù)量的one and a half后，名詞要用復數(shù)形式，但是其短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
④half of、(a)part of修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
(5)名詞化的形容詞作主語。
如果主語由“the + 形容詞（或分詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)擔任時，謂語通常用復數(shù)。這類詞有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用單數(shù)，如the unknown、the beautiful等。
（6）從句作主語。
①由what引導的主語從句，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，但所指的具體內(nèi)容是復數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)形式。
What we need is more money.
What we need are more people/teachers.
②在“one of + 復數(shù)名詞 + who/that/which”引導的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，關系代詞who/that/which的先行詞是靠近它的復數(shù)名詞而不是one，因此從句中的謂語動詞也應該是復數(shù)形式。如one前有the only則用單數(shù)形式。
This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told by my father.
She was the only one of the girls who was late for class today.
（7）不定式、名動詞（短語）作主語用單數(shù)形式；There be句型中be的單復數(shù)取決于be后的第一個詞的數(shù)。
There is a book, two pens on the desk.
There are two pens, a book on the desk.
5、倒裝句的要點復習
（1）在以there、here、now、then、such引導的，引起人們注意的招呼句要倒裝。
There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.
（2）表示動態(tài)的狀語，置于句首時，句子要倒裝。
Off went the horse. In came the boss.
From the speaker comes the doctor’s voice.
（3）表示地點的詞語置于句首或強調(diào)地點概念時。
South of the town lie two steel factories.
Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.
注意：句子的主語為人稱代詞時，句子不倒裝。
Here it is. Away they went.
（4）否定詞never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首時，句子常倒裝。如：
By no means shall we give up.
Never have I been to the USA.
Seldom does she get up late in the morning.
（5）在not only … but also … no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so … that …、such … that …句型中，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝，但要注意：neither … nor … 連接的句子前后兩個分句都要倒裝。
Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
So heavy is the box that I can’t carry it.
Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.
（6）Only + 狀語或狀語從句 +其他（only在句首時要倒裝）。
Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.
（7）so、neither、nor放在句首時，表示前面的情況也適用于另一個人或物時，用部分倒裝。
（8）表語或狀語或動詞原形 + as/though + 主語 + 其他時，句子要倒裝。（在讓步狀語從句中）
（9）虛擬語氣中用倒裝代替if。
Were I you, I would go there at once.
Had you come yesterday, you could have helped us.
（10）在一些表示祝愿的句子中。
Long live China!
二、精典名題導解
選擇填空
1.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
-So do I .(上海 1998)
A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped
解析：答案為B。本題考查主謂一致中的意義一致原則，不定代詞either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的復合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞應根據(jù)意義一致的原則采用單數(shù)形式，排除A。選項C是非謂語動詞的一種，不能單獨作謂語，亦應排除。根據(jù)答語中的時態(tài)又可排除選項D。
2.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET 1996）
A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were
解析：答案為C。本題考查the number of和a number of 的區(qū)別�！皌he number of + 復數(shù)名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞是number,“a number of + 復數(shù)名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞是of后的復數(shù)名詞或代詞，故謂語動詞分別用單、復數(shù)。解題關鍵在于仔細區(qū)分哪個是真正的主語。
3.-David has made great progress recently.
-_______, and __________.(上海 1997)
A.So he has; so you have B.So he has; so have you
C.So has he; so have you D.So has he; so you have
解析：答案為B。 本題考查倒裝知識�！癝o + 主語 + 助動詞”表“確實如此”，“So + 助動詞 + 主語”表“也一樣�！�
三、專項訓練
1. Never in my life______such a thing.
A.I have heard of or seen B.I had beard or seen
C.have I heard of or seen D.did I hear of or seen
2. Not until his comrades critized him______realize his mistake.
A.does he begin B.did he begin C.began he D.had he begun
3. It was between 1830 and 1835______the modern newspaper was born.
A.that B.how C.which D.because
4. -I told you that I would come.
-______.
A.Neither did you B.So were you C.So did you D.So you did
5. -I've seen the film.
-______.
A.So my brother does B.Nor does my brother
C.So has my brother D.Neither has my brother
6. Not only______a question of how the job is done,but it's also a question of when it is done.
A.is it B.it is C.is there D.this is
7. Only when you finish reading the book______to understand the meaning.
A.you are able B.will you be able C.you will be able D.are you able
8. Hardly had he finished his speech______the audience started cheering.
A.as B.than C.since D.when
9. Not until I began to work______how much time I had waste D.
A.I didn't realize B.I did realize
C.did I realize D.I realized
10. ______had he gone to sleep than someone knocked at the door.
A.No sooner B.As soon as C.Hardly D.Barely
11. ______,he didn't get his pay raise D.
A.Hard when he worked B.As he worked hard
C.Hard as he worked D.How hard he worked
12. Seldom______him recently.
A.I met B.have I met C.I have met D.didn't I meet
13. Little______about what he wore and ate.
A.he cared B.does he care C.did he care D.he cares
14. Only after liberation______to be treated as human beings.
A.did they begin B.they had begun
C.they did begin D.had they begun
15. So carelessly______that he almost killed himself.
A.he drives B.he drove C.does he drive D.did he drive
16. Out______,with a stick in his han D.
A.did he rushed B.he rushed C.rushed he D.he did rush
17. ______succeed in doing anything.
A.Only by working hard we can B.By only working hard we can
C.Only by working hard can we D.Only we can by working hard
18. Now______.
A.comes your turn B.your turn comes
C.is coming your turn D.is your turn comeing
19. In front of our classroom building______many tall trees.
A.is B.have C.stands D.stand
20. Never before______such a beautiful house.
A.do I see B.have I seen C.I have seen D.I did see
參考答案
1-10 CBADC ABDCA 11-20 CDABC DABCD